滇西地区富碱斑岩中地幔流体作用踪迹及其成矿作用意义

滇西地区大量产出的富碱斑岩及其包体岩石的形成和演化与该区新生代陆内变形、构造作用、幔源岩浆和深源流体活动,及其与此有关而广泛发育的内生多金属矿产存在必然的联系。本文通过岩相学、岩石化学、电子探针、扫描电镜和能谱分析,较为系统地分析论证了这一关联的内在统一制约和联系的纽带即深部地质过程和由此相伴的含矿地幔流体作用,初步揭示了这种深部过程和地幔流体作用的微观踪迹和方式可以直接表现为:(1)呈脉状和浸染状穿插于深源包体岩石中的富钠玻璃,透光镜下呈微晶和雏晶,颜色随成分差异而不均匀,化学成分以高硅、铝、钠、铁,低钾、钙、镁为特征,矿物成分以钠长石、角闪石、磁铁矿(镜铁矿)、钛铁矿组合为特征,是富碱岩浆携带包体岩石之前即已存在的上地幔流体;(2)呈脉状、团块状和浸染状穿插于主岩和各类包体岩石的富铁玻璃;(3)呈独立包体产出于霓辉正长斑岩中的富铁熔浆包体。后两者物质在透光镜下无光性,呈黑色不透明,反光镜下不反光,但在电子显微镜下呈显微晶质结构,化学成分以高硅、铝、铁,低钙、镁、钠、钾为特征,矿物组成上以硅酸盐和石英为主,含有碳硅石、含铬自然铁、钛铁矿、磷灰石等地幔标志矿物,其中微晶金属和非金属矿物之间呈熔离结构交生,反映了地幔流体的熔浆性质及其与富碱岩浆不混溶的特征;由地幔流体对岩石的交代浸染作用,引起主岩和包体岩石中普遍发育各种蚀变作用,如角闪石化、硅化和绿泥石化等,并导致矿物组合总体上表现为暗色矿物由辉石→角闪石→黑云母→绿泥石的退变序列。该地幔流体微观踪迹的三种表现形式与富碱岩浆共存,并共同运移,但两者由于组成和性质的差异而互不混溶;结合透岩浆流体成矿作用理论和本文论证的综合分析认为,当富碱岩浆和地幔流体系统封闭较好,地幔流体则伴随富碱岩浆的结晶过程对富碱斑岩进行同步自交代蚀变,在斑岩体或其深部形成矿床,构成正岩浆成矿体系,典型成矿实例如马厂箐斑岩钼矿床;若在此成岩成矿过程中发生构造作用扰动,则地幔流体进入岩体与围岩的接触带,或紧邻接触带的地层围岩中进行交代蚀变成矿,构成接触带成矿体系,典型成矿实例如马厂箐矿区中赋存于夕卡岩—大理岩带中的斑岩型铜矿和主要赋存于地层围岩中的斑岩型金矿,若金矿出现在斑岩体内,则一般受控于穿切斑岩体的成岩后断裂;若岩浆和流体运移通道的深大断裂体系发育,环境相对开放,则地幔流体伴随富碱岩浆的成岩过程而脱离岩浆沿分支断裂通道进入远离岩体的不同地层岩石中进行交代蚀变成矿,构成远程热液成矿系统,典型成矿实例如兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿床;在这一成矿过程中,地幔流体可以随深度和环境变化引起的物理化学条件变化,其性质由熔浆→超临界流体→液相流体转化,并运载和沿途活化成矿物质至适宜容矿部位集中,促使幔壳物质叠加成矿;进而有利于深部成矿并形成大型和超大型矿床。     

云南剑川金河岩体中地幔流体交代特征及其成矿意义

云南剑川金河岩体中的硅化霓辉正长斑岩含有较多的镁铁-超镁铁质深源岩石包体.岩相学研究表明,伴随交代蚀变,其主岩和各类包体岩石中普遍发育沿矿物粒间和矿物晶体裂隙或解离纹贯入或穿插的呈网状和细脉浸染状分布的黑色不透明物质.对该物质进行了电子探针及扫描电镜和能谱分析,发现其组成以微晶硅酸盐矿物为主,含少量微晶石英,尤其是含有微晶地幔标型矿物--含钛磁铁矿(或镜铁矿)和含铬自然铁;后两者与硅酸盐矿物构成超显微熔离结构交生.研究认为,这种物质组成和特征,是具超临界和熔浆性质的地幔流体的微观表现,其活动所引发的交代蚀变表现为硅化、钠化及深源包体中的暗色矿物由辉石→角闪石→黑云母的退变序列.这一地幔流体作用微观踪迹的揭示,对于分析和论证滇西地区新生代多金属成矿的深部地质作用规律具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

云南六合富碱斑岩和包体岩石的显微岩相学与地幔流体作用示踪研究

云南六合霓辉正长斑岩含有较多镁铁-超镁铁质包体以及特殊的富铁熔浆包体.岩相学研究表明,伴随交代蚀变,寄主岩石和各类包体中普遍发育沿粒间和矿物晶体裂隙或解理纹贯入或穿插的呈网状和细脉浸染状分布的黑色不透明物质——富铁微晶玻璃,其性质与富铁熔浆包体类似;对该类物质采用电子探针及扫描电镜和能谱分析,发现它们是一种纳米-微米级的超显微隐晶固体,其组成以硅酸盐和石英为主,尤其含有地幔标型矿物碳硅石、自然铁和钛铁矿等;这些矿物间构成超显微熔离结构交生.研究认为,这种物质组成和特征是具超临界和熔浆性质的地幔流体作用的现实微观踪迹,其活动引发的交代蚀变表现为碱性蚀变和硅化并伴随不同程度的金属矿化,以及寄主岩石和包体中暗色矿物由辉石→角闪石→黑云母→绿泥石的退变序列.稀土和微量元素地球化学研究表明,霓辉正长斑岩及其包体和富铁熔浆包体具有相似的富集轻稀土元素和 Ce 负异常以及富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素的特征.本文综合研究认为,富铁微晶玻璃和富铁熔浆包体是起源于富集地幔,但独立于富碱岩浆并被富碱岩浆裹挟的成分不混溶产物.它们是地幔流体作用现实微观踪迹的两种表现形式,是引发壳幔物质混染并导致寄主岩石和包体中交代蚀变和金属矿化的重要物质源和动力源.     

云南六合霓辉正长斑岩中特殊包体岩石的发现及其意义

在六合霓辉正长斑岩中广泛发育的各类包体岩石中,新近发现了三类特殊包体.通过岩相学、岩石化学、电子探针和扫描电镜分析研究表明,纯方解石包晶(体)和含石英的黄玉伟晶岩包体是地幔流体在运移过程中发生去气作用的产物;黑色微晶富铁硅酸盐熔融包体是地幔流体伴随去气作用的分离产物,其主要矿物组成为石英、绿泥石和富铁的柱状和片状硅酸盐矿物,特征矿物有自然铁、磷灰石和锆石;据全岩化学成分和矿物组成特征及结晶状态分析,表明该包体岩石不是常规岩浆作用产物,尤其自然铁的存在进一步证明该微晶熔融包体是还原条件或缺氧环境下的地幔流体物质.通过对特殊包体岩石的研究,为该区不同岩性和地层中的多金属成矿提供了重要的深部过程地球化学背景.     

云南六合霓辉正长斑岩中特殊包体岩石的发现及其意义

在六合霓辉正长斑岩中广泛发育的各类包体岩石中，新近发现了三类特殊包体。通过岩相学、岩石化学、电子探针和扫描电镜分析研究表明，纯方解石包晶（体）和含石英的黄玉伟晶岩包体是地幔流体在运移过程中发生去气作用的产物；黑色微晶富铁硅酸盐熔融包体是地幔流体伴随去气作用的分离产物，其主要矿物组成为石英、绿泥石和富铁的柱状和片状硅酸盐矿物，特征矿物有自然铁、磷灰石和锆石；据全岩化学成分和矿物组成特征及结晶状态分析，表明该包体岩石不是常规岩浆作用产物，尤其自然铁的存在进一步证明该微晶熔融包体是还原条件或缺氧环境下的地幔流体物质。通过对特殊包体岩石的研究，为该区不同岩性和地层中的多金属成矿提供了重要的深部过程地球化学背景。     

深部过程中地幔流体现实微观踪迹的实验证据

伴随深部地质过程的地幔流体作用是引发地壳中成矿作用的重要物质源和动力源。由于地幔流体的超深源性及由此决定其性质和演化的复杂性,使人们很难具体捕捉其实际存在,或者多数情况下很难准确界定。通过岩相学、岩石化学、电子探针和扫描电镜及能谱分析的综合研究发现,地幔流体活动的现实微观踪迹和存在方式可以表现为富铁熔浆包体和富铁微晶玻璃,二者在透射偏光显微镜下无光性,呈黑色不透明状;反射偏光显微镜下不反光,但在电子显微镜下呈显微晶质结构,显示微晶金属和非金属矿物之间呈熔离交生,超微晶矿物组成以硅酸盐和石英为主,尤其是经过成分配比换算,得到碳硅石,含铬自然铁、钛铁矿、磷灰石和含钛镜铁矿等地幔标型矿物,反映了地幔流体的熔浆性质。捕捉和揭示深部地质过程中地幔流体作用的现实微观踪迹,对于深入分析和认识地壳地质作用的机制和成矿效应具有重要理论和现实意义。     

云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中矿物混晶包体特征及其地质意义

在云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中发现了一类特殊包体,呈红色与黑色两种。经X射线粉晶衍射鉴定,红色者为以锰铝榴石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶,黑色者为以绿辉石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶。两种矿物混晶包体在一定程度上类似于熔浆玻璃或熔体囊,它们具有同源演化的相似地球化学特征。文中通过对两种矿物混晶包体的显微特征与地球化学分析研究表明,它们是亏损地幔部分熔融的产物,并作为一种不混溶熔体成分被碱性玄武岩浆携带、运移上升。它们代表了石榴石相(榴辉岩相)地幔源区组分,暗示新生代时期软流圈上涌除释放小体积交代熔体交代上地幔使其富集之外,还造成岩石圈地幔拆沉,尖晶石相地幔组分向石榴石相地幔组分转变。另外,据两种混晶包体与其他类型包体和寄主岩岩浆的不同来源,推测马关地区深部岩石圈地幔经交代作用发生过两次转换。首先是由原始地幔向亏损地幔转化,并发生部分熔融,其后是由亏损地幔转化为富集地幔,形成富碱岩浆和与其互不混溶的进一步富集成矿元素的地幔流体。由此暗示滇西地区与富碱斑岩有关的多金属成矿作用即受制于这一深部地质过程与壳幔混染机制。     

云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中矿物混晶包体特征及其地质意义

在云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中发现了一类特殊包体,呈红色与黑色两种。经X射线粉晶衍射鉴定,红色者为以锰铝榴石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶,黑色者为以绿辉石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶。两种矿物混晶包体在一定程度上类似于熔浆玻璃或熔体囊,它们具有同源演化的相似地球化学特征。文中通过对两种矿物混晶包体的显微特征与地球化学分析研究表明,它们是亏损地幔部分熔融的产物,并作为一种不混溶熔体成分被碱性玄武岩浆携带、运移上升。它们代表了石榴石相(榴辉岩相)地幔源区组分,暗示新生代时期软流圈上涌除释放小体积交代熔体交代上地幔使其富集之外,还造成岩石圈地幔拆沉,尖晶石相地幔组分向石榴石相地幔组分转变。另外,据两种混晶包体与其他类型包体和寄主岩岩浆的不同来源,推测马关地区深部岩石圈地幔经交代作用发生过两次转换。首先是由原始地幔向亏损地幔转化,并发生部分熔融,其后是由亏损地幔转化为富集地幔,形成富碱岩浆和与其互不混溶的进一步富集成矿元素的地幔流体。由此暗示滇西地区与富碱斑岩有关的多金属成矿作用即受制于这一深部地质过程与壳幔混染机制。     

滇西马厂箐钼铜金矿床深部地质过程的系列成矿效应

[摘 要] 马厂箐钼铜金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山断裂带上与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的典型矿床之一,其成矿作用具有特殊性。本文应用透岩浆流体成矿理论,重点探讨了马厂箐钼铜金矿床深部地质过程中成岩与由地幔流体作用引发壳幔混染并形成系列成矿的关系。通过对马厂箐矿床成岩成矿时代的厘定、岩矿石稀土和微量元素、稀有气体及Pb-Sr-Nd 同位素研究,论证了成矿流体和岩浆流体均来自于富集地幔,这种成矿流体是包含于富碱岩浆并与其互不混溶的地幔流体。在上升运移过程中,地幔流体可随富碱岩浆的结晶成岩过程对岩体进行同步自交代蚀变而在斑岩体内或其深部形成矿床;也可与岩浆分离而独立运移,在岩体与围岩的接触带及地层围岩中进行交代蚀变成矿。在这一成岩成矿过程中, 引发并促进壳幔物质混染和叠加成矿,由此导致了马厂箐矿区成矿分带表现为从岩体到围岩、从高温到低温的不同矿种和不同类型的系列成矿效应。     

滇西马厂箐富碱侵入岩体形成机制研究

马厂箐岩体属于滇西富碱侵入岩带上的一个典型代表,岩体中发现大量暗色微粒包体。对暗色微粒包体及其寄主岩进行系统岩石学、岩石化学和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素研究,认为马厂箐岩体为一岩浆混合成因岩体,形成于新生代陆壳加厚的构造背景下,暗色微粒包体来源于富集地幔岩浆,寄主岩花岗斑岩来源于大陆地壳的长英质岩浆,是幔源岩浆底侵作用诱发其上的陆壳岩石熔融所形成的混合岩浆上侵定位的结果。幔源岩浆对于斑岩型铜钼矿成矿具有重要作用,提供了成矿的物质和流体,暗色微粒包体对于斑岩型铜钼矿地质找矿具有指示意义。     

地幔流体在滇西富碱斑岩成岩成矿过程中的作用——地质年代学和同位素地球化学制约

滇西金沙江哀牢山断裂以东广泛发育富碱斑岩型多金属矿床,其富碱斑岩体中有多处产出深源岩石包体。对包体岩石和寄主富碱斑岩及其成矿石英脉的地质年代学研究显示,深源岩石包体的成岩年龄大于寄主富碱斑岩,而富碱斑岩的成岩与成矿是基本同时的。结合铅硅锶钕同位素地球化学研究表明,在富碱岩浆的成岩过程中,伴随富硅成矿流体对围岩和岩体的交代蚀变,并与地壳岩石一定程度混染而实现成矿作用。这种富硅成矿流体作用实质上是地幔流体作用在地壳中成矿作用的延续。据此,从地幔流体交代矿物的结晶年龄(116.0 Ma)到富硅成矿流体年龄(51.2 Ma),揭示地幔流体作用贯穿于富碱岩浆成岩成矿的全过程。正是这一地幔流体作用过程,导致Si、Al、Na、K及其它硅不相容元素和成矿元素富集,进而导致其Sr-Nd同位素特征由亏损地幔向富集地幔过渡,并引起从岩体→围岩对应、从高温→低温的系列成矿效应。也正是这种流体作用,构成滇西新生代广泛成矿的内在统一制约因素和大型-超大型矿床形成的重要地球化学背景。     

Special Xenoliths in an Aegirine–Augite Syenite Porphyry in Liuhe, Yunnan, China: Discovery and Implications

Three special types of xenoliths have recently been found in an aegirine–augite syenite porphyry in Liuhe, Yunnan, China. Petrographical, petrochemical, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that pure calcite xenocrysts and quartz-bearing topaz pegmatite xenoliths result from the degassing of mantle fluids during their migration, and that black microcrystalline iron-rich silicate-melt xenoliths are the product of the extraction of mantle fluids accompanying degassing and are composed dominantly of quartz, chlorite, and iron-rich columnar and sheet silicate minerals with characteristic minerals, such as native iron, apatite, and zircon. According to the bulk-rock chemical and mineral compositions and crystallization states, the microcrystalline melt xenoliths are not the product of conventional magmatism, and especially the existence of native iron further proves that the xenoliths were mantle fluid materials under reduction or anoxic conditions. The study of the special xenoliths furnishes an important deep-process geochemical background of polymetallic mineralization in different rocks and strata in the study area.     

Special Xenoliths in an Aegirine-Augite Syenite Porphyry in Liuhe, Yunnan, China： Discovery and Implications

Three special types of xenoliths have recently been found in an aegirine-augite syenite porphyry in Liuhe,Yunnan,China.Petrographical,petrochemical,electron microprobe,and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that pure calcite xenocrysts and quartz-bearing topaz pegmatite xenoliths result from the degassing of mantle fluids during their migration,and that black microcrystalline iron-rich silicate-melt xenoliths are the product of the extraction of mantle fluids accompanying degassing and are com...     

地幔流体的交代作用——来自碱性正长岩及其深源岩石包体的证据

滇西玉龙县小桥头硅化霓辉正长斑岩中,含有较多镁铁-超镁铁质深源包体岩石。经岩相学和电子探针及扫描电镜分析发现,伴随交代蚀变,寄主岩和各类镁铁-超镁铁质包体岩石中,普遍发育沿粒间和矿物晶体裂隙或解理纹贯入或穿插的黑色不透明物质,主要由微晶硅酸盐矿物和磁铁矿组成。本文研究认为,硅酸盐矿物与磁铁矿在背散射电子图像中表现为熔离特征,这种在透光显微镜下呈黑色不透明的微晶固体,是引发交代蚀变、具熔浆流体特点和超临界流体性质的地幔流体交代作用的一种微观表现。     

Origin of spongy textures in clinopyroxene and spinel from mantle xenoliths, Hessian Depression, Germany

Summary Spongy textures are observed in anhydrous Group 1 mantle xenoliths (harzburgite, lherzolite and wehrlite) hosted in Tertiary alkali basaltic lavas from the Hessian Depression, Germany. These textures are developed only on clinopyroxene and spinel, and occur as rims or cross-cutting veinlets and patches showing optical continuity with the host grain. They are often associated with pools of amorphous glassy material. There is no preferential development of spongy domains against the xenolith-lava contact suggesting that the host magma did not play any significant role in their formation. Spongy clinopyroxene and spinel occur in all rock types, but, are more pervasive in wehrlite. Chemically, spongy domains of clinopyroxene and spinel are more refractory than unaffected areas, which is consistent with their formation through a partial melting event. The associated glassy material shows chemical characteristics which suggest that the melt pools are genetically related to the development of the spongy textures. The partial melting event was probably triggered by the infiltration of a low-density fluid. The fluid may have evolved from a silicate melt responsible for the metasomatic Fe-enrichment recorded in wehrlite. In this context, the more pervasive development of spongy clinopyroxene in wehrlite may be explained by a higher concentration of the evolved fluid phase at proximity to its silicate melt source. Received March 15, 2000; revised version accepted September 6, 2001     

滇西富碱斑岩及其中包体岩石的地幔流体交代作用特征

滇西富碱斑岩体中,有多处产出深浅来源不同的包体岩石。针对寄主岩石和包体岩石的岩相学和岩石化学成分的对比研究发现:寄主岩石较包体岩石更富S iO2,A l2O3,N a2O和K2O,而包体岩石较寄主岩石更富C aO,M gO,F e2O3和F eO,岩石蚀变以角闪石化、钠黝帘石化和硅化为主,结合具超基性岩性的包体岩石发育碎裂结构,碎裂粒间出现与交代成因角闪石共生的微晶硅质、碳质、碳酸盐和金云母等表现地幔流体显交代作用的特征矿物组合,由此判定交代主岩和包体岩石的流体富含碱质和硅质,是与富碱岩浆同源的来自富集地幔源区的地幔流体,其交代作用的功能和能量明显优于一般意义上的地壳流体作用,而此交代作用促进了成矿元素和挥发份的聚集,且富碱斑岩与地幔流体的交代作用之间存在有利的时差关系。     

The origin of reaction textures in mantle peridotite xenoliths from Sal Island, Cape Verde: the case for “metasomatism” by the host lava

Reaction zones around minerals in mantle xenoliths have been reported from many localities worldwide. Interpretations of the origins of these textures fall into two groups: mantle metasomatic reaction or reaction during transport of the xenoliths to the surface. A suite of harzburgitic mantle xenoliths from Sal, Cape Verde show clear evidence of reaction during transport. The reactions resulted in the formation of olivine–clinopyroxene and Si- and alkali-rich glass reaction zones around orthopyroxene and sieve-textured clinopyroxene and sieve textured spinel, both of which are associated with a Si- and alkali-rich glass similar to that in the orthopyroxene reaction zones. Reaction occurred at pressures less than the mantle equilibration pressure and at temperatures close to the liquidus temperature of the host magma. In addition, there is a clear spatial relation of reaction with the host lava: reaction is most intense near the lava/xenolith contact. The residence time of the xenoliths in the host magma, determined from Fe–Mg interdiffusion profiles in olivine, was approximately 4 years. Our results cannot be reconciled with a recent model for the evolution of the mantle below the Cape Verde Archipelago involving mantle metasomatism by kimberlitic melt. We contend that alkali-rich glasses in the Sal xenoliths are not remnants of a kimberlitic melt, but rather they are the result of reaction between the host lava or a similar magma and xenolith minerals, in particular orthopyroxene. The formation of a Si- and alkali-rich glass by host magma–orthopyroxene reaction appears to be a necessary precursor to formation of sieve textured spinel and clinopyroxene.     

The Genesis Mechanism of the Mantle Fluid Action and Evolution in the Ore‐Forming Process: A Case Study of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit in Yunnan,China

Based on petrological studies of the wall rocks, mineralizing rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that along with the development of silication, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultra-microlite material runs through the spaces between grains, fissures and cleavages. Under observations of the electron microprobe, scanning electronic microscopy and energy spectrum, this kind of ultra-microlite material is confirmed to consist of ultra microcrystalline quartz, silicate, sulfides and carbonates, as well as rutile, scheelite and specularite (magnetite), showing characters of liquation by the analyses of SEM and energy spectrum. The coexistence of immiscibility and precipitating co-crystallization strongly suggests that the mineralizing fluid changed from the melt to the hydrothermal fluid. Combined with the element geochemical researches, it is realized that the ultra-microlite aggregate is the direct relics of the mantle fluid behaving like a melt and supercritical fluid, which goes along with the mantle-derived magma and will escape from the magma body at a proper time. During the alteration process, the nature of the mantle fluid changed and it is mixed with the crustal fluid, which are favorable for mineralization in the Loawangzhai gold deposit.