钾膨胀石墨层间化合物（K—EGICs）的电阻率测量

在低温惰性条件下合成的钾膨胀石墨层间化合物（K-EGICs)的电学性能与膨胀石墨的电学性能完全相反，随着温度的升高，K-EGISs的电阻率逐渐升高，电码导率逐渐降低，这一现象是由客体材料钾自身的结构及其与膨胀石墨化合时的键性决定的。     

硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2/膨胀石墨复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

以硅烷偶联剂黏结剂,利用溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2（P25）负载在膨胀石墨上,利用XRD、EDS以及SEM等分析技术对TiO2/膨胀石墨复合材料进行表征;以橙黄Ⅱ为目标降解物,考察了TiO2/膨胀石墨复合材料光催化性能以及重复使用性能。结果表明：随着TiO2含量的增加,TiO2/膨胀石墨复合材料的光催化效率随之增加,对橙黄Ⅱ的光催化降解符合一级反应动力学方程,TiO2负载量为15%时,反应速率常数为0.387 h-1,高于P25的反应速率常数。TiO2/膨胀石墨复合物使用4次仍保持较高的光催化活性。     

膨胀石墨表面非极性吸附研究

通过对膨胀石墨表面SEM及缸外光谱的测定发现，膨胀石墨表面具有发达的孔缘，多为中孔或大孔，且带有非极性基团，因此非常有利于非极性大分子的吸附，但膨胀石墨极轻、易碎，在实际应用中有一定局限性。以润滑油为非极性吸附物，运用改变密度及粘接技术增强膨胀石墨强度，同时研究了密度及粘接剂比例与吸附量的关系．     

膨胀石墨-金属纳米复合材料的制备及表面研究

研究了以膨胀石墨为载体的金属复合材料的制备方法，制备出金属浓度可控的各种膨胀石墨-金属纳米复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜分析仪等对该类复合材料的表面特性进行了测试实验和表征，发现复合材料中金属以纳米粒子的形式存在，并且均匀地分布在膨胀石墨表面。     

膨胀石墨对机油吸附性能的实验研究

探讨了不同温度下膨胀石墨对纯机油的饱和吸附，采用静态吸附和动态过滤方法研究了膨胀石墨对水面漂浮机油的吸附效果。结果表明，饱和吸附量与其膨胀容积和温度有关，最大可达80．7g／g；在小于饱和吸附量的情况下，静态吸附后水中残留油含量与初始油浓度和膨胀容积有关，一般在50mg／L以下，经一次动态过滤，滤液中残留油含量已低于检测限，多次过滤冲洗亦未使已吸附机油脱附。膨胀石墨对机油具有超大饱和吸附量，静态和动态方法都可有效清除水面漂浮机油。     

FeCl3膨胀石墨层间化合物制备及电导性能研究

在N2保护下用熔盐法合成了FeCl_3膨胀石墨层间化合物(简称FeCl_3-EGICs)。研究表明,在FeCl3过量、360℃、12h的条件下可得到纯一阶产物;460℃、12h为纯二阶。293K时,一阶FeCl3_EGICs的电导率为7.513×106S·m-1,二阶为6.87×106S·m-1,分别是原料膨胀石墨的3.7倍和3.4倍。在293K至分解温度范围内,FeCl3_EGICs具有金属电导特性,其电阻与温度间呈线性关系,随温度升高电阻增大,其机理为声子散射。     

碳材料在环境工学方面的应用

主要介绍了碳材料在石油废水处理，给排水水质处理、大气治理中的应用。膨胀石墨含有大量孔隙，密度很低，用作吸附材料可以治理石油废水。碳材料可作为生物增殖的载体，分解生物能降解的污染物。用于给排水水质处理，能够提高水质；而经过特殊处理的石墨可以与金属纳米复合，形成金属基石墨层间化合物，改善石墨的抗菌性能。碳材料的比表面积大，可用作气相污染物的吸附脱除材料，在大气污染方面，表现出良好的应用前景。     

工程陶瓷及特种石墨在热熔器结构设计中的应用

根据热熔器壳体所需耐高温和抗氧化等要求,测量和分析了若干工程陶瓷材料的热学性能、力学性能和电学性能,结果表明,可将热熔器壳体材料由渗硅石墨换为工程陶瓷.所选工程陶瓷具有不导电的特点,加热电阻元件可由热解石墨和高强石墨联合承担以形成电流回路.按所确定材料的实验性能设计了新式的热熔器,试验结果达到要求.     

几种天然石墨的深加工

天然石墨具有许多特殊的性能，因而已成为现代工业技术中不可缺少的非金属材料。本文着重介绍了三种常见的天然石墨深加工产品即高碳石墨、膨胀石墨和氟化石墨的性质及其制备方法。     

膨胀石墨负载纳米TiO_2材料对机油的吸附和光催化降解

用溶胶凝胶法将纳米锐钛矿负载到膨胀石墨上,制备了即可吸油,又可降解油的膨胀石墨-TiO_2复合材料(EG-TiO_2)。在制备EG-TiO_2的工艺条件中,浸渍次数是影响其吸油能力的最主要因素,浸渍次数增多饱和吸油量下降。用失重法和红外光谱法研究EG-TiO_2催化降解机油的结果表明,EG-TiO_2对机油有明显的光催化降解效果,性能优于纯纳米TiO_2粉,其原因与EG-TiO_2中的纳米TiO_2具有三维立体薄片状结构及具有较高吸油性能有关。膨胀石墨负载纳米TiO_2材料对机油的吸附和光催化降解@曹宏$武汉工程大学材料学院!430074 @马恩宝$武汉工程大…     

秦岭-大别山壳幔岩石高温高压下的电性特征

首次报导了秦岭-大别山壳幔岩石高温高压下电导率的测定结果。该区中上地壳主要代表岩石(角闪岩、绢云母石英片岩、千枚岩等)在10^-25km的温压条件下,含水矿物出现脱水会引起电导率值升高,认为这是该区出现高导层体的主要原因;中下地壳代表性岩石(片麻岩、麻粒岩、榴辉岩等)由于石英从α相向β相转变,会导致电导率值(σ)下降。在下地壳的温压条件下电导率值一般为10^-2到10^-3S·m^-1;上地幔的代表性岩石由于组成矿物较为基性,电导率值比下地壳高,从0.1到1S·m^-1。     

Alteration of fluid properties during the initial operation of a geothermal plant: results from in situ measurements in Groß Schönebeck

Recently, the thermal fluid loop has been established and continuosly operated for 7 days at the geothermal in situ laboratory in Groß Schönebeck (North German Basin). During this initial phase of fluid production, the fluid temperature, measured at the surface, continuously increased until a stable value of about 98 °C was established. Fluid physicochemical properties (pH, redox, density, temperature, and pressure) were measured online and in situ with a newly developed fluid monitoring system (FluMo). Additionally, fluid samples have been collected at various temperatures (in 5–10 °C steps) directly at the production well at about 10 bar pressure. From the pressurized sampling tool, the fluid was directly transferred into a heated autoclave, which allowed filtration (0.2 μm) in the absence of oxygen. Physicochemical parameters [pH, redox, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS)] as well as acid capacity (K _S 4.3) of these samples have been measured onsite at atmospheric conditions. Concentrations of anions, total organic carbon, and metals were analyzed later in the laboratory. Both, measurements in collected samples or in situ (FluMo) analysis of most the parameters density, electric conductivity, or TDS indicated relatively constant values over the whole production time (1.17–1.18 g · cm^?3, 215–221 mS · cm^?1, 241–260 g · L^?1, respectively). Good correlation was also found for pH values (pH = 6.6–6.9), whereas the redox values varied between ?1 and 46 mV when determined at 25 °C and decreased strongly when measured in situ with increasing temperature (?110 mV at 90 °C). The elemental composition of collected samples remained also relatively constant for most compounds and was clearly higher as compared with samples collected in 2011. Results of this study demonstrate that realistic, comprehensive, and time-resolved physicochemical data can be obtained by FluMo. These detailed data sets can be crucial to understand the complex geochemical processes in a thermal water loop and eventually to take required measures on time.     

松辽盆地北部岩石热导率及其影响因素

本次研究采用瞬态平面源法对松辽盆地北部76个钻孔的263个岩心样品进行了岩石热导率测试。岩心的实测热导率集中在0.58~3.00 W/(m·K)之间, 平均为(1.77±0.64) W/(m·K); 泥岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、砾岩平均热导率分别为(1.30±0.39) W/(m·K)、(1.89±0.64) W/(m·K)、(1.91±0.37) W/(m·K)、(2.18±0.57) W/(m·K); 变质岩、火成岩平均热导率分别为(2.75±0.67) W/(m·K)、(2.70±0.45) W/(m·K)。碎屑岩和凝灰岩热导率整体上呈现出随着埋深和地层年龄的增加而增大的趋势, 而砾岩和变质岩变化趋势不明显。分析了压实成岩作用、砂岩的矿物含量和岩石的变质作用对岩石热导率造成的影响。通过饱水测量获得了原位热导率, 对岩心的原位导热系数进行了修正。最后建立了松辽盆地北部地层热导率柱, 可以为研究区的热流计算、深部地温场建模、盆地热史恢复等提供地层热导率约束。     

1.0 GPa、高温下岩石熔融玻璃的弹性波速测量及其地球物理意义

利用超声波反射法,在1.0GPa、最高温度分别达900℃和730℃条件下,测量了岩石成分从酸性到基性的7种熔融玻璃的纵波波速(vp)和横波波速(vs)随温度的变化。实验过程证明,高压下升温过程中样品被压缩导致了样品中弹性波走时减少,而降温过程中样品长度基本保持不变。结果显示,1.0GPa下,随实验温度升高,不同成分玻璃的vp首先以-0.2×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-0.7×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率缓慢降低,而其vs多以-0.1×10-3km.s-1.℃-1速率随温度升高而降低。当温度高于玻璃转变温度(Tg)后,玻璃的vp开始以-0.8×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-3.6×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率快速下降。根据玻璃vp随温度变化速率的改变,拟合出这几种玻璃的转变温度从584℃到654℃。由实验获得的玻璃波速,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill(VRH)平均计算出下地壳岩石中玻璃的存在将降低岩石的波速,并由此为下地壳低速层提出一种新的解释,即非晶质体的存在可能在下地壳形成地震波低速层。     

Hydraulic parameters and solute velocities in triple-porosity karstic-fissured-porous carbonate aquifers: case studies in southern Poland

 Rock and flow parameters of three karstic-fissured-porous aquifers in the Krakow-Silesian Triassic formations were measured using various methods and compared. Though cavern and fissure porosities are shown to be very low (cavern porosity below 0.5% and fracture porosity below 0.2%), they contribute dominantly to the hydraulic conductivity (from about 1.3×10^–6 to about 11×10^–6 m/s). Matrix porosity (2–11%) is shown to be the main water reservoir for solute transport and the main or significant contributor to the specific yield (<2%). Though the matrix porosity is shown to be much larger than the sum of the cavern and fissure porosities, its contribution to the total hydraulic conductivity is practically negligible (hydraulic conductivity of the matrix is from about 5×10^–11 m/s to about 2×10^–8 m/s). On the other hand, the matrix porosity (for neglected cavern and fissure porosities) when combined with tracer ages (or mean travel times) is shown to yield proper values of the hydraulic conductivity (K) by applying the following formula: K≅(matrix porosity×mean travel distance)/(mean hydraulic gradient×mean tracer age). Confirming earlier findings of the authors, this equation is shown to be of great practical importance because matrix porosity is easily measured in the laboratory on rock samples, whereas cavern and fracture porosities usually remain unmeasurable. Received: 21 February 1997 · Accepted: 13 May 1997     

Electric conductivity of Fe2SiO4–Fe3O4 spinel solid solutions

 The spinel solid solution was found to exist in the whole range between Fe₃O₄ and γ-Fe₂SiO₄ at over 10 GPa. The resistivity of Fe_{3− x} Si _x O₄ (0.0<x<0.288) was measured in the temperature range of 80∼300 K by the AC impedance method. Electron hopping between Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in the octahedral site of iron-rich phases gives a large electric conductivity at room temperature. The activation energy of the electron hopping becomes larger with increasing γ-Fe₂SiO₄ component. A nonlinear change in electric conductivity is not simply caused by the statistical probability of Fe³⁺–Fe²⁺ electron hopping with increasing the total Si content. This is probably because a large number of Si⁴⁺ ions occupies the octahedral site and the adjacent Fe²⁺ keeping the local electric neutrality around Si⁴⁺ makes a cluster, which generates a local deformation by Si substitution. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of solid solutions indicates the Verwey transition temperature, which decreases from 124(±2) K at x=0 (Fe₃O₄) to 102(±5) K at x=0.288, and the electric conductivity gap at the transition temperature decreases with Si⁴⁺ substitution. Received: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

地热井固井材料导热性能影响因素

固井材料导热性能是影响地热井取热效果的因素之一。为提升地热井固井材料导热系数，采用正交试验，借助层次分析-指标重复性相关（AHP-CRITIC）混合加权法和极差分析，进行固井材料导热性能研究。结果表明:添加天然鳞片石墨、铁粉和石英砂均可提高固井材料导热系数，其中石墨对导热系数的提升作用最为显著，铁粉次之，石英砂最小；石墨掺量和水固比分别是影响固井材料综合性能的主次要因素；随着石墨掺量递增，其导热系数递增、48 h抗压强度和流动度均递减；得出高导热固井材料的优选配合比为:水固比值0.44，石墨、铁粉和石英砂掺量分别占水泥质量的7.5%、3%、2%，其导热系数可达1.87 W/（m·K），较常规固井材料提高约70%。研究成果可为地热能高效开发利用提供参考。      

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定农业地质调查土壤样品中镉的不确定度评定

用实例对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中镉元素的不确定度进行评定,采用《测量不确定度评定与表示指南》对测量结果进行评估。分析了不确定度的主要来源,包括测量浓度的不确定度、体积的不确定度、称量不确定度及测量重复性引起的不确定度。评估了镉含量的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。对于镉含量为0.42×10-6的土壤样品,其扩展不确定度为0.04×10-6。     

Electrical conduction and polarization of calcite single crystals

The electrical conductivity and polarization properties of calcite single crystals with three orientations, namely, a (00.1) plane perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis (10.0) plane parallel to the crystallographic c axis, and a (10.4) cleavage plane, were studied by both complex impedance and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurements. Conductivities for (00.1)-, (10.0)-, and (10.4)-oriented single calcite crystals at 400–600?°C were 1.16?×?10^?7?–?1.05?×?10^?5, 7.40?×?10^?8?–?4.27?×?10^?6, and 4.27?×?10^?7?–?2.86?×?10^?5 Ω^?1 m^?1, respectively, and the activation energies for conduction were 112, 103, and 101?kJ?mol^?1, respectively. The TSDC spectra verified the electrical polarizability of calcite crystals. The activation energy for depolarization, estimated from TSDC spectra, of the (00.1)-, (10.0)-, and (10.4)-oriented calcite substrates were 112, 119, and 114?kJ?mol^?1, respectively. Considering the correlation between the processes of conduction and electric polarization, we proposed the mechanisms of conduction and polarization in calcite on the assumption of oxide ion transport.     

甘肃北山460金矿埃达克质石英闪长岩地球化学特征及意义

460金矿石英闪长岩产出于塔里木板块北缘红石山深大断裂带中。通过对其岩石化学组成的研究表明,主量元素SiO2、Al2O3和MgO的含量分别为56.01%~66.96%、14.54%~16.71%和0.88%~5.70%,微量元素Y、Yb和Sr的含量分别为(4.55~13.7)×10-6(、0.61~1.58)×10-6和(428~884)×10-6,LREE为富集型和Eu为正异常,这些特征反映石英闪长岩为埃达克质岩。综合分析认为是基性下地壳在一定的物理化学条件下部分熔融后直接侵位于近地表而形成的。与本区埃达克岩金矿化存在密切的时空关系。