北祁连浪力克铜矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

浪力克铜矿床是北祁连造山带中段冷龙岭火山岩带内的一个中型铜矿床,铜矿体主要赋存于火山通道内的石英闪长玢岩及其邻近的安山岩中,文章在对矿化特征分析的基础上,对其进行了成岩成矿年代学研究.采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,得到含矿岩体石英闪长玢岩的成岩年龄为(461.5士7.3) Ma,通过含辉钼矿矿石中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素分析,获得其模式年龄为(467.1士6.3) Ma～(471.3±6.7) Ma,等时线年龄为(470.5±3.4) Ma,表明矿床形成于中奥陶世,成矿与石英闪长玢岩具有密切的时空关系.综合分析表明,浪力克成岩成矿作用发生在北祁连洋俯冲形成的岛弧环境,矿床具有斑岩(次火山岩)型矿床的特征,这对浪力克铜矿床成因类型的进一步查明和指导找矿工作具有重要意义.     

江西德兴斑岩铜矿石英闪长玢岩成因及成矿学意义

为探究石英闪长玢岩成因及幔源基性岩浆对斑岩铜矿的贡献,本文选取德兴矿床石英闪长玢岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素和全岩地球化学研究。获得石英闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为169 Ma,与成矿花岗闪长斑岩侵位时间一致,岩体为中侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。石英闪长玢岩具有低的SiO₂(58.41%~63.12%)和K₂O(1.68%~2.94%)含量及A/CNK值(0.85~1.04),富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和重稀土元素,属于钙碱性到高钾钙碱性系列岩石。具有相对亏损的锆石Hf同位素组成,εHf(t)=2.20~7.93(最大值7.93),指示其源区为岩石圈地幔。锆石稀土元素配分模式图显示出明显的正Ce异常,岩浆氧逸度(lg f_O2)为-20.05~-6.66,达到磁铁矿-赤铁矿氧逸度等级,指示石英闪长玢岩结晶自高氧逸度岩浆。全岩地球化学特征显示,德兴石英闪长玢岩与成矿花岗闪长斑岩及其暗色包体符合岩浆混合的演化趋势,说明成矿花岗闪长斑岩可能是中侏罗世幔源基性岩浆和地壳酸性岩浆大规模混合作用的产物,并且石英闪长玢岩代表了岩浆混合过程中的幔源基性端员。结合前人研究成果,认为在中侏罗世伸展构造背景下,软流圈物质上涌导致新元古代受交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成幔源基性岩浆,基性岩浆的底侵作用诱发下地壳物质熔融并与之发生一定程度的岩浆混合作用,形成了花岗闪长斑岩的母岩浆。高氧逸度幔源岩浆的加入可抑制斑岩体系硫化物的过早饱和,同时为德兴矿床注入了成矿所需的部分挥发分和金属元素。     

江西省船坑铜矿成矿岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

分析了船坑铜矿成矿岩体石英闪长玢岩主微量、稀土元素特征及锆石U-Pb测年数据,表明岩石具高钾偏铝质I型花岗岩特征,及岛弧成因岩浆特点;锆石稀土元素表明有地壳物质的加入,属壳幔混源。锆石U-Pb年龄162.9±3.6Ma,大致代表含矿岩体成岩年龄。该矿床形成于钦杭成矿带铜矿主成矿期,处于岩石圈拆沉或伸展-减薄的构造环境,受太平洋板块往欧亚大陆的俯冲的影响。     

班—怒成矿带西段江玛南铜银矿区石英闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及地球化学特征

西藏革吉县江玛—赛登地区是班公湖—怒江成矿带内近两年发现的成矿潜力较好的地区之一。本文对江玛南铜银矿点的石英闪长玢岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成研究。利用LA-ICP-MS测得206Pb/238U年龄为(118.6±2.8)Ma(N=13,MSWD=3.8),此年龄可解释为石英闪长玢岩成岩年龄。全岩主量和微量元素分析显示,石英闪长玢岩属于中钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩。岩石轻、重稀土元素分馏明显(LREE/HREE=9.37～9.76),富集轻稀土元素;δEu值为0.94～0.9, Eu负异常不甚明显。岩石相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),具有岛弧岩浆岩的岩石化学属性。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示,锆石εHf(t)值为+7.9～+11.2,平均值为+9.5,两阶段模式年龄TDMC=456～675Ma,表现出明显的幔源成岩物质来源特征。通过年代学、岩石地球化学、Hf同位素及区域综合对比研究,认为江玛南石英闪长玢岩的形成与班公湖—怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲有关。     

西秦岭早子沟金矿中酸性侵入岩地球化学、年代学特征及成矿地质体的确定

西秦岭早子沟金矿是与岩浆活动有关的特大型金矿床,矿区中酸性侵入岩集中发育,主要有闪长玢岩、黑云石英闪长玢岩、花岗斑岩、石英闪长岩4种岩石类型。岩石微量元素均表现出富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的特征。稀土元素总量整体上黑云石英闪长玢岩>闪长玢岩>石英闪长岩,闪长玢岩、黑云母石英闪长玢岩、花岗斑岩具有弱-中等的负铕异常(δEu=0.60～0.89),深部石英闪长岩以不具Eu异常(δEu=0.96～1.07)、“Nb-Ta谷”较深明显区别于浅部脉岩。石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为230 Ma,晚于浅部脉岩10～20 Ma,与蚀变矿物绢云母年龄基本一致,推测金成矿可能始于230 Ma,主成矿期为230～211 Ma,深部石英闪长岩为早子沟金矿的成矿地质体。     

太行山中段石湖金矿区石英闪长玢岩脉LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及成矿意义

石湖金矿大地构造位置上位于华北克拉通太行山中段,与石英闪长玢岩脉存在密切的成因联系。通过对矿区内石英闪长玢岩脉锆石进行激光等离子体质谱LA-ICP-MS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素测年,获得了年龄为(130.5±1.4)Ma(MSWD=1.8,N=34),时代为早白垩世。该岩石具高硅、富碱、富铝等特征,属钙碱性系列,具有弱的Eu正异常,富集大离子亲石元素K、Cs、Rb等,亏损高场强元素和重稀土元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Y、Yb等。具有高Sr低Y、Yb的特征,以及较高的Sr/Y、(La/Yb)_N比值,具有类似于加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩石特征,埃达克质岩石与金矿密切相关。因此,太行山中段埃达克质石英闪长玢岩脉与金矿具有重要成因联系。     

吉林东部汪清县九三沟金矿区石英闪长玢岩U-Pb年代学和地球化学特征

九三沟金矿区石英闪长玢岩在火山盆地内呈脉状或岩株状产出,与金矿化空间上密切伴生。本文通过岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,讨论了石英闪长玢岩的成因、源区和构造背景,厘定了成岩时代。研究表明,九三沟石英闪长玢岩属于钙碱性、过铝质系列岩石,富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、Sr)、活泼的不相容元素Th、U和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti和重稀土元素。岩石的Nb/Ta、La/Nb、Th/La比值都显示其具壳源特征,在Al_2O_3-MgO-FeO_t和R1-R2判别图解上均表现为活动大陆边缘岩浆岩特征。石英闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为104.2±1.4 Ma,MSWD=0.17,为早白垩世晚期(燕山晚期),形成于太平洋板块斜向俯冲引起的东亚大陆走滑伸展的构造环境。而吉黑东部中生代浅成低温热液成矿作用与该期钙碱性–碱性火山岩–浅成浅成侵位活动密切相关,因此早白垩世晚期的火山机构和浅成钙碱性–碱性侵入体是吉黑东部中生代浅成低温热液的找矿目标。     

内蒙古达茂旗北部哈布齐尔金矿床石英闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

哈布齐尔金矿床是近年来在内蒙古达茂旗北部地区新发现的一个金矿床。对矿区内与成矿密切相关的石英闪长玢岩开展了岩石学、LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成研究。锆石U-Pb年龄结果表明,石英闪长玢岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为431.8±3.6Ma,代表其就位发生在早志留世。主量元素数据显示,石英闪长玢岩具有中等含量SiO2、低K2O、高Na2O、相对富镁等特征,属于低钾拉斑-钙碱性系列,A/NK值介于1.61~2.33之间,A/CNK值介于0.83~1.07之间,具有准铝质特征;微量元素含量以富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb、K、Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等为特征,明显亏损重稀土元素,但Eu异常不明显;Lu-Hf同位素分析结果显示,它们具有正的εHf(t)值(+6.4~+10.9)和年轻的二阶段亏损地幔模式年龄(1014~718Ma)。结合区域构造演化历史和矿床地质特征,认为哈布齐尔金矿成矿与早志留世石英闪长玢岩岩浆作用密切相关,初始岩浆可能源于俯冲洋壳脱水熔融产生的熔体与地幔楔交代的产物,成岩成矿环境为早古生代古亚洲洋板块向华北板块俯冲的岛弧环境。     

滇西北松诺斑岩体岩石化学、锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其构造背景

近年来,随着普朗和红山-红牛等大型-超大型铜矿的投产,滇西北格咱地区已成为我国重要的铜资源勘查开发基地,在该区寻找类似“普朗-红山式”斑岩-矽卡岩型大型-超大型铜多金属矿床是本区找矿勘查的热点。本次在开展松诺地区铜资源远景调查的基础上,对松诺含矿石英闪长玢岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果显示石英闪长玢岩体锆石U-Pb年龄分别为229.7±1.1Ma和222.3±0.7Ma,早于矿区石英二长斑岩体,为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。石英闪长玢岩和石英二长斑岩岩石地球化学特征显示,为准铝-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,稀土元素配分曲线均表现为轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具弱的负Eu异常,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素。综合岩相学、岩石化学、锆石Hf同位素和全岩Sr-Pb同位素等特征,认为松诺含矿斑岩体形成于印支期甘孜-理塘洋壳向西俯冲的岩浆弧环境,岩浆源区为俯冲流体交代的岩石圈富集地幔,岩浆上升过程经历了壳源沉积物质混染。矿区具备弧环境斑岩型铜多金属矿床的成矿条件,且蚀变矿化强烈,找矿前景良好,值得进一步深入研究和开展勘查工作。     

德兴朱砂红斑岩铜矿石英闪长玢岩的年代学和地球化学特征及地质意义

德兴斑岩铜矿是我国东部最大的斑岩型铜矿,但其成矿时限的研究较为薄弱。为进一步确定德兴斑岩铜矿成矿的持续时间,系统采集了矿田内朱砂红矿区成矿期后石英闪长玢岩脉岩样品进行锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,朱砂红石英闪长玢岩具有高场强元素亏损的弧岩浆特征,指示其岩浆源区可能有俯冲改造的岩石圈地幔物质的加入。前人研究获得的德兴斑岩铜矿成矿岩体的年龄为170 Ma,本次研究获得的1个样品中锆石的25个分析点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U的加权平均年龄为(166±1)Ma(MSWD=0.13),两者共同限制了德兴斑岩铜矿的成矿时限不超过4 Ma。中侏罗世,伊泽纳崎板块开始向华南大陆俯冲,在华南内陆产生一系列伸展型岩浆作用,朱砂红石英闪长玢岩脉应形成于陆内的局部拉伸构造背景。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.