海潮引起的包气带中的气压波动

研究了临海浅层潜水含水层中由海潮波动引起的包气带气流变化。所考察的系统由三层构成：上层和中间层为非饱和半渗透层;下层具有良好的透水性,潜水面位于其中。建立了描述非线性气水两相流模型,然后通过对模型的线性化假设,推导出气压波动的解析解,并用该解析解分析解释了香港某国际机场沥青路面下由海潮引起的气压波动。     

海潮引起初始水位倾斜的滨海承压含水层地下水位 变化的数值模拟

海潮波动可以引起海岸带地下水位发生波动。建立了基于有限差分法的滨海地区一维承压含水层地下水运动数值模型。将潮汐波动概化为正弦波,模拟了滨海地区地下水位随潮汐波动的变化。通过与初始水位水平的承压含水层水位变化的比较表明,受海潮影响的滨海承压含水层地下水位与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加,地下水位的变幅及潮汐效率呈负指数函数衰减,但比前者变化程度稍缓,地下水位对海潮的滞后时间随距离呈线性增加。     

海岸带水文地质学研究中的几个热点问题

对海岸带水文地质学中几个热点问题的研究现状和待解决的主要问题做了综述.主要包括如下几个方面:①海潮波动引起的滨海含水层系统地下水位波动的定量解析及其应用;②潮间带海水一地下水相互作用的定量模拟及其在海滩漏油污染治理中的应用;③滨海近岸包气带中海潮波动引起的地下水气两相流及其生态和工程效应;④海底地下水排泄量的定量估计.     

海潮引起有越流的滨海承压含水层地下水头变化的数值模拟

海潮波动可以引起海岸带有越流的承压含水层地下水头发生波动。建立了基于有限差分法的滨海地区一维承压含水层地下水运动数值模型。通过将潮汐波动概化为正弦波,分别对初始水头水平及线性倾斜的承压含水层模拟了滨海地区有越流的承压含水层地下水头随潮汐波动的变化。通过对两种情形下的变化比较,结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海承压含水层地下水头与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加,地下水头的变幅及潮汐效率呈负指数函数衰减,水头倾斜情形下变幅更小,潮汐效率更小,滞后时间更短,地下水头对海潮的滞后时间随距离呈线性增加。     

地下水位升降与空气流耦合的砂柱实验及其模拟

地下水位的上升或下降会驱动包气带中的空气流动,并与水位升降运动发生相互作用.当潜水含水层被低渗透介质覆盖时,这种水位升降与空气流的耦合现象更加明显.利用细砂盖层作为低渗透介质与厚层粗砂组合成双层结构砂柱,进行了注水和排水实验研究.在排水实验中砂柱水位面下降,包气带会形成显著真空,吸取外界大气.在注水实验中砂柱水位面抬升,包气带气压增大,空气向外流动.包气带气压随时间的变化曲线呈单峰形式,且受到细砂盖层厚度的影响.考虑砂柱饱水带的Darcy流和包气带可压缩空气的线性渗流,提出了一个描述砂柱水-气运动的简化动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法进行实验过程的数值模拟,重现了观测到的包气带气压变化特征.模拟结果表明,包气带气压的极值随着低渗透盖层厚度的增加而呈非线性增大趋势.     

海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的初步研究

依据短序列和长序列的潮汐效应观测数据,分析了北海地区海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的动态特征.结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海含水层地下水位与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与观测点离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加地下水位的变幅和潮汐系数大致呈负指数减小.在南、北海岸距离海岸分别达3756m和2276m以远时地下水位不受海潮变化的影响.长序列的观测资料显示,海潮和岸边地下水位有15天的长周期和1天的短周期的波动.     

垃圾渗漏液在包气带及含水层中的联合运移模拟

近年来,全国各地新建了大量的垃圾填埋场,其中多有不符合垃圾处理处置场地建设规范的,垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染风险也逐年凸显,这就要求对后续垃圾填埋场建设时,在环评阶段做好垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染风险预测,为垃圾填埋场地下水污染预防设施的设计与建设提供指导。本文探索了垃圾渗滤液在包气带和含水层中的联合运移模拟,首先利用Hydrus建立包气带模型,模拟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮在包气带中的迁移转化,在此基础上用Visual Modflow软件建立地下含水层模型,对比渗滤液经过包气带过滤和没经过包气带过滤两种情景下的污染范围和程度。模拟结果显示,包气带和含水层联合运移模拟渗滤液泄漏后的运移途径和路线,更接近渗滤液进入含水层的实际情况。     

苏锡常地区主采层地下水流数值模拟

本次数值模拟是从苏锡常整个大区域考虑,建立统一的主采层地下水流模拟模型,通过对水文地质概念模型的重新认识及边界条件的合理概化,较大程度地减少了人为因素引起的误差。利用已校正过的模型对该地区禁采后地下水水位恢复情况进行了预测,结果显示该模型较适用于实际。     

关中盆地地下水特殊脆弱性及其评价

关中盆地浅层地下水面状硝酸盐污染严重,以"三氮"为主要污染物.分析了地下水特殊脆弱性内涵,以及地下水本质因素、人为因素及污染物特殊因素等对脆弱性的影响,并从中选取13个评价因子.将包气带"三氮"迁移转化过程数值模拟结果耦合到脆弱性评价模型中,使过程模型与评价模型结合起来,再结合GIS技术,对地下水特殊脆弱性进行了评价.结果表明,易引起地下水"三氮"的地区主要分布在渭河中下游冲积平原、黄土台塬洼地、以及渭河南岸西安一带小于20 m厚的黄土台塬等地区.从2001年关中盆地地下水"三氮"污染分布来看,这些地区地下水硝酸盐已出现大面积超标,评价结果与地下水实际"三氮"污染情况基本吻合.     

露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动

滨海地区社会与经济的发展引发了各种各样的水文地质问题, 因此对滨海地区的水文地质条件, 尤其是地下水与海水之间的水力联系的研究尤为重要.本文考察了海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中由海潮引起的水头波动.该系统由潜水含水层、承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成.建立了该系统的数学模型, 得到了该模型的解析解.该解析解包含2个无量纲参数: 弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数.解析解表明, 淤泥层使各处的水头波幅被缩小了一个常数倍(波幅缩减因子), 并使各处的波动相位产生了一个不超过45°的正位移常数(时滞).该时滞对半日潮不超过1.5h, 对全日潮不超过3h.波幅缩减因子和正位移常数只与弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数有关.当这两个无量纲参数取某些特殊值时, 本次研究的解和前人考虑的几种较简单情形所对应的解一致.承压含水层中水头波幅随着淤泥层的相对透水系数的递增而严格递增, 随弱透水层的相对越流系数的递增而严格递减; 波动相位随着这2个无量纲参数的递增均严格递减.分析表明弱透水层的越流和淤泥层的存在均对承压含水层水头波动有显著影响.      

Determining air permeability in reclaimed coastal land based on tidal fluctuations

Coastal land reclamation is a common practice in many regions around the World. A reclaimed coastal land often has a two-layer system: a highly permeable layer consisting of crushed rock fragments underneath a less permeable layer. This study deals with vertical airflow in a reclaimed coastal land induced by the periodic variations of water table elevation due to tide fluctuations. The influence of atmospheric pressure fluctuations can be easily dealt with through a simple superposition procedure reported by Li and Jiao, thus is not considered here. A time-series Fourier analysis method is developed to determine air permeability based on a tide-induced airflow model reported by Li and Jiao for the reclaimed coastal land. This method employs the amplitude attenuations of subsurface air pressure to search for values of dimensionless air-leaking-resistance which can be subsequently used to calculate air permeability. Two types of data, the air pressure data in the upper less permeable layer and the tidal fluctuation data, are required to calculate the air permeability. Type curves relating to the amplitude attenuations and the relative depth can also be used to determine the values of air permeability. A field site in Hong Kong International Airport is used to demonstrate the applicability of this method for reclaimed coastal land consisting of a marine sand layer above a layer of crushed rock fragments. The application shows that the amplitude attenuations of diurnal and semi-diurnal components in the Fourier series are most reliable for determining the value of air permeability.     

Subsurface Airflow Induced by Natural Forcings

Subsurface airflow can be induced by natural processes,such as atmospheric or barometric pressure changes, water table fluctuations,topographic effects,and rainfall infiltration．Barometric pressure fluctuations are the most common cause of subsurface airflow,which can be significant under favourable geological conditions．This process has been studied most extensively because of its application to passive soil vapor extraction．Soil airflow induced by water table fluctuations can be significant,particularly where the fluctuations are of high frequency,for example,in tidal-influenced coastal areas．Top-ographic effects can lead to strong subsoil airflow in areas with great elevation differences．Rainfall infiltration usually produces only weak airflow.Air flow induced by these natural processes has important environmental and engineering implications．Among the different processes,airflow induced by tidal fluctuations has been studied the least,although it has exciting applications to coastal engineering projects and environmental remediation．     

运用三维变密度潮汐效应模型确定滨海含水系统的海底等效边界——山东烟台夹河中下游地区为例

确定咸淡水界面的位置是滨海地区海水入侵研究的主要任务之一。对于天然条件承压含水层而言，含水层顶板向海底延伸的距离直接影响了咸淡水界面的位置，它可以通过承压含水层中地下水的潮汐效应信息来确定。考虑到咸淡水之间密度的差异，建立了山东省夹河中下游地区滨海含水系统地下水三维变密度潮汐效应模型。通过反复对比潮汐效应观测中的地下水水头波动与模型计算出的水头波动，确定了滨海承压含水系统的海底边界。同时，也初步估计出海区与近海陆区含水层的水文地质参数。     

华南花岗岩残积土红土化程度的地带性与香港该类土不发育的原因

从华南花岗岩残积土红土化程度的地域变化规律出发 ,通过香港与华南沿海各地花岗岩残积土的化学成分及红土化指标对比 ,作者发现香港花岗岩残积土无论厚度、类型 ,还是红土化程度都具有与所处气候环境不协调的特点。文章进一步讨论了香港花岗岩残积土不发育的原因和对工程性质的影响.     

An approximate analytical solution for measuring air permeability of asphalt samples partially saturated with water

In coastal areas, abnormally high pressure may be caused by the tide-induced water table variation under extensive pavements, particularly during rainfall. To simulate the rainfall infiltration effects on the air permeability of asphalt pavements in coastal area, column-shaped asphalt sample was fixed in the upper part of a steel cylinder with its upper surface saturated with ponding water (depth < 5 mm) and open to the atmosphere. The cylinder’s lower part formed an air chamber. The chamber was pressurized and then the air therein was released naturally through the sample. The pressure variation with time in the chamber was recorded for analysis. Based on the Green–Ampt piston model for the surface water infiltration, an approximate analytical solution was derived to describe the pressure–time relationship in the chamber. A new parameter called the escape pressure was introduced to describe the air pressure needed for the chamber air to break through the capillary pressure induced by the ponding water. The analytical solution gave good estimations of both the escape pressures and the harmonic averages of the permeabilities of the wet and dry parts of 14 samples in the sense that excellent fittings were obtained between the observed and predicted air pressures in the air chamber. The estimated escape pressure ranges from 0.0 to 1.74 kPa. The harmonic average of the permeabilities of the wet and dry parts is 5–94% of the dry sample’s permeability.     

用地下水潮汐效应确定潜水含水层水文地质参数

目前对潜水含水层地下水潮汐效应和水文地质参数求解方法的研究相对较少.通过对福建古雷半岛滨海潜水含水层地下水潮汐效应和海水潮汐动态的观测, 运用Fourier频谱分析方法确定了研究区海水潮汐波动方程(波动特征参数), 并以此作为地下水的边界条件, 推导了潜水含水层地下水潮汐效应的波动方程, 利用最小二乘法以地下水水位波动观测值为目标函数对潜水含水层的渗透系数与重力给水度的比值进行了反演识别, 为类似地区水文地质参数的确定提供了借鉴, 也为该区后续地下水中溶质迁移规律的研究奠定了基础.      

A comparative study in tritium in precipitation in four Chinese cities with different climate regimes

Four GNIP sites, Hong Kong, Kunming, Shijiazhuang and Urumqi with relatively complete tritium records, have been selected to determine the characteristics of tritium in precipitation in different climatic and geographical regions in China. The highest concentration, 559 TU, was measured at Hong Kong in April 1963 and resulted from Soviet thermonuclear testing. During 1985–2004, tritium values decreased substantially due to the radioactive decay and the vapor exchange between the atmosphere and ocean. During this period, tritium concentrations tended to be much higher in inland regions than in coastal regions. This difference may be explained by the continental effect and the inland continental thermonuclear testing. Stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange is the important driver for the timing of tritium seasonal peak at Urumqi and Kunming, but this mechanism is less pronounced at Hong Kong and Shijiazhuang. This offset indicates that the complex stratosphere–troposphere exchange process appears to be neither seasonally nor geographically uniform. The amount effect was only observed at the Hong Kong, indicating different tritium sources than at the other locations. Therefore, air masses influencing tritium in precipitation are more complex in inland region than in coastal region.     

考虑淤泥层弹性储水的滨海承压含水层中海潮引起的地下水头波动

综合考虑了海底淤泥层的弹性储水系数、海潮荷载效应和渗透性,对海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海承压含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动进行分析,给出了相应的数学模型,并推导出其解析解,讨论了淤泥层弹性储水对于水头波动的影响.分析表明,当淤泥层的厚度或弹性储水系数较小时,或者其渗透性较好时,可以忽略其弹性储水效应,从而把整个淤泥层简化为第三类边界条件来处理.文章还考虑了承压含水层和淤泥层中可能存在的垂向流动,对垂向剖面二维地下水流动方程进行了数值模拟,将二维数值解与忽略垂向流动的一维解析解进行了比较,结果表明该含水层系统的垂向流动是可以被忽略的.     

青藏高原冻土区路面类型对路基温度场影响的非线性分析

采用焓模型, 建立含相变的冻土路基温度场, 综合考虑气温、太阳辐射、风速风向、坡面蒸发等气象因素, 将诸多气象因素归结为第二、三类边界条件的叠加组合, 对不同气温地区的沥青路面及水泥路面路基温度场进行了有限元计算. 结果表明: 路面类型对冻土路基温度场有着重要影响, 水泥路面的采用可有效地降低路面温度, 延缓冻土上限下降速率, 从而可以有效保护基底多年冻土; 从对基底冻土上限影响的角度来看, 路面类型、外部气温与路基高度三者间存在一定的动态等效关系.