1.0GPa和常温至1100 ℃条件下角闪石斜长片麻岩的V_p变化:实验测量与理论计算

在1．0GPa、常温至1100℃条件下测量了角闪石斜长片麻岩的纵波速度（Vp）,并统计了不同温度实验产物中各种矿物的体积百分含量。结果显示,1．0GPa下,角闪石斜长片麻岩的Vp首先随温度升高（室温至700℃）缓慢降低约6％,然后（700—850℃）快速降低约6％,再（850～950℃）转而急剧升高15％～25％,最后（T〉950℃）又快速下降。实验产物分析表明在高温高压下α-石英-β石英相变和岩石部分熔融是岩石Vp异常变化的主要因素。由取样产物的矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了各温度条件下岩石的Vp得出与实验测量相同的波速-温度变化趋势,即Vp随温度升高先缓慢降低,接着快速降低后又急剧升高,最后又快速减小。实验测量和理论计算对比研究表明,通过高温高压下岩石中的物相变化观测结果进行岩石波速的计算,是检验岩石弹性波速测量结果和研究地球内部地震波结构的一种有效方法。     

塔里木西南缘下地壳低速层的成因：斜长角闪岩的纵波速度和衰减的限制

在1．0GPa，室温-1200℃条件下，测量了新疆库地地区斜长角闪岩的纵波速度(Vp)和品质因子(Q值)，得出在1．0GPa恒压下，Vp和Q值随温度和深度的变化关系。结果显示，Vp和Q值随温度的升高而下降，观察实验样品并结合Vp和Q值与熔体含量的关系，发现部分熔融是影响Vp和Q值变化的主要因素。依据实验结果，并结合区域上压力梯度和温度梯度资料计算了Vp和Q值随深度的变化。结果表明Vp和Q值先随深度的增加而缓慢增大，在32km左右开始突然减小，表明开始出现低速层。结合温度和熔体含量的关系得出，低速层的出现可能是部分熔融的结果。塔里木及周边地区的地震测深以及地震反演的结果也显示，在相同的温度和压力条件下，地壳内部32—44km的范围内存在低速层，同时高温高压的实验结果与阿拉木图地区的Vp值相当一致，可以推测塔里木西南缘下地壳的岩石成分中含有斜长角闪岩。     

斜长角闪岩脱水熔融过程中熔体连通性的实验研究

岩石的物理性质(弹性、电性等)明显受熔体连通性的制约.因此,研究熔体分布对理解深部地质作用、理解地球物理资料具有特殊意义.于高温高压条件下(T＝850-1100,p＝2.0-4.0GPa)在YJ3000吨六面顶砧压机上进行了三然块状斜长角闪岩的脱水部分熔融实验,测量了熔体与矿物相接触时所形成的二面角值.结果表明,熔体在低熔体系下(熔体体积百分比为5%),熔体以熔体薄膜形式存在于矿物相边界,二面角值<60℃时,熔体相互连通;不同固相矿物的二面角的颁有两个驱动力.通过测量二面角值可定性确定熔体的连通性及熔体连通的动力学制.     

0.6～2.0GPa压力下部分熔融角闪辉长岩的纵波波速

利用超声波透射-反射法,测量了0.6～2.0 GPa、最高1 085℃条件下角闪辉长岩的纵波波速(vp),详细统计了部分熔融阶段实验产物组分的体积百分含量,利用矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了角闪辉长岩的纵波波速.实验测量和理论计算显示了较一致的vp-t关系,即高压下角闪辉长岩的vp随温度升高先缓慢降低,在温度约800～900℃后转而大幅下降.实验产物显示,样品在温度达812℃(0.6 GPa)、865℃(1.0 GPa)和919℃(2.0 GPa)后发生矿物脱水和部分熔融,熔体含量随温度升高显著增加.熔体是导致高温阶段岩石vp快速降低的主要原因.在初熔阶段vp随熔体增加而降低尤为显著,可能是初熔时矿物脱水生成的自由水及含水量高的熔体,以微细熔体薄膜浸润矿物边界或裂隙所导致.     

950℃、1.0～3.5GPa下斜长角闪岩脱水熔融——压力和时间对结构的影响

利用YJ-3000t和JL-3600t多顶砧压力机,以哀牢山造山带南部红河县大白能—乐育剖面上的天然块状斜长角闪岩为初始样品,在950℃、1.0～3.5GPa、恒温20～300h条件下进行了两个系列的斜长角闪岩块状样品脱水部分熔融实验:(1)保持温度T=950℃,加热时间t=100h不变,改变压力(1.0～3.5GPa)的实验;(2)保持温度T=950℃,压力p=3.0GPa不变,改变加热时间(20～300h)的实验。结果表明,1.0～3.5GPa、950℃、恒温100h的条件下,随压力升高,斜长角闪岩中依次生成了单斜辉石+石榴石+熔体的矿物组合(1.0～1.5GPa)和单斜辉石+石榴石+熔体+硬玉+SiO2矿物+蓝晶石(2.0～3.5GPa)的矿物组合。3.0GPa、950℃条件下,随加热时间增加,实验产物中依次生成了单斜辉石+石榴石+熔体+硬玉+SiO2矿物+蓝晶石的矿物组合(20～100h)和单斜辉石+石榴石+熔体的矿物组合(150～300h)。斜长角闪岩的原岩结构决定了实验产物中新生矿物和熔体的分布。依据实验产物的矿物组合和新生矿物的分布特征,讨论了950℃、1.0～3.5GPa、恒温(20～300h)条件下,斜长角闪岩部分熔融过程的结构变化、变质反应以及石榴石冠状体的成因。     

高温高压下闪长岩的相变与纵波波速

利用脉冲透射-反射法,在YJ-3000 t高压装置弹性波速测量系统上,测量了0.6、1.0和2.0 GPa,最高1141℃条件下闪长岩的纵波波速(vp)。结果显示,高压下闪长岩的vp随温度升高首先缓慢降低,分别到769℃(0.6 GPa)、810℃(1.0 GPa)和925℃(2.0 GPa)后转而快速下降。实验产物观测显示,0.6 GPa下岩石在758℃时发生脱水熔融并有新生单斜辉石生成,1.0 GPa和2.0 GPa下,闪长岩分别在865℃和921℃的实验产物中出现熔体,新生矿物有单斜辉石和石榴子石。温度升高导致闪长岩中熔体含量增加,斜长石、角闪石和绿泥石等逐渐减少直至消失,单斜辉石和石榴子石呈先增加后减少趋势。探针分析显示,熔体含水量较高,且随温度升高熔体成分向基性方向演化。单斜辉石化学成分变化不明显,2.0 GPa下,随温度从1030℃升高到1138℃,新生石榴子石成分逐渐向钙铝榴石变化。vp变化和熔体含量关系表明,熔体含量增加导致了闪长岩在高温阶段波速的持续快速降低。     

1.0GPa和常温至1100℃条件下角闪石斜长片麻岩的Vp变化: 实验测量与理论计算

在1.0GPa、常温至1100℃条件下测量了角闪石斜长片麻岩的纵波速度（V_p）,并统计了不同温度实验产物中各种矿物的体积百分含量。结果显示,1.0GPa下,角闪石斜长片麻岩的V_p首先随温度升高（室温至700℃）缓慢降低约6％,然后（700~850℃）快速降低约6％,再（850~950℃）转而急剧升高15％~25％,最后（T>950℃）又快速下降。实验产物分析表明在高温高压下α石英-β石英相变和岩石部分熔融是岩石V_p异常变化的主要因素。由取样产物的矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了各温度条件下岩石的V_p,得出与实验测量相同的波速-温度变化趋势,即V_p随温度升高先缓慢降低,接着快速降低后又急剧升高,最后又快速减小。实验测量和理论计算对比研究表明,通过高温高压下岩石中的物相变化观测结果进行岩石波速的计算,是检验岩石弹性波速测量结果和研究地球内部地震波结构的一种有效方法。     

高温高压下斜长角闪岩弹性、电学性质及其地质意义

在1.0GPa、室温至700℃条件下,分别采用超声波反射-投射法和阻抗谱法,测量了华北克拉通北缘绿泥石化斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度和电导率.在常温、压力＞0.35 GPa的条件下,斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与压力呈线性关系,说明此时岩石中的微裂隙已经基本闭合.依据该线性关系,得到常温常压下斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度为6.390 7 km/s,压力系数为0.160 6 km/(s·GPa).在1.0 GPa条件下,斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与温度呈线性关系,温度系数为-0.000 594 km/(s·℃).在1.0 GPa、200～700℃条件下,斜长角闪岩样品的电导率符合Arrhenius公式,指前因子为25.78～105.32 S/m,活化能为0.57～0.66 eV.利用实验获得的弹性波纵波速度及其温度系数和压力系数以及电导率与温度的关系,结合现今华北克拉通地热学的基本参数,计算得到斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度-深度剖面和电导率-深度剖面,将二者分别与华北克拉通北缘深部地壳的弹性及电性结构进行对比的结果表明:高温高压下绿泥石化斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与该地区中地壳速度相当,电导率介于中、下地壳范围内.综合来看,实验的绿泥石化斜长角闪岩有可能是组成现今华北克拉通北缘的中地壳岩石之一.     

高温高压下辉闪岩的部分熔融与弹性波速

在YJ-3000t高压装置上,利用超声波脉冲透射-反射法,测量了压力0.6～2.0GPa、室温至1 091℃条件下辉闪岩的纵波波速(vp),并对实验中间产物进行了取样和详细的显微观测统计。结果显示,0.6GPa压力下,室温至763℃,样品的vp下降了3.7%,vp的温度系数vp/T为-0.3×10-3 km/(s.℃),而763～1 025℃,vp快速下降了36.1%,vp/T达-9.7×10-3 km/(s.℃);1.0GPa压力下,室温至808℃,vp下降了3.2%,vp/T=-0.3×10-3 km/(s.℃),808～1 091℃时vp快速下降了41.5%,vp/T为-9.9×10-3 km/(s.℃);2.0GPa压力下,室温至927℃,vp下降了4.3%,vp/T为-0.2×10-3 km/(s.℃),927～1 087℃时,vp下降了20.9%,vp/T达-9.6×10-3 km/(s.℃)。实验产物观测表明,恒压下辉闪岩的vp首先随温度近线性缓慢降低,后由于岩石的脱水和部分熔融作用,导致vp急剧下降。随温度升高,实验产物中熔体的含量增加;同时形态上从封闭囊状逐渐向连通管状或薄膜状演化,连通程度增加。从角闪石一侧向斜长石一侧,熔体颜色变浅。样品初熔阶段,低黏度的熔体在矿物颗粒边界和裂隙中形成的微细薄膜,导致岩石vp随熔体含量增加急剧下降。研究证实,含水矿物脱水和岩石部分熔融是中、下地壳低速层的重要成因。     

高温高压下闪长岩弹性纵波速度的实验研究

利用YJ-3000吨压力机,在1．0GPa、室温至1000℃条件下采用超声波脉冲透射-反射法就位测量了闪长岩的纵波速度(VP),并在720℃、780℃、870℃和980℃获得了4个实验产物。在1．0GPa恒定压力下,闪长岩的VP随温度升高呈线性缓慢降低;当温度大于750℃时,波速开始大幅度下降。显微镜观察和电子探针鉴定结果表明：在不同温度下闪长岩内部的矿物发生了不同程度的脱水和部分熔融等反应。波速随温度升高呈线性和非线性下降,主要是由于在高温高压条件下岩石内部矿物发生热膨胀、脱水和部分熔融等反应引起了岩石     

Experimental modal metasomatism of a spinel lherzolite and the production of amphibole-bearing peridotite

Experiments have been done which simulate the modal metasomatism of spinel lherzolite by partial melts of the subducted slab. The experiments were designed so that the metasomatizing melts were generated during the experiments by partial melting of a slab analog (basaltic composition amphibolite). The melts are thought to be representative of hybridizing melts in that they are derived by high-pressure partial melting under conditions appropriate to a hot slab geotherm. During the experiments, the melts infiltrate into and metasomatize a model depleted peridotite. Chemical modifications to minerals in the peridotite are of the same nature and extent as those found in naturally metasomatized spinel lherzolites. Modal metasomatism produced pargasitic amphiboles in runs at 1.5 GPa and in all but the highest temperature run at 2.0 GPa. The amphiboles are indistinguishable from amphiboles found in amphibole-bearing peridotites from supra-subduction zone environments. Systematic variations in amphibole composition suggest that the melt infiltration process in the experiments involved continuous modification of the composition of the infiltrating melt as observed around inferred quenched melt (i.c., amphibolite or amphibolite/clinopyroxenite) veins in xenoliths and massif peridotites. The compositions of the initial and final mineral phases in the experiments and those of the metasomatizing melts are used to derive amphibole formation reactions at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa that are similar in form to those inferred in studies of natural amphibole-bearing peridotites. The metasomatism reactions show that the extent of amphibole formation in peridotite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa will, in general, be limited by clinopyroxene and spinel abundance.     

Effect of saturating fluid composition on the rock microstructure,porosity, permeability and Vp under high pressure and temperature

The experiments on amphibolite and sandstone samples pressurized by gas (‘dry conditions’), pure water and water solutions of different composition under temperatures up to 850 °C at equal confining and pore pressure of 300 MPa revealed the different Vp behavior. On heating under gas pressure Vp decreases within all the temperature range, on heating under pressure of water and water solutions Vp at first decreases, but reaching a minimum value at temperature of about 650 °C increases. In order to interpret these data Vp, porosity, permeability and pore size distributions were measured on quenched samples. Microstructure and microprobe investigations also were carried out. The results obtained revealed porosity and permeability changes due to the rock microstructure changes with Vp trends synchronously. These microstructure changes initiating Vp changes were associated with rock thermal decompaction and geochemical transformation caused by the effects of water fluids of different composition, metasomatic and hydration-dehydration reactions, silicification and phase transitions (α-β quartz transition and partial melting).The experimental data demonstrated that the presence of fluids with different composition might lead to occurrence of different Vp values in the rock of the same type. Hence, seismic boundaries may occur in the rocks of the same chemical composition.     

含水大陆下地壳的部分熔融：大别山C型埃达克岩成因探讨

       根据大陆下地壳的成分、含水基性岩体系部分熔融的基本原理和实验岩石学资料,本文对大陆下地壳的熔融机制展 开了讨论,并在此基础上对比实验熔体与大别山C 型埃达克岩的成分,进而探讨约束源岩成分、熔融的温压条件和部分熔 融程度。研究结果表明,大陆下地壳总体上是中- 基性（SiO2　50%~60% ）和含少量水的,在缺乏流体相条件下伴随含水 矿物脱水的部分熔融是下地壳产生含水长英质熔体和无水残留体的主要机制。角闪岩在中等压力下（1.0~1.2 GPa,相当于 35~40 km）理论上能够产生石榴石含量超过~20% 的熔融残余,从而使得与之平衡的长英质熔体具有低Y,高Sr/Y 和La/Yb 比值等埃达克岩特征。基于水活度模型和变质基性岩p -t 相图的估算显示,含有40%~60% 角闪石的源岩（含水0.8%~1.2%） 在~950 ℃能够得到最大为15%~20% 的熔体,该熔体分数满足熔体分离的要求。大别山C型埃达克岩主要为高钾钙碱性系 列（K2O 3.5%~5%）,与实验熔体成分的对比可知,其无法由低钾源岩在合理的部分熔融程度形成。根据钾在角闪岩部分熔 融过程过表现为强不相容元素的原理,利用合理假设的残余体组合得到的分配系数,估算K2O 含量为~1% 的源岩在熔融程 度为15%~20% 的情况下能够得到类似大别山C 型埃达克岩成分的熔体。     

Dehydration melting of a basaltic composition amphibolite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa: implications for the origin of adakites

This study presents the results of dehydration melting experiments on a basaltic composition amphibolite under conditions appropriate to a hot slab geotherm (1.5 and 2.0 GPa and temperatures of 850 to 1150° C). Dehydration melting produces an omphacitic augite and garnet bearing residue coexisting with rhyolitic to andesitic composition melts. At 1.5 GPa, the amphibolite melts in two stages between 800 and 1025° C. The 2.0 GPa data also define two melting stages. At 2.0 GPa, the first stage involves nearly modal melting of the original amphibolite minerals (qtz, pl, amp) to produce melt + cpx + grt. During the second stage, the eclogite restite melts non-modally (0.86 cpx + 0.14 grt = 1 melt). The experimental results were combined with data from the literature to generate a composite P-T phase diagram for basaltic composition amphibolites over the 800 to 1100° C temperature range for pressures up to 2.0 GPa. Comparison of the major element compositions of the experimentally produced melts with compositions of presumed slab melts (adakites) shows that partial melting of amphibolite at conditions appropriate to a hot-slab geotherm produces melts similar to andesitic and dacitic adakites except for significant MgO and CaO depletions. Trace element modelling of amphibolite dehydration melting using the 2.0 GPa melting reactions produces REE abundances similar to those of adakites at 10–15 wt% batch melting, but the models do not reproduce the high Sr/Y ratios characteristic of adakites. Taken together, the major and trace element results are not consistent with the derivation of adakites by dehydration melting of the subducted slab with little or no interaction with the mantle wedge or crust. If adakites are partial melts of the subducted slab, they must undergo significant interaction with the mantle and/or crust, during which they acquire a number of their distinctive characteristics.     

Experimental evidence of decompression melting during exhumation of subducted continental crust

Experiments have been carried out on a metagreywacke at 800, 850 and 900°C, in the pressure range 0.5–5 GPa to locate the solidus and the eclogite/amphibolite facies transition in felsic rocks, identify the nature of the reactions responsible for major mineralogical changes, and determine the proportions of phases as a function of pressure. The mineral assemblage phengite + clinopyroxene + garnet + quartz/coesite is stable above 2.3 GPa while biotite + plagioclase + garnet + quartz is stable below 2 GPa. The model reaction for the eclogite/amphibolite facies transition in metagreywackes is:

胶北地块斜长角闪岩的岩石学与年代学研究

胶北地块位于华北克拉通东部陆块,胶-辽-吉活动带的南端.胶北地区荆山杂岩中存在一组与高压基性麻粒岩密切共生的斜长角闪岩,是构成前寒武纪变质基底的重要组成部分.岩石学矿物学研究表明,斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质作用:峰期变质矿物组合（M1）为角闪石1+斜长石+榍石,根据NCKFMASHTO体系的成分视剖面图和角闪石压力计估算出温度条件T=660~715 ℃,压力条件P=0.65~0.71 GPa;其后经历了退变质作用（M2）,矿物组合为角闪石2+绿帘石+斜长石+绿泥石+钠长石,估算温压条件为537~630 ℃/0.41~0.58 GPa;晚期发生前绿片岩相退变质作用（M3）,其矿物组合为钠长石+葡萄石+绿泥石+方解石,其温压条件 < 400 ℃/0.35 GPa.斜长角闪石的CL图像显示其具有较弱的阴极发光效应和弱震荡环带,Th/U比值相对较小（0.06~0.43）,锆石形态和内部结构指示锆石形成于深熔作用过程,21个锆石的LA-ICP-MS定年研究的结果表明,斜长角闪岩记录的最老206Pb/238U年龄为2 075±25 Ma,上交点年龄为1 845±23 Ma（MSWD=0.35）,该组年龄记录了斜长角闪岩峰期变质作用时代的上限.斜长角闪岩在原岩形成以后,可能曾经历麻粒岩相变质作用,并记录了在胶-辽-吉带~1.85 Ga碰撞闭合过程中的深熔事件,此后经历了角闪岩相变质作用,及其二次退变质作用,终结于前绿片岩相的变质温压条件.      

Compressional wave velocity of granite and amphibolite up to melting temperatures at 1 GPa

Compressional wave velocities (V_P) at above-solidus temperatures and at 1 GPa were obtained for a granite and amphibolite, which are considered to be major constituents of the continental crust. The temperature variation of velocities showed that the V_P values of granite decreased with rising temperature, but substantially increased beyond the melting temperature (850–900 °C). Such an increase may be caused by the α–β transition of quartz. The velocities of amphibolite decreased linearly with increasing temperature and dropped sharply at temperatures above the solidus (700 °C), indicating that partial melting of amphibolite acts to significantly lower the seismic velocities.     

Mechanisms of melt extraction during lower crustal partial melting

Progressive vapour‐absent partial melting of a closed rock system increases melt pressure due to an expansion in the volume of the mineral plus melt assemblage. For a locally closed system, we quantify the melt pressure increase per increment of partial melting of a metapelite using phase equilibria modelling and combine it with Mohr–Coulomb theory to examine the interplay between melt pressure and fracture behaviour. It is shown that very small increments of vapour‐absent partial melting (<1%) increase melt pore pressure by tens of MPa leading to inevitable brittle failure of locally closed systems. Fracturing will affect these systems, even if initially limited to the scale of a few grains, and a connected microfracture network will enhance permeability as partial melting progresses. This will lead to a conditionally open system, potentially limiting accumulation of melt in the source. Repeated and cyclic fracture as temperature progressively increases will drive migration of the melt into sites of low fluid pressure at all scales. Crystal‐plastic creep processes create deformation‐induced dilatancy gradients that dominate over buoyancy forces at all scales in the melt source. Brittle and ductile deformation therefore cooperate in the extraction of melt. Enhanced porosity and permeability in ductile shear zones result in lower fluid pressure, providing a potentially important driving force for melt migration and drainage ‘up’ shear zones and along larger scale fluid pressure gradients in the crust.     

俯冲带中H_2O和K的深循环:对碰撞后富钾岩浆成因研究的启示

在俯冲过程中形成的超高压单斜辉石 (>5GPa)含一定量的H2 O和K2 O ,它因此能把地球浅部的水和钾携带到地幔深处。超高压单斜辉石在折返过程中以两种方式释放其中的H2 O和K2 O :(1)在低温环境下进入与单斜辉石共生的出溶矿物相如金云母、角闪石、多硅白云母、钾长石等 ;(2 )当温度足够高到发生部分熔融时 ,H2 O和K2 O将进入熔体相 ,形成富钾岩浆。超高压变质岩石能不能在其折返过程中产生部分熔融主要取决于折返的 p T轨迹。俯冲板片部分熔融形成熔体的性质在很大程度上取决于变质岩的部分熔融程度。虽然经受 p <5GPa变质作用的榴辉岩通过极低程度的部分熔融也有可能形成富钾熔体 ,但由于这类榴辉岩所能携带的K2 O和H2 O相对比较少 ,因此不可能产生大规模富钾熔体 ,但可能形成相对富Na的岩浆。超高压单斜辉石 (>5GPa)部分熔融产生的富钾岩浆可以解释碰撞后富钾岩浆的成因 ,这种富钾岩浆的形成深度一般较大 (位于～ 10 0km的地幔 )。而绿辉石部分熔融形成相对富钠熔体的深度相对较浅。从单斜辉石中释放出来的H2 O和K2 O能够合理地解释大陆碰撞后富钾岩浆的成因 ,通过俯冲板片折返过程的脱水和取钾反应 ,俯冲和折返过程与碰撞后岩浆活动密切联系在一起而成为一个整体。