现代破岩方法综述

随着现代科学技术的发展 ,岩石破碎的方法和技术出现了一些新的发展趋势。一般地 ,破岩方法可分为机械能破岩和热能破岩 2种。介绍了几种现代破岩方法等离子体破岩、电子束破岩、激光破岩、微波破岩、热力综合破岩、射弹冲击破岩 ,以及它们的特点。     

湖南香花岭锡铍多金属矿区的含Li、Be条纹岩和有关交代岩

湖南香花岭锡铍多金属矿床的含Li、Be条纹岩和有关交代岩,在世界上独一无二,产于燕山期(155~154 Ma)富氟花岗岩接触带及岩体的围岩捕掳体中,围岩为中上泥盆统灰岩和白云质灰岩。按矿物共生组合特征,条纹岩可大致分为铁锂云母条纹岩、氟硼镁石条纹岩、金绿宝石条纹岩、粒硅镁石-磁铁矿条纹岩和金云母-绿泥石条纹岩5类。与条纹岩有关的交代岩生成稍晚,可大致分为香花石交代岩、金云母交代岩、粒硅镁石交代岩、符山石-磁铁矿交代岩、金云母-绿泥石交代岩和韭闪石交代岩6类。文章对条纹岩和有关交代岩的生成地质背景、矿物共生组合和岩石地球化学特征进行了探讨。     

基于新表面理论的TBM破岩效率评价指标

岩碴是岩-机作用的直接产物,也是评价隧道掘进机（TBM）破岩效率和优化TBM掘进参数的有效指标。依托兰州水源地建设工程和龙岩万安溪引水工程,开展不同岩性条件下TBM岩碴筛分试验,得到了岩碴粒径分布规律。基于新表面理论,从滚刀破岩能量转化角度出发,提出了一种新的TBM破岩效率评价指标。基于岩碴粒径分布规律和TBM掘进参数统计,探讨了新表面理论指标与比能、岩碴粗糙度指数之间的关系,指出了新表面理论指标在反映岩碴破碎程度和评价TBM破岩效率方面的优势。对新表面理论指标与TBM掘进推力以及刀间距s与贯入度p的比值进行回归分析,得到了硬岩（围岩等级为Ⅱ级）和软岩（围岩等级为III级）掘进条件下的TBM最优掘进推力和s/p取值区间。研究表明：（1）新表面理论指标符合岩石破碎学原理,可准确评价TBM破岩效率。岩碴越是破碎,新表面理论指标越大,掘进能耗越高,此时TBM破岩效率相对较低。（2）新表面理论指标与比能、岩碴粗糙度指数均具有良好的线性相关关系。岩碴越是破碎,破碎单位体积岩石的能量消耗越大,新表面理论指标越大,对应的粗糙度指数越小。软岩掘进条件下TBM掘进比能低于硬岩,而岩碴破碎程度高于硬岩。（...     

红层软岩遇水崩解特性试验及其界面模型

红层软岩遇水崩解是引发工程灾害的重要原因。红层软岩遇水崩解缘于水作用下软岩细观成分组构的变化,但目前软岩崩解特性定量表征研究多根据宏观现象,所得到的崩解模型难以对软岩崩解的细观过程进行研究。根据室内软岩静态崩解和软岩碎片浸水试验以及不同浸泡阶段的软岩的成分组构扫描电镜观察试验,揭示了水-软岩界面的细观演化规律:红层软岩的崩解机制缘于软岩碎片间泥质填充区中水-岩界面上的黏土颗粒在水作用下发生水化、扩散和流失致使泥质胶结带缩减,从而引起碎片间凝聚力下降;静水作用下软岩碎片间的凝聚力随时间呈幂函数衰减。在此基础上,利用界面与胶体化学、断裂力学理论,定量表征了软岩中水化黏土颗粒的流失以及软岩碎片间的模式Ⅱ型开裂,建立了软岩遇水崩解的界面模型,进而定量表征了软岩遇水崩解过程。通过对比计算,利用上述所建模型计算的软岩碎片剥落时间和试验观察的软岩碎片剥落时间相近,从而验证了模型的合理性。     

有关混合岩和混合岩化作用的一些问题——对半个世纪以来某些基本认识的回顾

本文首先论述了混合岩和混合岩化作用的一些基本特征(四大特征)。提出了混合岩和有关岩石的混合岩化程度的分类,即三分为部分混合岩化的岩石、混合岩和混合花岗质岩石三大类。论述了确定混合化岩石下界的五个综合标志及混合花岗质岩石的八大特征等,还讨论了部分混合岩化岩石的命名问题。最后从混合岩化作用的地质背景将其分为三类:区域性混合岩化作用、边缘混合岩化作用及断裂带混合岩化作用,并对各自的特征进行了讨论。     

喜马拉雅山地区重大滑坡灾害及其与地层岩性的关系研究

位于青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅山地区,是高原隆升最快的地方,这里内外动力作用异常活跃,是我国重大滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一,重大滑坡灾害对国民经济和社会发展带来了极大危害。本文在对研究区的地质、地理背景进行了详细分析的基础上,利用遥感解译和实地调查相结合的手段,研究了该区重大滑坡灾害的分布及其与地层岩性的关系,将本区地层岩性大致划分为13个工程地质岩组:松散岩组、软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩夹坚硬岩组、较坚硬岩与软弱岩互层岩组、较坚硬岩夹软弱岩岩组、较坚硬岩夹较软弱岩组、较坚硬岩组、坚硬岩组,发现重大滑坡更容易发生在软弱岩组、较硬岩夹较软弱岩组以及坚硬岩组中,而软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组中无重大滑坡灾害分布。重大滑坡灾害的上述分布特征,反映出地层岩性与重大滑坡灾害之间的复杂关系,一方面岩性软弱,比较容易发生滑坡灾害;另一方面,岩性越坚硬,地形越高陡,也容易发生重大滑坡灾害。     

甘肃的混合岩及混合岩化作用初探

甘肃是中国西部造山带发育的省份之一,中—高级区域变质岩发育,有太古宙—早元古代中、高级区域变质岩系构成的稳定克拉通,有显生宙时期在古老结晶基底上发育起来的北山、祁连山、秦岭等古生代造山带,形成了复杂多样的混合岩、混合岩化岩石。根据混合岩化的发生、发展及地质环境可将混合岩化分为区域性混合岩化、边缘混合岩化、断裂带或构造带混合岩化。根据不同程度混合岩化程度可分为混合岩化的变质岩、混合岩、混合花岗岩。初步总结了区域混合岩、注入混合岩与构造混合岩的基本特征,对比了混合岩化岩石、混合岩和混合花岗岩特征及在甘肃的分布、岩石学变化,分析了混合岩—混合花岗质岩石演化特征,对甘肃混合岩及混合岩化研究存在的问题进行了探讨,提出前人将大片的具片麻状构造的花岗岩视为混合岩是一种认识上的误区,而仅仅按混合岩化程度进行的混合岩化分类具有较大的局限性。     

生物岩的分类

生物岩是新兴交叉学科生物岩石学的主要研究对象，是生物作用形成的岩石，主要包括生物礁岩、非造礁生物骨骼和泥晶组成的岩石、微生物骨骼组成的岩石、微生物作用形成的岩石。以往的生物礁和微生物岩分类系统只包括了一部分生物礁岩和微生物岩，尚有一部分宏体生物形成的岩石类型和微生物形成的岩石类型没有准确命名。为了促进生物岩的研究，作者提出一个包括生物礁岩、非造礁生物骨骼碳酸盐岩、微生物岩和其他微生物成因岩石的统一的生物岩分类系统，包括4个层级24种基本岩石类型。新增的基本岩石类型包括生物泥晶岩、微礁岩、微屑岩、包壳石、微骨架岩、微绑结岩、丝状岩、微泥晶岩等。作者还对部分岩石例如骨架岩等的定义进行了补充修正与完善，讨论了生物岩研究中存在的4个问题。     

盖县─析木城地区盖县亚岩群的划分与对比

阐述了盖县亚岩群建立的依据。将盖县亚岩群划分为3个岩组（汤家沟岩组、江还山岩组和太平岭岩组）6个岩性段。在讨论了各岩组、岩段基本岩性特征基础上进行了区域对比。     

软岩工程地质力学研究进展

在中国煤矿软岩工程地质力学的研究中 ,作者指出了国际岩石力学学会关于软岩定义的缺陷 ,提出了新的软岩定义和分类 ,并论述了软岩的变形力学机制、软化状态方程、软岩巷道支护理论、支护荷载的确定以及软岩工程地质力学设计方法。可以认为 ,中国软岩工程地质力学已经形成了较为完整的理论框架体系.     

冀西北宣龙地区菱铁矿的成因

本文以中晚元古代宣龙式铁岩中的菱铁矿为例,讨论碎屑岩中菱铁矿的成因。 宣龙式铁岩产于中晚元古代串岭沟组。成层状,层位稳定,分布较广,西起怀安龙泉寺,东至承德小平台一线均有出露,其中尤以宣龙地区发育最好。 宣龙地区的菱铁矿矿层薄,数量少,往往与赤铁矿构成混合矿体。该区菱铁矿分布规律性明显。横向上,由西往东逐渐增多;纵向上,由下至上由分散状变成层状,与赤铁矿间互产出。     

Significance of the chemistry and morphology of diagenetic siderite in clastic rocks of the Mesozoic Scotian Basin

Siderite (FeCO₃) is a widespread minor diagenetic mineral in clastic sedimentary basins. Although eodiagenetic authigenesis of siderite is well-known, siderite formed during burial diagenesis shows habits and chemical compositions that are poorly understood. This study tests the hypothesis that diagenetic siderite cements in sandstones in the Scotian Basin, offshore eastern Canada, show systematic variability in chemistry and habit that is a response to recrystallization and changing composition of basinal fluids. Mineral textures were determined from backscattered electron images, and chemistry mostly from electron microprobe analyses. Five chemical types of siderite are identified using k-means cluster analysis, based on the amount of substitution of Ca, Mg and Mn for Fe. Eodiagenetic microcrystalline coated grains, concretions and intraclasts in sandstones are principally Fe-rich siderite and locally have recrystallised to blocky equant crystals. Mesodiagenetic Mg-rich siderite partly replaced these equant crystals and also framework mica and K-feldspar grains, showing textural evidence for coupled dissolution–reprecipitation. Slender Mg-rich siderite rhombs (lozenges, bladed or wheat-seed siderite) have precipitated before and after the formation of quartz overgrowths in geochemical microenvironments. Magnesium substitution reflects Mg-rich formation waters resulting from smectite to illite conversion. Equivalent Ca-rich siderite occurs where sandstones overlie a Jurassic carbonate bank. Late Mn-rich siderite has complex textures resembling those of Mississippi-Valley type ores, with spheroidal rims, a honeycomb-like mesh and concentric infill around secondary pores. It also occurs in veins or replacing intraclasts, post-dating late ferroan-calcite cements in sandstones that show strong dissolution by hot basinal brines. The Ca, Mg and Mn content of diagenetic siderite, coupled with textural evidence for recrystallization, can thus be used to track changes in ambient formation fluids. Siderite habits and chemistry described from the Scotian Basin are found in many clastic basins, suggesting that the observed recrystallization textures and variation in chemical type are of broad application.     

The crystallographic fabric and texture of siderite in concretions: implications for siderite nucleation and growth processes

The crystallographic fabric of siderite in siderite concretions has been determined for upper Carboniferous (Westphalian‐A) non‐marine concretions and lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) marine concretions. Compositional zoning indicates that individual siderite crystals grew over a period of changing pore water chemistry, consistent with the concretions being initially a diffuse patch of cement, which grew progressively. The siderite crystallographic fabric was analysed using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, which is carried by paramagnetic siderite. The siderite concretions from marine and non‐marine formations exhibit differences in fabric style, although both display increases in the degree of preferred siderite c‐axis orientation towards the concretion margins. The Westphalian non‐marine siderites show a preferred orientation of siderite c‐axes in the bedding plane, whereas the Pliensbachian marine siderites have a preferred orientation of c‐axes perpendicular to the bedding. In addition, a single marine concretion shows evidence of earlier formed, inclined girdle‐type fabrics, which are intergrown with later formed vertical c‐axis siderite fabrics. The marine and non‐marine fabrics are both apparently controlled by substrate processes at the site of nucleation, which was probably clay mineral surfaces. Siderite nucleation processes on the substrate were most probably controlled by the (bio?) chemistry of the pore waters, which altered the morphology and crystallographic orientation of the forming carbonate. The preferred crystallographic orientation of siderite results from the orientation of the nucleation substrate. Fabric changes across the concretions partially mimic the progressive compaction‐induced alignment of the clay substrates, while the concretion grew during burial.     

台湾国姓地区中新世海相菱铁矿的成因

菱铁矿很好地记录了过去地质流体的信息,能够用于示踪生物地球化学反应相关的成岩作用带。台湾国姓地区中新世海相泥页岩中发育自生的菱铁矿结核,其成因尚未厘清。野外观察发现菱铁矿以不连续透镜体平行散布于泥页岩中,主要由自生碳酸盐菱铁矿（78.63%）等矿物组成。菱铁矿的稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土亏损、中稀土富集,无Ce异常,指示菱铁矿形成于弱氧化的沉积环境,弱氧化的环境促进了菱铁矿在次氧化带的沉淀。菱铁矿的δ13C_VPDB和δ18O_VPDB值分别为-3.69‰~+0.08‰和-1.09‰~+0.25‰,指示菱铁矿形成于次氧化带,碳源很可能是海水和有机质降解混合产生。研究表明自生菱铁矿能够被用于识别沉积物中的生物地球化学过程和指示成岩作用带。     

有机质在宣龙地区菱铁矿形成中的作用

本文通过对宣龙铁矿中菱铁矿的分布和产状，化学成分，组构特征，碳氧同位素特征及与赤铁矿的生成关系等的分析，对区内菱铁矿进行了较深入细致的研究，进而提出宣龙铁矿中菱铁矿的形成是成岩期有机质对先成赤铁矿还原的结果，沉积物中高铁与低铁的关系直接取决于起还原作用并能把高铁转化为低铁的有机质数量。上述结论又得到了有机地球化学方面资料的证实。     

论“太湖冲击坑溅射物”——来自太湖现代沉积物中铁质结核的证据

针对太湖发现由菱铁矿组成的“铁质溅射物”和“贫铁溅射物”是太湖形成于陨石冲击的观点,本文对这些实为铁
质结核样品进行了详细的矿物学、地球化学和年代学测试。数据表明,这些样品是在太湖现代沉积淤泥层中形成的菱铁矿
和褐铁矿结核。结核中含有大量水生植物碎片、植物蛋白石、细菌和少量动物壳体碎片。菱铁矿高温灼烧后全部变成赤铁
矿,说明太湖地区不存在菱铁矿熔融状的高温相。菱铁矿14C测年结果表明各个样品形成于年代,不是瞬间形成的。δ13C 数
据指示为淡水无机碳来源,并非湖区碳酸盐岩直接来源。所谓的“贫铁溅射物”实际是黄土层的成岩钙结核。这些证据表明,
太湖发现的这些结核是沉积成岩期的产物,并非冲击高温溅射熔融形成的溅射物。     

Geochemical characteristics of gossans related to siderite deposits in carbonate strata,western guizhou

Zonal distribution can be noticed in the gossans resulting from the weathering of siderite in carbonate strata, and this can be accounted for by zoning of subsurface waters. Since siderite is more insoluble than its hostrock, gossans are generally developed in the same place as siderite is exposed. Systematic variations in chemistry are recognizable from the ore body upwards to the surface. The gossans are high in Fe and Mn, but impoverished in S, P, Pb, Zn, Be, Cd, and Ag. This may serve as an indicator of distinguishing siderite gossans from sulphide ones in this region.     

Organic and inorganic geochemistry of Ljubija siderite deposits,NW Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Ljubija siderite deposits, hosted by a Carboniferous sedimentary complex within the Inner Dinarides, occur as stratabound replacement-type ore bodies in limestone blocks and as siderite–sulfides veins in shale. Three principal types of ore textures have been recognized including massive dark siderite and ankerite, siderite with zebra texture, and siderite veins. The ore and host rocks have been investigated by a combination of inorganic (major, trace, and rare earth element concentrations), organic (characterization of hydrocarbons including biomarkers), and stable isotope geochemical methods (isotope ratios of carbonates, sulfides, sulfates, kerogen, and individual hydrocarbons). New results indicate a marine origin of the host carbonates and a hydrothermal–metasomatic origin of the Fe mineralization. The differences in ore textures (e.g., massive siderite, zebra siderite) are attributed to physicochemical variations (e.g., changes in acidity, temperature, and/or salinity) of the mineralizing fluids and to the succession and intensity of replacement of host limestone. Vein siderite was formed by precipitation from hydrothermal fluids in the late stage of mineralization. The equilibrium fractionation of stable isotopes reveals higher formation temperatures for zebra siderites (around 245°C) then for siderite vein (around 185°C). Sulfur isotope ratios suggest Permian seawater or Permian evaporites as the main sulfur source. Fluid inclusion composition confirms a contribution of the Permian seawater to the mineralizing fluids and accord with a Permian mineralization age. Organic geochemistry data reflect mixing of hydrocarbons at the ore site and support the hydrothermal–metasomatic origin of the Ljubija iron deposits.     

The Role of Organic Matter in the Formation of Siderite from Xuanlong Area,Hebei Province

Based on the analysis of siderite distribution,occurrence,chemical compositionk,structureal characteristics,carbon-oxygen isotopic characteristics and relationship between siderite and hematite,this paper presents a systematic study of siderite in the region studied.suggesting that the siderite in the Xuanlong area genetically resulted from organically reduced primary hematite during the diagenesis.The ferric and ferrous relations directly depend on organic contents.In the presence of organic matter ferrous iron can be converted to ferric iron through or ganic reduction.The above conclusion has also been proved by organic geochemistry.data.     

Comparative study of the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of synthetic and natural siderite samples

The mechanism of the thermal decomposition of two siderites (a pure synthetic and a natural Mg-containing sample) has been determined from comparison of the results obtained from linear heating rate (TG) and constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) experiments in high vacuum. The thermal decomposition of the synthetic siderite takes place approximately 200 K below the decomposition temperature of the natural sample. The mechanism and the product of the thermal decomposition are different for the siderite samples. In fact, an A₂ kinetic model describes the thermal decomposition of the synthetic siderite, whereas the thermal decomposition of the natural sample obeys an F₁ kinetic law. Decomposition products of the synthetic siderite are iron and magnetite, those of the natural siderite are wüstite and minor magnetite. Received: 22 July 1999 / Accepted: 12 February 2000