基于粒子群算法的岩体结构面产状模糊C均值聚类分析

结构面产状分析是进行岩体力学分析及稳定性评价的基础,玫瑰花图、等密度图等传统的图形分析方法较为粗糙,无法对产状数据进行准确分析,采用模糊聚类方法则可以得到较为准确的优势产状,但需要事先指定分组数及初始聚心,且模糊聚类算法为局部寻优算法,初始划分对最终的数据分析结果影响较大。为了得到较为客观的分组结果及优势产状,同时能够针对大量结构面产状数据进行聚类分析,提出了基于粒子群算法的岩体结构面产状模糊C均值聚类算法。采用粒子群算法进行模糊C均值聚类算法初始聚心的求解,在计算过程中可同时确定最佳分组数,避免了人为指定的主观性,克服了模糊C均值聚类算法易陷入局部极小值和对初始划分敏感的不足。最后,通过工程实例中不同方法的聚类效果对比分析该算法的有效性,并将该方法应用于实测结构面产状数据的分析,得到较为符合实际的优势结构面分组。     

基于激光测量和FKM聚类算法的隧洞岩体结构面的模糊群聚分析

岩体隧洞结构面的数量、产状和发育情况是评价隧洞透水性和稳定性的重要指标。采用三维激光测量技术可以快速获取隧洞周围岩体激光点云数据和结构面的几何信息。提出了基于柱面投影和Delaunay生长算法的激光点云的三角网重构技术,利用构建的三角网平面方程的法向向量计算出单个三角网平面的产状,并应用FKM聚类算法进行隧洞岩体结构面产状的模糊群聚分类。该方法可以快速得到不同组的优势产状,且分类结果可用不同颜色进行空间显示。最后运用自主研发的FSS软件对某隧洞的岩体结构面优势产状进行了研究,研究结果表明：1）基于柱面投影和Delaunay生长法的点云构网方法特别适合于隧洞工程,构网速度快、效率高,重构得到的三角网表面与被采样的岩体表面拓扑差别最小;2）FKM模糊群聚方法对隧洞岩体结构面的群聚分类结果可靠、合理,具有较强的通用性和推广性。     

改进遗传算法和支持向量机的岩体结构面聚类分析

岩体结构面控制着岩质边坡和地下洞室等岩体工程的稳定性,在岩体力学及水力学分析中起到关键作用。为对岩体结构面进行合理分组,精确地模拟岩体结构面网络的分布,提出一种融合改进遗传算法和支持向量机的聚类方法。首先,根据岩体结构面产状信息建立结构面分组的数学模型,采用改进的遗传算法计算结构面样本的全局最优聚类中心,再以聚类中心为训练样本,利用支持向量机方法将结构面样本进行完全划分。通过随机产生的结构面数据以及实际工程的运用表明,遗传-支持向量机聚类算法对岩体结构面的分组合理,获得的优势结构面结果可靠。     

应用激光扫描技术进行岩体结构面的半自动统计研究

以力丘河某边坡裸露岩体结构面的快速统计为例,提出了利用三维激光测量方法进行岩体结构面的半自动快速统计方法。详细介绍了三维激光扫描仪和高精度GPS的联合测量方法,激光点云数据的坐标转换和边坡表面三角网重构方法。在此基础上,研究了采用三维激光点云数据和三角网数据进行岩体结构面平面方程的半自动拟合方法、岩体结构面法向量和产状的关系等。利用得到的岩体结构面产状快速绘制岩体结构面密度图、玫瑰图、极点图和赤平投影图,得到了该边坡裂隙结构面分布规律和几何信息等。和传统方法相比,该方法具有快速测量和远距离测量的优点,且减少了攀爬高陡岩坡的危险。     

岩体结构面的多参数优势分组方法研究

岩体中的结构面对岩体的水力和力学性质有很大影响,因此,弄清岩体中结构面的发育规律是岩体稳定性评价的基础。当结构面的产状一致,其他性质不一致时,结构面的水力学特性和力学性质是不同的。而传统的结构面优势分组方法仅根据产状数据分组,无法分辨产状相同、其他性质不同的结构面。因此,提出了一种基于量子粒子群优化算法的多参数结构面的优势分组方法。该方法通过结构面的相似性度量建立目标函数,运用量子粒子群优化算法通过搜索目标函数的全局最优解来确定聚类中心,可用于结构面多个参数的优势分组。通过对计算机模拟的多参数结构面数据的分组,验证了该方法的可靠性。最后,将该方法应用于怒江松塔水电站坝址区实测的多参数结构面数据的划分,得到了符合实际的分组结果。     

多参数岩体结构面优势分组方法研究

在岩体力学和水力学分析中,搞清岩体结构面的分布规律是一项重要的基础工作。当岩体结构面的产状一致,而其他性质不一致时,岩体结构面的力学和水力学性质是不同的,而传统的方法仅根据岩体结构面的产状进行分组,这势必存在缺陷。提出了一种基于变尺度混沌优化算法的多参数结构面数据的优势组划分方法,通过度量结构面之间的相似性建立目标函数,运用变尺度混沌优化算法搜索目标函数的最优解来确定聚类中心,可同时考虑结构面的多个参数,把具有相似性质的结构面归并成组。通过计算机模拟的结构面数据验证了此算法的正确性,最后将此算法应用于实际工程中测量的多参数结构面数据的优势组划分,得到了清晰可靠的分组结果。     

基于超声波钻孔电视的深部岩体结构面特征研究

深部岩体结构面特征是岩体质量评价的基础数据之一.利用超声波钻孔电视对甘肃北山芨芨槽花岗岩体的BS15^#、BS16^#钻孔进行测量,获得了深部岩体结构面的数量、密度、产状、优势方向组和结构面宽度等数据,并与岩心编录结果进行对比分析.分析结果表明超声波钻孔电视在深部岩体结构面研究中具有良好效果,但也存在一些不足,需要结合其他资料综合分析才能更好地发挥作用.     

基于三维激光点云技术的岩体结构面智能解译

准确、高效、全面获取岩体结构面信息,对岩体的稳定性分析有着重要的意义.采用三维激光扫描设备进行岩体数据采集,基于岩体点云模型提出了结构面自动识别方法.通过对Ransac算法进行改进,引入了新的采样方法和评分准则,大大提升了Ransac算法的计算效率和提取精度,使之更好地适应粗糙不平的岩体点云数据;基于改进的Graham Scan算法可以精准描绘出结构面的凸凹边界,进而精细化计算出结构面尺寸.基于以上算法研发了结构面识别程序RDD（ransac discontinuity dtection）,并且采用了两组标准几何体数据和一组岩体数据对程序进行测试.结果表明,标准几何体产状误差在1°以内,实际岩体最大误差在6°以内,结构面尺寸最大误差率为0.278%,满足工程限定的误差要求.      

裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析方法

岩石边坡，尤其是裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析应考虑岩体中结构面的产状、性质和发育程度。对随机发育的岩体结构面，赤平极射投影是确定优势结构面及分析边坡潜在破坏模式的基础。以某电厂高100m以上岩石高边坡为例，介绍了采用赤平投影图解法及极限平衡法，进行岩体边坡稳定性分析的方法。     

基于单个钻孔孔壁电视图像确定地下岩体结构面产状的普适数学方法

岩体结构面产状是影响岩体力学性质及工程稳定性的重要地质因素.从钻孔孔壁电视平展图上可较精确地提取结构面迹线上不共线三点的相对二维坐标(d, h),再利用空间解析几何理论确定其三维空间相对坐标(x, y, z),并求得结构面法向矢量.根据钻孔孔壁与坡面及结构面产状的空间几何关系,在保持原点不变的情况下,采用空间坐标变换的方法,将三维坐标系z轴和y轴分别转化为竖直方向z′和正北地理方向y′,并确定转化后坐标系空间的结构面法向矢量.再从结构面产状的定义出发,根据结构面法向矢量与结构面倾向、倾角的相关性,建立了一个空间几何模型,通过该模型可求得任意平直坡面上任一钻孔内局部岩体结构面的产状.      

Wavelet Analysis and Filtering to Identify Dominant Orientations of Permeability Anisotropy

An accurate representation of permeability anisotropy is needed to model the rate and direction of groundwater flow correctly. We develop a wavelet analysis technique that can be used to characterize principal directions of anisotropy in both stationary and non-stationary permeability fields. Wavelet analysis involves the integral transform of a field using a wavelet as a kernel. The wavelet is shifted, scaled, and rotated to analyze different locations, sizes, and orientations of the field. The wavelet variance is used to identify scales and orientations that dominate the field. If the field is non-stationary, such that different zones of the field are characterized by different dominant scales or orientations, the wavelet variance can identify all dominant scales and orientations if they are distinct. If the dominant scales and orientations of different zones are similar, the wavelet variance identifies only the dominant scale and orientation of the primary zone. In this paper, we present a combined wavelet analysis and filtering approach to identify all dominant scales and orientations in a non-stationary permeability field. We apply the method to permeability data obtained in the laboratory from the Massillon sandstone.     

基于人工蜂群算法的岩体结构面多参数优势分组研究

岩体结构面优势分组是研究岩体力学性质与水力特性的基础,通常的分析方法是只根据产状进行划分。鉴于结构面其他特征对岩体力学性质的重要影响,考虑结构面倾向、倾角、迹长、张开度、表面形态5个特征参数,提出了基于人工蜂群算法的岩体结构面多参数优势分组方法。以样本总体离差平方和为目标函数,建立岩体结构面多参数优势分组的数学模型,应用人工蜂群优化算法求解,以目标函数值最小时的解作为聚类中心,并自动确定分组边界。对人工生成的结构面数据的计算结果验证了该方法的正确性,该方法的求解精度是令人满意的。最后,将该方法应用于怒江松塔水电站坝址区岩体结构面多参数优势组的划分,得到了较为合理的分组结果,进一步验证了此方法具有较高的运行效率与工程实用性。     

Information-based system identification for predicting the groundwater-level fluctuations of hillslopes

The analysis of pre-existing landslides and landslide-prone hillslopes requires an estimation of maximum groundwater levels. Rapid increase in groundwater levels may be a dominant factor for evaluating the occurrence of landslides. System identification—use of mathematical tools and algorithms for building dynamic models from measured data—is adopted in this study. The fluid mass-balance equation is used to model groundwater-level fluctuations, and the model is analytically solved using the finite-difference method. Entropy-based classification (EBC) is used as a data-mining technique to identify the appropriate ranges of influencing variables. The landslide area at Wushe Reservoir, Nantou County, Taiwan, is chosen as a field test site for verification. The study generated 65,535 sets of numbers for the groundwater-level variables of the governing equation, which is judged by root mean square errors. By applying cross-validation methods and EBC, limited numbers of validation samples are used to find the range of each parameter. For these ranges, a heuristic method is employed to find the best results of each parameter for the prediction model of groundwater level. The ranges for governing factors are evaluated and the resulting performance is examined.     

成层土场地地震效应的时程算法研究

成层土场地是一类常见的建筑场地,覆盖土层的厚度、刚度、地层顺序等是影响地震动特性的主要因素,动力时程方法是分析此类问题的一个有效手段。但常规的动力时程方法计算求解复杂,不仅费时、费力,而且还可能因为算法的不 稳定性而无法得到预期的结果。为了获得一种高效简便的动力时程算法,根据地震波在层状弹性介质中的传播原理,采用 弹性波叠加方法,提出一种计算成层土场地地震响应的快速时程算法。该方法是一种级数逼近算法,无需剖分网格进行数 值法计算,极大地提高了计算效率。应用该算法进行了模型试算,并将计算结果与相关文献进行对比,验证了此算法的正确性。     

Texture development of recrystallised quartz polycrystals unravelled by orientation and misorientation characteristics

The development of microstructures and textures (i.e. crystallographic preferred orientations) during recrystallisation of naturally deformed quartz polycrystals has been studied via electron diffraction techniques in the scanning electron microscope. In the investigated sample series of quartz-rich rocks originating from different deformation regimes, the microstructural and textural changes in quartz have been significantly influenced by dynamic recrystallisation. Based on microstructural observations paired with orientation and misorientation analyses down to the scale of grains and subgrains, criteria could be established which characterise the dominant recrystallisation process and its influence on texture development. It is shown that the texture development during dynamic recrystallisation is controlled by a differential activation of slip systems in grains of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ orientations. The analyses provide further evidence that specific grain orientations are preferred during crystal plastic deformation, recrystallisation and grain growth. The influence of twinning after the Dauphiné law was also investigated. Observations of a progressive reduction in the population of Dauphiné-twin boundaries during recrystallisation and a penetrative deformation in both hosts and twins indicate a generation prior to deformation and recrystallisation. A mechanical origin for twinning and possible influence on texture development was therefore discarded.     

Experimental comparison of support vector machines with random forests for hyperspectral image land cover classification

The performances of regular support vector machines and random forests are experimentally compared for hyperspectral imaging land cover classification. Special characteristics of hyperspectral imaging dataset present diverse processing problems to be resolved under robust mathematical formalisms such as image classification. As a result, pixel purity index algorithm is used to obtain endmember spectral responses from Indiana pine hyperspectral image dataset. The generalized reduced gradient optimization algorithm is thereafter executed on the research data to estimate fractional abundances in the hyperspectral image and thereby obtain the numeric values for land cover classification. The Waikato environment for knowledge analysis (WEKA) data mining framework is selected as a tool to carry out the classification process by using support vector machines and random forests classifiers. Results show that performance of support vector machines is comparable to that of random forests. This study makes a positive contribution to the problem of land cover classification by exploring generalized reduced gradient method, support vector machines, and random forests to improve producer accuracy and overall classification accuracy. The performance comparison of these classifiers is valuable for a decision maker to consider tradeoffs in method accuracy versus method complexity.     

A coupled time integration algorithm for discontinuous deformation analysis using the numerical manifold method

To improve the computational efficiency of the numerical manifold method for discontinuous deformation simulations, a spatial-domain coupled explicit-implicit time integration algorithm is proposed. A subdomain partition algorithm based on a super manifold element is developed for the numerical manifold method to simulate dynamic motions of blocky rock mass. In different subdomains, explicit or implicit time integration method is employed respectively based on its contact and motion status. These subdomains interact through assembling the corresponding explicit or implicit time integration-based matrices of different rock blocks. The computational efficiency of the discontinuity system under dynamic loading is improved by partially diagonalizing the global matrices. Two verification examples of a sliding block along an inclined plane under a horizontal acceleration excitation and a multiblock system acted on by dynamic forces are studied to examine the accuracy of the proposed numerical method, respectively. A highly fractured rock mass situated on an inclined slope subjected to seismic excitations is then studied to show the computational efficiency of the developed algorithm. The simulated results are in good agreement with those from the versions using purely implicit or explicit time integration algorithm for the numerical manifold method. The computational efficiency is shown to be higher using the proposed algorithm, which demonstrates its potential for application in dynamic analysis of highly fractured rock masses.     

Statistical Analysis of Anisotropic Damage of the Bukit Timah Granite

Summary This paper presents a method to analyze probabilistic anisotropic initial damage of a rock mass. A three-dimensional geometric model of cracks in a rock mass is established in terms of several parameters, such as orientations, spacing and normalized sizes of cracks in the rock mass. The dip, dip direction, spacing, and normalized size of cracks of the Bukit Timah granite in Singapore were obtained from visual inspection of rock cores, color TV imaging, and impression packer tests in the boreholes at a site of geological investigation. Using the measured data, probabilistic distribution laws of geometric parameters of cracks on the surface of the boreholes are derived. Based on these statistical distributions and using Monte-Carlo simulation method, the distribution of anisotropic initial damage of the Bukit Timah granite is derived and found to have a beta distribution. This anisotropic initial damage distribution of a rock mass can be used in probabilistic analysis of rock mass responses to both static and dynamic loads.     

基于结构面抗剪强度演化的块体动力稳定性分析

传统块体理论仅针对块体的静力稳定性分析,而未涉及到动力稳定分析。因此,借用Newmark法累积滑移量的概念,基于块体理论对定位块体在地震历时作用下的动力稳定性进行了研究,提出了以块体累积滑动位移和动安全系数两个指标共同评价块体动力稳定性。提出一种接触面识别及面积计算算法,它考虑了接触面积变化对块体稳定的不利影响,也可用于块体滑动的大变形分析,考虑了块体滑动过程中结构面抗剪强度的演化,可对复杂的凸形块体及凹形块体进行静、动力稳定性分析。将其应用于三峡升船机乘船箱左侧边坡的块体稳定分析中,结果显示块体在强震作用下发生了一段距离的滑动,但震后仍可保持稳定