湘东北中生代基性岩脉微量元素地球化学特征及岩石成因

湘东北中生代基性岩脉可以分为煌斑岩和辉绿岩两类，前者形成于136.61Ma，后者形成于86.18Ma,与华南中生代主要拉张时期相对应。岩石富集LREE，Eu负异常不明显，其形成主要受地幔部分熔融作用制约。早期煌斑岩类微量元素和Sr、Nd同位素总体上具有富集地幔（EMⅡ型）洋岛玄武岩（OIB）特征，富集Nd、P、Cs，而K、Rb、Sr、U、Th等富集程度不明显，Ta、Nb略有富集，具有软流圈地幔上涌地幔热柱玄武岩岩浆源区性质，表现出软流圈地幔上涌部分熔融的成岩特点。晚期辉绿岩类表现出Ta、Nb、Ti亏损，但LILE并不富集，反映地壳混染程度的增强，具有大陆拉张带（裂谷初期）形成的玄武岩岩浆源区性质，为岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成。二者具有不同的岩浆源区性质，从早期到晚期岩浆源区向上迁移并致使部分陆 物质混入，反映由热点式拉张到岩石圈伸展－减薄的作用过程。     

松辽盆地早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

松辽盆地早白垩世发育基性岩类的橄榄玄武岩、玄武岩,中性岩类的玄武安山岩、安山岩、粗安岩,酸性岩类的粗面岩、粗面英安岩、英安岩和流纹岩。早白垩世火山岩都具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)、轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集的特征,并具有较低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值和较高的(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i值。基性岩类Ce/Nb=1.92～8.31,Th/Nb=0.08～0.44,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.7031～0.7047,ε_(Nd)(t)=+1.7～+5.2;中性岩类Ce/Nb=3.70～15.80,Th/Nb=0.34～2.58,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.7040～0.7054,ε_(Nd)(t)=0～+3.0;酸性岩类Ce/Nb=4.29～15.80,Th/Nb=0.11～1.02,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.7038～0.7066,ε_(Nd)(t)=+1.0～+3.3。基性岩类岩浆主要来自被富集了的亏损地幔源的部分熔融,受混染程度很小;中性岩类岩浆源于年轻地壳组分被来自亏损地幔岩浆的再次部分熔融;酸性岩类浆岩可能主要来自源于亏损地幔的初生地壳部分熔融,并受到了上地壳的混染。晚侏罗世-早白垩世,由于蒙古-鄂霍次克洋关闭引发强烈的挤压造山后,发生的岩石圈拆沉作用致使来自亏损地幔的岩浆熔融上涌导致岩石圈主动伸展拉张,地表则表现出大规模的裂谷断陷作用和大范围的火山活动。这个阶段的伸展拉张以主动拉张为主。     

新疆谢米斯台布拉特矿化次火山岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其地质、成矿意义

布拉特矿化次火山岩出露于谢米斯台中部,岩性主要为英安斑岩和流纹斑岩。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素等研究,探讨其形成的构造环境、成因及成矿意义。结果表明,英安斑岩形成年龄为434.9±2.3Ma,属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列准铝质-强过铝质岩石;岩石稀土总量中等(∑REE=97.9×10~(-6)～107×10~(-6)),富集轻稀土且轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=7.93～9.95),具较弱铕负异常(δEu=0.78～0.90),相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;岩石具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7036～0.7043)和正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+2.64～+5.01),t_(DM1)(Nd)=750～930Ma。流纹斑岩形成年龄为423.2±0.9Ma,属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列准铝质-强过铝质岩石;稀土总量中等(∑REE=65.3×10~(-6)～127×10~(-6)),富集轻稀土且轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=6.82～8.24),具较强铕负异常(δEu=0.51～0.71),相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;岩石具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7022～0.7038)和正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+2.86～+5.78),t_(DM1)(Nd)=680～940Ma;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=+9.8～+14.9,t_(DM2)(Hf)=456～783Ma。综合研究表明,布拉特矿化英安斑岩和流纹斑岩是不同岩浆演化结晶的产物,二者都形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,可能是新生下地壳部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆与部分源自地幔楔的玄武质岩浆发生混合、向上运移、冷凝结晶的产物。较晚形成的流纹斑岩岩浆形成过程中新生下地壳部分熔融的比例有所降低,熔出的岩浆相对更偏酸性;谢米斯台地区以志留纪-早泥盆世火山岩、次火山岩和中酸性侵入体为代表的岩浆岩带为一个主体形成于早古生代的陆缘弧岩浆岩带,是形成和寻找斑岩型铜矿的有利地区。     

拉萨地块北缘早白垩世晚期地壳生长:来自改则亚多～106Ma侵入岩的证据

北部拉萨地块晚中生代的地壳生长时间和机制存在争论。本文报道了北部拉萨地块的改则亚多侵入体的年代学、地球化学资料。改则亚多侵入体形成于早白垩世晚期(~106 Ma),其岩石类型包括二长闪长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩。岩石属于钙碱性系列岩石,显示轻稀土富集,Nb和重稀土亏损,其中花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩显示了埃达克质岩的地球化学特征。主体岩石样品具有一致的εNd(t)(2.65~1.42)和(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i(0.7045~0.7049)。二长闪长岩、闪长岩由俯冲流体交代的地幔橄榄岩熔融产生的玄武质岩浆经过地壳混染和分离结晶作用形成。花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩由增厚的新底侵玄武质下地壳熔融形成。早白垩世晚期(118~105 Ma),俯冲的班公湖–怒江特提斯洋岩石圈板片后撤过程中,诱发软流圈上涌,导致其上覆地幔熔融或其自身发生减压熔融,来自亏损地幔的岛弧岩浆连续底侵加入到北部拉萨地块的地壳或喷出地表,导致了该区在晚中生代的地壳生长。     

北京西山东岭台组粗面质火山岩地球化学:下地壳熔融成因

北京西山东岭台组粗面岩表现出LREE富集和HREE平坦的稀土配分型式 ,富集LILE (Ba、K和Sr)、和亏损Nb Ta、Th U和Ti,Sr Nd同位素组成富集 (87Sr/ 86Sr(t) =0 .70 6 38～ 0 .70 6 72 ,Nd(t) = 1 6 .3～ - 1 5 .7)。结合所表现出的明显Nb/Ta分馏和高的Zr/Sm比值 ,认为它们来源于大陆下地壳含石榴子石的角闪岩部分熔融作用而成 ,主要的残留相为石榴子石 +斜长石±角闪石±辉石。根据地壳岩石熔融实验研究结果 ,西山地区东岭台组粗面岩的熔融要求有外来的热源参与 ,与区域上同时代发生的玄武岩浆底侵作用具时空上的密切联系 ;这些岩石所显示的高Sr和Ba特征也暗示至少有部分底侵的玄武质岩石参与了部分熔融作用     

甘肃白银厂矿田早-中寒武世火山岩形成的构造环境

白银厂矿田早 -中寒武世火山岩主要由钙碱性玄武岩和流纹岩及少量的安山岩组成 ,被认为是大陆裂谷环境下的产物。本文的地球化学分析结果显示 :玄武岩具有低Ti,Nb和Ta负异常、富集LREE ,相对亏损HFSE ,Th/Ta比值高 (介于 9～ 15 ) ,La/Nb >1.4 ,低Ni,Th/La为0 .32～ 0 .5 6;低Zr/Nb(<16) ,(87Sr/ 86 Sr) i 为 0 .70 4～ 0 .70 7,εNd(t) =- 6.4 6,δEu≈ 1的地球化学特点 ;流纹岩同样具有低Ti,Nb和Ta负异常 ,Th/Ta为 6～ 12 ,低Ti/Zr比值 (介于 6.1～ 5 3)之间 ;稀土元素配分为MREE负异常 ,δEu为 0 .5～ 1.1,(87Sr/ 86 Sr) i 为 0 .70 2 6～ 0 .70 4 8,εNd(t)为+ 5 .60～ + 6.14。综合两类岩石的地球化学特征 ,可以推测它们是陆缘弧岩浆作用的产物 ,但并非同源岩浆演化的结果。玄武岩源于富集的岩石圈地幔 ,在岩浆上升过程中发生明显的陆壳混染作用 ,而流纹岩应为镁铁质下地壳部分熔融与地幔物质混合作用的产物     

澜沧江构造带中南段小定西组火山岩形成时代的厘定及其构造意义

三叠纪忙怀组、小定西组火山岩是澜沧江构造带中南段火山岩带的重要组成部分,是澜沧江古特提斯缝合带构造演化的产物。本文报道了小定西组巨厚玄武岩中安山岩和流纹岩夹层的岩石学、地球化学及锆石LA-ICP-MS年代学及Lu-Hf同位素特征。流纹岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示小定西组火山岩形成于230Ma。安山岩为高Al2O3的高钾钙碱性岩类,其较强的Nb、Sr和Ti负异常、较弱的Eu负异常、较低的Mg#、(La/Yb)N比值和Cr、Ni含量等特征与小定西组高铝玄武岩极为相似,说明安山岩岩浆与玄武岩岩浆来源相同或相似,是交代地幔物质部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆熔离分异的产物。流纹岩的过铝质特征,强烈Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Eu和Ti的负异常,与芒怀组流纹岩和临沧花岗岩极为相似,Nb/Ta、Th/Ce和Th/U比值与大陆地壳一致,以及εHf(t)值为-11.6~+9.6,峰值分布于-6.0~+2.0之间,对应的地壳模式年龄(tDM2)为658~1990Ma,大部分集中在1100~1600Ma范围内,反映其岩浆来源于中上地壳物质部分熔融的产物,并加入少量幔源组分的混合岩浆。小定西组玄武岩夹层中的安山岩和流纹岩都具有Rb、Ba、Th、U富集和Nb、Ta和Ti亏损,在微量元素构造环境判别图解上分布于陆缘弧或同碰撞岩浆岩区的特征。结合该区早三叠世地层缺失、晚三叠世磨拉石建造不整合覆盖在下伏地层之上,以及高压变质带的存在等分析认为澜沧江构造带中南段火山岩带中生代火山岩形成于同碰撞环境。在保山地块与印支地块碰撞过程中,交代地幔楔物质部分熔融形成的基性岩浆在上升过程中诱发地壳物质部分熔融形成酸性岩浆,下部基性和上部酸性两个岩浆房的岩浆间歇式喷发,形成下部以酸性火山岩为主(芒怀组),上部以基性火山岩为主(小定西组)的"双峰式"中三叠世火山岩带。     

云南大坪金矿区煌斑岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

大坪金矿区闪长岩体中发育多条煌斑岩脉,并且多伴随石英脉出现。在岩石化学组成上,SiO2含量为44.86%~54.10%、K2O/Na2O在0.56~2.09之间,属钾玄质系列;岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、U、Rb和Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE)、相对亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb和Ti),且Ta、Nb和Ti具"TNT"负异常;δEu值为0.72~1.36,负Eu异常不明显;87Sr/86Sr值范围为0.706 6~0.707 4,均值0.707 1,高于原始地幔现代值0.704 5;143Nd/144Nd值范围为0.512 4~0.512 5,均值0.512 4,低于原始地幔现代值0.512 638;εNd值范围为-2.5~-4.2,均值-3.98。Nb/Ta比值为48.96~82.58(平均62.99),远高于原始地幔值的17.5±2.0;Zr/Hf比值为20.45~47.53(平均39.57),略高于原始地幔值的36.27±2.0;Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf都远大于陆壳值11和33。表明煌斑岩源区可能来自早期俯冲洋壳或造山带根部拆沉组分脱水形成富集流体在地幔源区发生交代作用形成的富集地幔,岩浆在上升侵位过程中受到地壳物质的混染较弱,形成于碰撞后的板内构造环境。     

湘东北中生代基性岩脉岩石地球化学及构造意义

湘东北中生代发育以辉绿岩类和煌斑岩类为代表的基性岩脉,属陆内拉斑玄武岩系,部分煌斑岩属于碱性系列。岩石富集LREE,δEu负异常不明显,其形成主要受软流圈地幔部分熔融作用制约。煌斑岩类微量元素总体上具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)岩浆源区特征,富集Nd、P、Cs而K、Rb、Sr、U、Th等富集程度不明显,Ta、Nb略有富集。辉绿岩类表现出Ta、Nb、Ti亏损,但LILE并不富集,反映地壳混染程度的增强。基性岩脉形成于陆内拉张带的构造环境,岩浆活动未受到中生代大洋板块俯冲的影响。基性岩脉在时、空及物质组成上与湘东南玄武质岩石基本一致,属于整个湘东南岩石圈拉张-减薄带的一部分。     

黔南基性岩墙岩石地球化学、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

基性岩墙,与层状、环状基性杂岩体和高Ti、低Ti玄武岩共同组成了峨眉山大火成岩省岩石组合.为进一步确定大火成岩省及相关生物灭绝事件的时间联系,及更深化研究大火成岩省的成因,对分布于贵州省南部的基性岩墙进行了主、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素测定和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究.黔南基性岩墙∑REE=135.66×10-6~280.59×10-6,LREE/HREE为6.42~7.54,（La/Yb）_N为7.94~9.85,轻重稀土分异明显,δEu为1.0~1.3,具有Ba、Sr、K等LILE富集,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等HFSE亏损特征,显示与峨眉山高钛玄武岩相似的地球化学特征.Th/Ta（1.80~1.94）、Nb/U（30.8~39.88）、Th/La（0.08~0.10）、Nb/Th（7.89~8.40）比值与原始地幔相似,较低的初始（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值（0.705 278~0.706 052）、ε_Nd（t）（-0.5~+1.6）、以及Th/Ta比值（< 2.13）显示岩浆无明显的地壳混染,岩浆可能形成于受地幔柱作用的富集石榴石地幔源区10%~12%的部分熔融.SHRIMP锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为261.2±2.6 Ma,反映峨眉山大火成岩的喷发时间可能集中在260 Ma左右,并可能与瓜德鲁普末期的生物灭绝有关.      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the