昆明盆地晚新生代沉积中氨基酸的研究

通过对昆明盆地滇科1孔12个晚新生代沉积物样品氨基酸分析表明:1.所有样品酸性氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的20％以上。中性氨基酸的绝对优势及酸性氨基酸优势于碱性氨基酸,揭示昆明盆地晚新生代沉积环境应属中性偏碱。2.随着沉积剖面深度加大,氨基酸总量明显减小,但不同类型氨基酸的含量变化各异。其中,胱氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸及赖氨酸随深度增加其含量垂直分布趋于稳定。尤以缬氨酸和亮氨酸显示了成岩过程中的稳定性。     

华北早三叠世—种石松植物——美丽肋木（Pleuromeia epicharis Wang Z.Q. & Wang L.X.）的原位大孢子中氨基酸分析

本文首次对早三叠世特征化石美丽肋木的原位大孢子进行D-、L-氨基酸对映体分析。其初步结果在D-型氨基酸异构体特征、氨基酸总量与现代石松大孢子的氨基酸组成方面一定的系统学关系：两者在氨基酸H值方面明显的区别可能系化石石松的埋藏环境的后生原因造成的。     

云贵高原湖泊沉积物中的色氨酸及其地球化学行为

利用碱性水解—高效液相色谱联用技术测定了云贵高原四个湖泊沉积物中色氨酸的含量。讨论了色氧酸的早期成岩作用并与其它氨基酸进行比较。利用优化的碱性水解条件(120℃、4．2MNaOH溶液中水解20h)分析沉积物中的色氧酸含量,回收率达93％。实验结果显示,在所研究的四个湖泊沉积物中,色氨酸只是一种微量氨基酸组分,浓度为0．15～2．66μmol／g,占总可水解态氨基酸的0．17％～9．18%。色氨酸的相对摩尔百分含量随沉积深度的增加呈上升趋势,与其它两种芳香性氨基酸酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸的变化趋势相反,揭示了芳香性氨基酸在早期成岩过程中的地球化学行为。研究结果还表明,色氨酸在沉枳物早期成岩过程中被硅藻细胞壁选择性保存。     

电子自旋共振化石测年研究

对ＥＳＲ测年样品的累积剂量和剂量率测量进行了讨论，并对化石样品年龄及其误差计算模式进行了探讨。对北京猿人洞牙化石釉质层的测年研究表明，年龄数据稳定可靠。可与有关测年法结果对比。ＥＳＲ化石测年法已成为当前唯一能直接测定化石年龄大于４０万年的测年方法，对古人类演化研究具有重要意义。     

电子自旋共振（ESR）化石测年研究

对ＥＳＫ测年样品的累积剂量和剂量率测量进行了讨论，并对化石样品年龄及其误差计算模式进行了探讨。对北京猿人洞牙化石釉质层的铡年研究表明，年龄数据稳定可靠，可与有关测年法结果对比。ＥＳＲ化石测年法已成为当前唯一能直接测定化石年龄大于４０万年的测年方法，对古人类演化研究具有重大意义。     

云南元谋发现的猿人牙齿化石

我国是世界上人类化石极其丰富的国家之一,继北京猿人和蓝田猿人之后。又在我国南方云南元谋发现了一个新的猿人化石产地。 1965年5月1日,原地质部地质科学研究院地质研究所钱方同志等,于云南元谋上那蚌西北,在“元谋组”褐色粘土层中采到一些哺乳动物化石和两颗猿人的牙齿。动物化石经程政武同志初步鉴定如下:     

植物微体化石分析揭示阿敦乔鲁遗址古人生存策略

新疆地区是史前游牧文化与农业文化交融的重要区域,而地处新疆西天山地区的阿敦乔鲁青铜时代遗址,是古代人类活动、文化发展与演化过程的重要时空节点。但是目前对该遗址古人生存策略,尤其是对于当时人们的饮食结构和遗址的季节性使用的认识,存在不同观点。本研究通过对阿敦乔鲁遗址中房址内堆积物、羊粪化石以及遗址周边现代羊粪、自然地层进行植硅体、孢粉分析,发现了农作物植硅体以黍(Panicum miliaceum)和麦类作物的稃片为主,遗址使用后期出现少量的粟(Setaria italica),揭示了该遗址农作物组成以黍、大/小麦(Hordeum spp./Triticum spp.)为主,兼有粟的混合结构。在秋季(9月份)采集的现代羊粪中,孢粉种类(24个科/属)和浓度(平均65533粒/g)显著高于羊粪化石的孢粉种类(9个科/属)和浓度(平均27189粒/g),且现代羊粪以蒿属(Artemisia)植物(7~10月开花结籽)花粉为主(平均54.95%),羊粪化石中蒿属植物花粉仅有19.20%。来自早熟禾亚科(Pooideae)种子稃片的植硅体,在现代羊粪中的含量(平均3.62%)显著低于在羊粪化石中的含量(平均13.84%),羊粪孢粉和植硅体分析结果,揭示了阿敦乔鲁遗址羊类放牧时间应该处于花期结束后,植物已结籽的秋-冬季节,为阿敦乔鲁遗址冬季牧场的性质提供了植物学证据。同时房址内火塘、活动面和储藏间的堆积中植硅体组合与羊粪化石植硅体组合接近,暗示了羊粪可能被大量收集储藏,作为主要的铺垫物和冬季燃料使用。研究结果对于深化青铜时代以来新疆西天山地区古人生存策略、食物结构等的认识具有重要的推动作用。     

古骨中可溶性、不可溶性胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成和C、N稳定同位素比较分析

提取考古遗址出土的人和动物骨中的不可溶性胶原蛋白(ISC),进行C、N稳定同位素分析,是目前古食谱分析的主要研究方法。然而,对于无法提取出ISC的骨样,古食谱的重建也就无从谈起。之前,我们通过凝胶层析法,首次成功提取出古骨中ISC的降解产物——可溶性胶原蛋白(SC),并发现:SC与ISC的C、N稳定同位素比值相似,同样可以应用于古食谱研究。为进一步探明两者稳定同位素相似的机理,本文选取更多的古骨样品,开展了SC和ISC的元素含量、稳定同位素值和氨基酸组成分析。研究结果表明,SC与ISC的总氨基酸组成,完全符合I型胶原蛋白的特点。此外,SC与ISC相比,8种必需氨基酸组成,非常接近,变异范围仅为0.25%(n=3);而11种半必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸,则变化稍大(0.90%,n=3)。显然,不同性质氨基酸含量的少许差异,是造成两种蛋白C、N稳定同位素相似但不相同的主要原因。     

湖南桑植仁村坪二叠纪Capitanian期沉积地层及环境北大核心CSCD

湖南桑植仁村坪剖面茅口组中—上段地层的牙形l类资料显示,该剖面具有相对完整的卡匹敦阶(Capitanian)牙形类化石带,但缺失瓜德鲁普统-乐平统界线附近的Jinogondollela granti-Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri的3个牙形类化石带。该阶底部Jinogondollela postserrata牙形类化石带起始于茅口组下段顶部的礁边缘相生屑灰岩沉积的底部(-4.1m处);茅口组中段"孤峰组"硅(泥)质岩段属于牙形类J.shannoni化石带的沉积;茅口组上段含白云质团块的巨厚层亮晶灰岩基本属于牙形类J.xuanhanensis化石带的沉积。该剖面卡匹敦阶的层序地层分析显示出一个完整的三级层序变化过程。其底界SB3位于茅口组下段顶部9cm厚度的薄层白云岩之顶,代表东吴运动的第二幕(鸣山运动);后继高水体系域沉积表现为茅口组中段的硅(泥)质沉积岩段,属于牙形类J.shannoni化石带;茅口组上部灰岩段代表低水位体系域的碳酸盐台地边缘相灰泥丘沉积,属于牙形类J.xuanhanensis化石带,可与广西"来宾灰岩"的生物时代和沉积环境相对比;茅口组顶部覆盖的"王坡煤系"代表二级层序界面(SB2),与东吴运动的主幕(第三幕)相对应。     

山东土门喀斯特洞穴的发育演化及其意义

<正> 土门喀斯特区位于山东省中部、沂源县西北。该区北、西、南三面均为变质岩山地,东以上五井断裂为界,面积约50平方公里(图1)。区内分布有大小洞穴40余个,为鲁中喀斯特洞穴分布最为集中的地区,但一直缺乏专门的研究。1981年沂源县在本区骑子鞍山前下崖洞附近的石灰岩洞穴和裂隙中发现了属再沉积的猿人头盖骨和牙齿化石,时代为中更新世,但至今却未找到猿人的生活居住地。笔者自1982年以来曾经多次到该区进行调查和探测,现根据获得的实际资料整理成文,以期探明该区洞穴的发育演化过程,并为进一步寻找猿人遗址提供一些线索。      

中国直立人变异的初步研究

已发现的化石表现中国直立人的分布北至39°41′N,南至25°45′N,东达118°09′E,西抵101°55′E。中更新世可供比较的重要化石有周口店、和县及汤山的头骨,周口店、陈家窝及和县的下颌骨;早更新世有公王岭和郧县曲远河口的头骨,元谋和郧县梅铺的门牙。比较的结果显示各地的化石之间有同也有异,目前还没有足够的证据表明各地点化石之间的变异足以表现那时中国的人类可以像现代和新石器时代那样划分为南、北两大人群。中国的直立人有许多形态特征与中国的化石智人一致,个别标本还有个别特征与中国大多数标本不同,却在西方有较多的出现,这些现象支持中国古人类“连续进化附带杂交”的假说。     

中国的洞穴与裂隙堆积

洞穴和裂隙堆积是陆相地层中一个重要的组成部分,经过一百多年的研究,它已成了我国地层表中的一个明确的时空单位,就目前信息,其地质时代从第三纪早期一直延续到第四纪晚期。本世纪发现的洞穴堆积地点上千处,其中含古人类和古猿类化石的地点已达４０多个,与其伴生的哺乳动物化石４００余种。这些珍贵的史料,对研究第三纪以来洞穴堆积地层的时序具有十分重要的意义。     

Diagenesis and the reconstruction of paleoenvironments: A method to restore original δO values of carbonate and phosphate from fossil tooth enamel

Intra-tooth δ¹⁸O variations within the carbonate (δ¹⁸Oc) and phosphate (δ¹⁸Op) components of tooth apatite were measured for Miocene and Pliocene hypsodont mammals from Afghanistan, Greece and Chad in order to evaluate the resistance of enamel to diagenetic alteration. Application of water-apatite interaction models suggest that the different kinetic behaviours of the phosphate-water and carbonate-water systems can be used to detect subtle oxygen isotope disequilibria in fossil enamel when intra-individual variations are considered. Selective alteration of the oxygen isotope composition from the carbonate component of Afghan and Greek enamels suggests inorganic isotopic exchange processes. Microbially-induced isotopic exchange for phosphate is demonstrated for the first time in enamel samples from Chad, in association with extensive recrystallization. In Chad, δ¹⁸Op values were derived from partial isotopic exchange with fossil groundwater during early diagenesis. Mass balance calculations using average carbonate content in enamel as a proxy for recrystallization, and the lowest δ¹⁸Op value of dentine as a proxy for the isotopic composition of the diagenetic fluid, indicate that diagenesis can alter δ¹⁸Op by as much as 3‰ in some enamel samples. This diagenetic alteration is also responsible for a decrease in intra-individual variations of up to 1‰ in affected specimens. The effects of diagenesis on δ¹⁸Op values of fossil enamel are not systematic, however, and can only be estimated if sequential δ¹⁸Op and δ¹⁸Oc analyses are performed on fossil enamel and dentine. Reconstruction of large temporal- or spatial-scale paleoclimates based on δ¹⁸Op analyses from mammalian teeth cannot be considered valid if enamel has been affected by bacterial activity or if the data cannot be corrected for diagenetic effects.     

Amino acids in fossil corals: racemization (epimerization) reactions and their implications for diagenetic models and geochronological studies

Thirty-eight fossil coral samples of known age from late Pleistocene uplifted reef terraces have been analyzed for amino acid composition and for the degree of racemization of selected amino acids. Particular attention has been given to the epimerization (racemization about the α-carbon) of isoleucine. The $\text{D}\text{L}$ ratios observed in many of these samples do not conform to the concept of increasing racemization being associated with increasing fossil age. It is shown that sixteen of the samples demonstrate concordance between their known age and the age estimated from racemization data. Racemization ages are based upon a kinetic model derived from the kinetics observed in foraminifera in marine sediments and published estimates of the temperature dependence of the isoleucine epimerization reaction. Lack of concordance for the remaining samples is explained by either of two separate diagenetic phenomena: extensive leaching of free amino acids from the fossil, or contamination by ‘young’ amino acids. Ambiguities observed in many of the results may be due to the fact that coralline organic matter can have a complex history because of variations in its source and in its relation to the mineral phase. Neither of these factors has been observed to exert such a significant effect on racemization kinetics observed in fossil foraminifera or molluscs. Fossil corals are of only modest value as specimens for amino acid geochronological studies.     

Models of diffusion-limited uptake of trace elements in fossils and rates of fossilization

Many fossils are assumed to take up trace elements by a process of combined diffusion plus adsorption (DA), yet in principle composition profiles can be explained by several different diffusion-limited processes, including diffusion plus reaction or recrystallization (DR) and double-medium diffusion (DMD). The DA and DMD models are supported by REE and U composition profiles across fossil teeth, measured by laser-ablation ICP-MS, that show error-function - like diffusion profiles into enamel from the dentine-enamel interface and concentrations in the interior of enamel that are at original biogenic levels or higher. Published composition and age profiles in some Pleistocene bones may be better explained by a DR model. All three diffusion models imply linear behavior between age and distance squared, vastly simplifying U-series dating methods for Pleistocene fossils. Modeled uptake rates for fossil teeth yield a strict minimum bound on durations of about one decade to one century. The similarity of diffusion profiles in teeth, irrespective of depositional ages ranging from ∼30 ka to >30 Ma, implies that uptake occurred quickly, with a maximum duration of a few tens of kyr for typical fossil enamel; faster uptake is implied for typical fossil bone and dentine. Disparities in these uptake estimates compared to some archeological bone may reflect sampling and preservation bias for paleontological vs. archeological materials.     

直立人研究的现状──纪念裴文中北京猿人第一个头盖骨的发现

１９２９年１２月２日,裴文中在周口店发现了北京猿人的第一个头盖骨,从而揭开了人类发展史上重要的一页。猿人(直立人)被当时人类学界承认为最原始的人类,确立了直立人为人类发展史的第一个阶段。１９世纪末Ｅ．Ｄｕｂｏｉｓ发现爪哇猿人的过程。他终生坚持猿人既非猿又非人的观点,引起长时期的争论。从１９２４年起,又发生了南方古猿是人还是猿的争论,为北京猿人化石的发现被广泛接受奠定了基础。本世纪３０年代以来,在亚、非、欧三洲的许多地点,有了更多的直立人化石的发现。在直立人化石的研究中,出现了直立人的分类问题,直立人与智人的界限问题,年代测定的准确与否对确定直立人系统关系的重要性,以及直立人与智人的连续性和替代性问题。     

Oxygen isotope analysis of bone and tooth enamel phosphate from paleogene sediments: Experimental techniques and initial results

Oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) of fossil bone and tooth enamel phosphate (bioapatite) is an important tool for estimating the isotopic composition of past environmental water. Lack of analytical facility was a hindrance for studying such bioapatites in spite of large number of fossil materials reported from various geological ages in India. We have established in our laboratory, based on available methods, the chemical procedure for extraction of very small amount (<1000 μg) PO₄ ⁻³ from bioapatite and on-line mass spectrometric measurement of its δ¹⁸O composition by high temperature (∼1450°C) pyrolysis. The achieved precision is ∼± 0.3 ‰ similar to obtained elsewhere, with interlaboratory calibration showing excellent agreement of standard phosphates. Inferred δ¹⁸O values of environmental water, based on the analysis of teeth and bones of sharks, fish and terrestrial mammals from the Paleogene successions of the northwest sub-Himalayan and the Peninsular India show strong correspondence with animal habitats. The freshwater δ¹⁸O values are much depleted having range similar to modern monsoon precipitation. However, owing to our small dataset it is not possible at this stage to infer about the existence of monsoon over the Indian sub-continent during the Eocene-Oligocene time.     

我国东部几个中新生代盆地泥质岩中的氨基酸

从现代沉积物到前寒武纪的沉积岩中都发现有氨基酸的存在。关于它们的组成、含量及其地质意义在许多文献中都曾涉及到,特别是对近代各种环境沉积中的氨基酸及其在成岩作用过程中的变化,已经积累了相当多的分析资料。本文对以渤海第三纪沉积盆地为主的我国东部地区中新生代泥质岩样品进行了氨基酸的分析,并初步讨论了这些分析结果与沉积环境的关系。     

ESR dating and the human evolution: contribution to the chronology of the earliest humans in Europe

In the last 20 years, the electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method has allowed the establishment of a chronological time frame over most of the history of human evolution. Despite many difficulties found for ESR dating of bones and carbonates, tooth enamel dated by ESR has been proven as a reliable method in its application to fossil teeth and quartz. Both of the latter materials have allowed dating of Early and Middle Pleistocene sites which are not datable using other methods such as the Argon–Argon method. In particular, recent discoveries of human remains in western Europe have been proposed to be sites of the earliest arrival of humans there, and have been dated to the Early Pleistocene by ESR using quartz and tooth enamel.Combined ESR and U-series dating of fossil herbivore teeth are the only means of dating layers from which such ancient remains have been recovered in western Europe. Good examples are the sites of Atapuerca Gran Dolina, Spain and Visogliano, Italy which have been dated using tooth enamel.When no bones and teeth can be found in prehistoric sites, ESR dating on quartz extracted from sediments has been used to date sites whose ages range over the entire Quaternary period. We present here two examples that occur in fluvial terraces of the river Creuse, France and at Monte Poggiolo site, Italy, where several artefacts of an archaic pebble industry have been recovered.