PM2.5降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响

将不同浓度PM_(2.5)降尘作用于A549细胞后,利用MTT法检测其存活率,W-G染色观察细胞形态,荧光探针法检测细胞ROS和MMP相对水平,以探讨PM_(2.5)降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响及作用机制。结果显示,经12. 5μg/m L的PM_(2.5)降尘作用A549细胞3 h后,细胞存活率为(81. 77±6. 15)%,并随作用浓度及时间增加呈递减趋势。PM_(2.5)染毒后可观察到细胞形态不规则,胞膜溶解破坏,细胞微核出现。PM_(2.5)降尘作用于细胞24 h后,胞内ROS相对含量随暴露浓度增加呈递增趋势,细胞MMP相对水平随染毒浓度增加而降低,且胞内ROS和MMP两者间存在显著相关关系(R2=0. 878)。提示PM_(2.5)降尘处理A549细胞后可通过刺激ROS的产生,诱导细胞MMP下降,造成细胞线粒体氧化损伤。     

我国四大矿区温石棉粉尘诱导A549细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的对比研究

通过FT-IR和XRD对四川新康、陕西陕南、甘肃阿克塞和青海茫崖四大矿区温石棉的物相成分、谱学特征进行测试分析,利用MTT法、流式细胞术检测了4种温石棉纤维粉尘染毒A549细胞后的细胞存活率、凋亡率和细胞周期分布,比较和探讨了四大矿区温石棉纤维粉尘抑制细胞增殖能力的大小及其对细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的影响。研究结果显示,四大矿区温石棉的主要物相是斜纤蛇纹石,新康温石棉成分比其他3种温石棉的复杂,阿克塞和茫崖温石棉的成分相似;四大矿区的温石棉化学基团基本相同,阿克塞和茫崖温石棉纤维的表面结构较陕南和新康温石棉的完善。4种温石棉均能不同程度地抑制A549细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡和周期阻滞:茫崖组凋亡率最大(22. 56±2. 56)%,陕南组凋亡率最小(19. 57±3. 07)%;细胞周期阻滞均以G2/M期阻滞为主,新康、陕南、阿克塞和茫崖组处于G2/M期细胞比例分别增加8. 90%、8. 58%、9. 13%和10. 44%。4种温石棉导致细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的能力:茫崖新康阿克塞陕南。     

温石棉通过活性氧激活线粒体通路诱导A549细胞凋亡的机制研究

探讨活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)在温石棉激活线粒体通路诱导A549凋亡中的作用。采用不同浓度温石棉粉尘染毒人肺上皮细胞(A549)后,MTT法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测ROS抑制剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)预处理前后的细胞凋亡率、胞内ROS水平及线粒体膜电位,Western Blot法检测各组细胞半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)、p53蛋白表达水平。实验结果显示,温石棉可降低A549细胞存活率,呈现时间-剂量效应关系;NAC可显著减少胞内ROS水平、阻止线粒体膜电位下降,并下调caspase-3、p53蛋白的表达水平,抑制部分细胞凋亡的发生。表明ROS可通过诱导p53蛋白过表达,激活线粒体凋亡通路,诱导A549细胞发生凋亡。     

同步辐射技术在高分辨率古气候、古环境变化中的应用

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中国北方典型中小盆地城市大气颗粒物污染特征及趋势对比

分析了2014~2018年北方5个典型中小盆地城市(兰州、银川、临汾、太原、南阳)PM10与PM2.5的浓度变化特征和大致来源类型。除2018年银川PM2.5浓度外,各市PM10和PM2.5年均浓度均超标;兰州、银川和南阳PM10与PM2.5呈逐年下降趋势,南阳下降最明显;临汾PM10与PM2.5呈逐年上升趋势;太原PM10与PM2.5稳定维持在一个高浓度状态。5个城市颗粒物浓度的季节变化特征一致:冬春高、夏秋低。对PM2.5/PM10值而言,冬季和夏季该比值较高,分别受取暖和降水的影响;春季和秋季该比值较低,分别受沙尘和秸秆焚烧及高强度建筑施工的影响。5市PM2.5和PM10浓度具有良好的线性关系,细颗粒占比大小顺序为临汾>南阳>太原>银川>兰州。     

PM2.5降尘对大鼠的急性肺损伤及复合维生素B的干预作用研究

为探讨复合维生素B(叶酸、B_6和B_(12))能否抑制PM_(2.5)对大鼠的急性肺损伤作用,本研究将56只SD大鼠随机分成对照组、不同剂量(0. 4、2. 0、10. 0 mg/m L) PM_(2.5)染毒组和相应的复合维生素B干预组(0. 02 mg/m L叶酸、1 mg/m L维生素B6、0. 002 5 mg/m L维生素B12),取肺组织进行HE染色观察组织病理学形态变化并进行病理学评分;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定总蛋白(TP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量。结果显示,PM_(2.5)染毒能对大鼠肺组织造成不同程度的病理性损伤,复合维生素B能减缓此损伤;与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量的PM_(2.5)染毒大鼠可引起BALF中LDH、AKP、ACP、TP和MDA含量显著升高(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P 0. 05),且TP和MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而升高(P 0. 05),CAT活性随染毒剂量的增加而降低; 3个染毒剂量的复合维生素B干预组LDH、TP和MDA含量显著降低(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著升高(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)低、高剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量显著降低(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)中剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量无显著改变;仅有PM_(2.5)低剂量+复合维生素B组AKP含量降低(P 0. 05),其余干预组AKP含量无显著变化。因此认为,PM_(2.5)降尘能打破机体的氧化-抗氧化平衡,造成大鼠急性肺损伤,而复合维生素B能减缓此损伤,对机体起到保护作用。     

广州市大气颗粒物PM2.5显微形貌特征和来源解析

PM_2.5是近年来影响我国城市大气环境的首要污染物,其成因机制复杂。本文采用扫描电镜和ICP-MS研究了广州市大气颗粒物PM_2.5的显微形貌及其化学组成特征,并应用富集因子法进行源解析。结果表明,PM_2.5的颗粒形态以无定形态为主;主要物质表现为含Fe、Mg、Al、K、Na的硅酸盐组合,具有道路扬尘、建筑施工排放等一次粒子特征;单个无定形颗粒物能谱表现出硫酸盐+硝酸盐的组合特征,为汽车尾气所排放的前体污染气体NO_x和SO₂进入大气环境中,在特定的物理化学条件下通过成核作用发生相态改变所形成的二次粒子。PM_2.5中高度富集Cd、Se、Zn、Cu、Pb、As等重金属,异常富集的Br主要为当地普遍使用的阻燃剂十溴联苯醚和拆解电子垃圾所致,稀土元素的浓度在0.022~0.582 ng/m³之间,具有重稀土元素富集的特征。这些特征反映出广州市PM_2.5颗粒物的组成既有一次粒子,也有二次粒子,物质来源具有多重性。     

Coarse and fine particulates, Hg(p)-bound particulate concentrations and compositions study at Sha-Lu, central Taiwan

Ambient air and coarse, fine and particulate-bound mercury (Hg(p)) pollutants were collected and analyzed from March 17 to May 22 and September 3, 2009 to March 5, 2010 at a highway traffic site located in Sha-Lu, central Taiwan. This study has the following objectives: (1) to measure the coarse and fine particulates concentrations and the particulate-bound mercury Hg(p) which was attached to these particulate; (2) to determine the average Hg(p) compositions in coarse and fine particulates and (3) to compare the Hg(p) concentrations and compositions particulate in this study to the those obtained in other studies. The results obtained in this study indicated that the average ambient air PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 and PM₁₀ were 18.79 ± 6.71, 11.22 ± 4.93 and 30.01 ± 10.27 μg/m³, respectively. The ranges of concentrations for Hg(p) in PM_2.5 were from 0.0016 to 0.0557 ng/m³, from 0.0006 to 0.0364 ng/m³ in PM_2.5–10 and from 0.0022 to 0.0862 ng/m³ in PM₁₀. In addition, the highest particle-bound mercury compositions in PM_2.5 were 16.85 ng/g and the lowest particle-bound mercury concentrations were 0.55 ng/g. The highest particle-bound mercury compositions in PM_2.5–10 were 13.88 ng/g and the lowest particle-bound mercury in PM_2.5–10 were 0.22 ng/g.     

Spatio-temporal variations of respirable particles at residential areas located in the vicinity of opencast coal projects,India: a case study

The objective of the study is to investigate spatio-temporal variations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ concentrations at seven residential sites, located in the vicinity of opencast coal projects, Basundhara Garjanbahal Area (BGA), India. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and temperature were collected simultaneously with PM concentrations. Mean concentrations of PM₁₀ in the range 215 ± 169–526 ± 412 μg m^?3, PM_2.5 in the range of 91 ± 79–297 ± 107 μg m^?3, PM₁ in the range of 68 ± 60–247 ± 84 μg m^?3 were obtained. Coarse fractions (PM_2.5–10) varied from 27 to 58% whereas fine fractions (PM_1–2.5 and PM₁) varied in the range of 51–73%. PM_2.5 concentration was 41–74% of PM₁₀ concentration, PM₁ concentration was 31–62% of PM₁₀ concentration, and PM₁ concentration was 73–83% of PM_2.5 concentration. Role of meteorology on PM concentrations was assessed using correlation analysis. Linear relationships were established among PM concentrations using least square regression analysis. With the aid of principal component analysis, two components were drawn out of eight variables, which represent more than 75% of variance. The results indicated that major sources of air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PM₁, CO, CO₂) at the residential sites are road dust raised by vehicular movement, spillage of coal generated during transportation, spontaneous combustion of coal, and biomass burning in village area.     

Seasonal statistical analysis of the impact of meteorological factors on fine particle pollution in China in 2013–2017

Based on long-term PM_2.5 data observed at high temporal and spatial resolution, the relationships between PM_2.5, primary emission, and weather factors in China during four seasons were examined using statistical analysis. The results reveal that primary emission plays a decisive role in the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of PM_2.5, except in western China, where PM_2.5 is controlled by dust weather. In addition to the accumulation of primary emissions, unfavorable meteorological conditions for the diffusion of air pollution lead to the occurrence of PM_2.5 pollution. The significant dynamic factors affecting PM_2.5 concentration are surface wind speed, planet boundary layer height, and ventilation coefficient, especially in winter. The ventilation coefficient is inversely correlated with PM_2.5. Better ventilation is more favorable for the dilution and outflow of local PM_2.5. However, in spring and autumn, ventilation coefficient and PM_2.5 are positively correlated over the southern regions with low emission, indicating that ventilation also affects the inflow of PM_2.5 from outside the region. Wind shear, 850 hPa divergence, and vertical velocity have insignificant effects on the long-term variations in PM_2.5. The significant thermal factor is 850 hPa temperature in winter, except in the Pearl River Delta and Xinjiang regions. In spring, the influence of each thermal factor is weak. In summer, the influences of temperature and humidity are more significant than in spring. In autumn, the influence of humidity is relatively obvious, compared with other thermal factors. The correlation coefficients between multi-factors regressed and observed PM_2.5 concentrations pass the 95% confidence test, and are higher than that of single-factor regression over most regions. The observed data from December 2016 to February 2017 were chosen to test the regression equation. The test result reveals that the regression equation is effective for predicting PM_2.5 concentrations over regions with high primary emission.     

Assessment of air quality during 19th Common Wealth Games at Delhi, India

The 19th Common Wealth Games was organized at Delhi, India, during October 3 to 14, 2010, where more than 8,000 athletes from 71 Commonwealth Nations have participated. In order to give them better environment information for proper preparedness, mass concentrations of particulate matters below 10 microns (PM₁₀) and 2.5 microns (PM_2.5), black carbon (BC) particles and gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO) were monitored and displayed online for ten different locations around Delhi, including inside and outside the stadiums. This extensive information system for air quality has been set up for the period from September 24 to October 21, 2010, and data have been archived at 5-min interval for further research. During the study period, average concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was observed to be 229.7 ± 85.5 and 112.1 ± 56.0 μg m^?3, respectively, which is far in excess of the corresponding annual averages, stipulated by the national ambient air quality standards. Significant large and positive correlation (r = 0.93) between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 implies that variations in PM₁₀ mass are governed by the variations in PM_2.5 mass. The mass concentrations of PM_2.5 inside the stadium were found to be ~18 % lower than those outside; however, no large variations were observed in PM₁₀. Mean concentrations of BC, CO and NO for the observation period were 10.9 μg m^?3 (Min, 02 μg m^?3; Max, 31 μg m^?3), 1.83 ± 0.89 ppm (Min, 0.48 ppm; Max, 4.55 ppm) and 37.82 ppb (Min, 2.4 ppb; Max, 206.05 ppb), respectively. BC showed positive correlation (r = 0.73) with CO suggests unified source for both of them, mainly from combustion emissions. All the measured parameters, however, show a significant diurnal variation with enhanced peaks in the morning and late night hours and lower values during daytime.     

A study of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> and PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> concentrations in the atmosphere of large cities in Gansu Province,China, in summer period

Due to rapid economic growth of the country in the last 25 years, particulate matter (PM) has become a topic of great interest in China. The rapid development of industry has led to an increase in the haze created by pollution, as well as by high levels of urbanization. In 2012, the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) imposed ‘more strict’ regulation on the PM concentrations, i.e., 35 and 70 μg/m³ for annual PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in average, respectively (Grade-II, GB3095-2012). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the linear relationship of pollution between pollution levels and weather conditions as well as the temporal and spatial variability among neighbouring cities. The goal of this paper was to investigate hourly mass concentration of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ from June 1 to August 31, 2015 collected in the 11 largest cities of Gansu Province. This study has shown that the overall average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the study area were 26 and 66 μg/m³. In PM_2.5 episode days (when concentration was more than 75 μg/m³ for 24 hrs), the average concentrations of PM_2.5 was 2–3 times higher as compared to non-episode days. There were no observed clear differences during the weekday/weekend PM and other air pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃) in all the investigated cities.     

Assessment of spatial variations of particulate matter (PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> and PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript>) in Bahrain identified by air quality index (AQI)

The rapid urbanization, industrialization, modernization, and the frequent Middle Eastern dust storms have negatively impacted the ambient air quality in Bahrain. The objective of this study is to identify the most critical atmospheric air pollutants with emphasis on their potential risk to health based on calculated AQI (air quality index) values using EPA approach. The air quality datasets of particulate matters (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in January 2012 and August 2012 using five mobile air quality monitoring stations located at different governorates. The results of this study demonstrated that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are the most critical air pollutants in Bahrain with PM_2.5 prevailing during January 2012 and PM₁₀ prevailing during August 2012. The corresponding AQI categories were utilized to evaluate spatial variability of particulate matters in five governorates. The impact of meteorological factors such as ambient air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and total precipitation on ambient air quality were discussed. The analysis demonstrated that the highest PM₁₀ concentrations were observed in the Northern Governorate while the highest PM_2.5 concentrations were observed in the Capital, Central, and Northern Governorates during August 2012. It was observed that the levels of PM_2.5 pollution were higher within proximity of the industrial zone. The results suggested that the average PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio in August 2012 was lower than in January 2012 due to the Aeolian processes. This study concludes that higher wind speed, total precipitation, relative humidity rates, and lower ambient air temperature in January 2012 assisted with the dissipation of particulate matter thus lowering the pollution levels of both PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in comparison to August 2012.