沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应离心试验

针对沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应问题开展动力离心试验研究。采用砂质粉土作为地基土,上部结构简化为质点和柱体,基础类型包括单桩、沉箱、沉箱加桩复合基础,利用层状剪切模型箱消除边界反射,以上海人工中波为输入波,在50 g离心加速度场下进行水平地震试验。根据基础形式的不同进行3组试验,试验结果表明：对于刚度较小的土,地震波向上传播过程中具有加速度衰减的特征;沉箱底部加桩对于降低基础和结构地震响应有积极的效果,有利于增强其抗震能力;地表、基础、结构的地震响应频率特性各不相同,这取决于其各自不同的自振特性;土与基础、基础与结构之间均会发生地震相互作用,但只有与相互作用对象自振频率均较接近的地震频域分量才能引起明显的相互作用。     

土-结构-流体动力相互作用的实时耦联动力试验

针对振动台试验中无限地基难以模拟和数值分析中流-固耦合作用难以计算两个难题,将最近发展的实时耦联动力试验方法引入土-结构-流体动力相互作用问题的研究。以一个渡槽结构为例,其中渡槽-水体作为物理子结构,采用振动台进行物理试验,而无限地基作为数值子结构,采用集总参数模型进行数值模拟。两个子结构之间实时交换数据,联合评估整个耦合体系的动力响应。试验结果和有限元数值模拟结果吻合良好,表明该试验方法具有较高精度。对不同特性地基土进行的试验对比分析结果表明：对于软土地基,考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI)的结构反应幅值明显减小,周期延长;随着地基土变硬,SSI效应逐渐变弱,结构反应最终收敛至刚性地基解。     

基于动力离心试验的软基尾矿库地震响应研究

基于离心机振动台,分别针对典型软基尾黏土尾矿库及加高扩容后的尾矿库开展了动力离心模型试验,重点探究了加速度分布规律、软土及尾矿内部孔压变化规律以及“软基?库内尾矿?尾矿坝”系统的变形规律等内容。试验结果表明：软基对地震动的放大效应较为微弱,而坝体加速度沿高程逐渐放大,高层子坝加速度响应最为强烈,加高扩容后的现坝顶加速度响应可达原坝顶的2.2倍;地震作用下软土与库内尾矿内部均会产生一定的孔压增量,但未达到液化状态。地震动强度、软基及库内尾矿的固结状态对尾矿库的变形模式影响较大。当固结不充分时,在强震作用下易发生尾矿的水平滑移,进而造成坝顶及下游软土隆起。在固结较为充分且地震动强度较弱的情况下,变形模式以震陷为主。该试验成果将为此类尾矿库的动力稳定分析及抗震加固设计提供一定参考。     

Seismic centrifuge modelling of earth dams

Three dynamic centrifuge models were tested to obtain data for safety evaluation of the Jen-Yi-Tan Dam in Taiwan subject to a strong earthquake. In these tests, recorded 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake ground motions were modified and used on the electro-hydraulic shaking table mounted on the 400 g-ton centrifuge at the University of Colorado at Boulder. All tests were conducted under centrifugal acceleration of 150 g, and the input acceleration was scaled accordingly in order to simulate the given earthquake. A rigid container and water as pore fluid were used in the tests. In both Models 2 and 3, no sign of soil liquefaction was observed in the tests although a noticeable amount of settlements were found from the earth dam cross-section profile after testing.     

Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground

A series of centrifuge shaking table model tests are conducted on 4?×?4 pile groups in liquefiable ground in this study, achieving horizontal–vertical bidirectional shaking in centrifuge tests on piles for the first time. The dynamic distribution of forces on piles within the pile groups is analysed, showing the internal piles to be subjected to greater bending moment compared with external piles, the mechanism of which is discussed. The roles of superstructure–pile inertial interaction and soil–pile kinematic interaction in the seismic response of the piles within the pile groups are investigated through cross-correlation analysis between pile bending moment, soil displacement, and structure acceleration time histories and by comparing the test results on pile groups with and without superstructures. Soil–pile kinematic interaction is shown to have a dominant effect on the seismic response of pile groups in liquefiable ground. Comparison of the pile response in two tests with and without vertical input ground motion shows that the vertical ground motion does not significantly influence the pile bending moment in liquefiable ground, as the dynamic vertical total stress increment is mainly carried by the excess pore water pressure. The influence of previous liquefaction history during a sequence of seismic events is also analysed, suggesting that liquefaction history could in certain cases lead to an increase in liquefaction susceptibility of sand and also an increase in dynamic forces on the piles.     

盾构扩挖地铁车站结构地震反应特性振动台试验

开展了近远场地震动作用下盾构扩挖地铁车站结构的振动台试验,分析了砂土模型地基的水平位移、地表变形、加速度、土压力反应及模型结构的加速度、应变等。结果表明：模型地基-结构体系的地震响应对中低频成分发育的地震波反应更为强烈;强震作用下地铁车站结构具有明显的空间效应,地下结构的存在将会改变模型地基表面变形的分布模式。小震时模型结构中柱的加速度反应自下而上逐渐增加,而大震时其反应规律变成先增大后减小;车站结构中板的加速度反应最大、底板次之、顶板最小;小震时,同等深度处模型结构的加速度反应与模型地基土的加速度反应大小相当,侧墙的动土压力自下而上逐渐增大;大震时,模型结构的加速度反应明显大于同深度处模型地基土的加速度反应,动土压力的最大值发生在扩挖隧道的拱肩和中间部位。基于震后模型结构的宏观现象和拉应变幅值,给出了砂土地基中盾构扩挖车站结构的地震损伤演化机制。     

刚性桩复合地基抗震性能的振动台试验研究

为研究刚性桩复合地基的抗震性能,设计并完成了刚性桩复合地基1:10比尺的振动台试验。试验采用柔性容器这一较新的技术较好地模拟了地基在地震作用下的振动变形。此外,为解决模型与原型难以较好相似的问题,模型中尝试采用了在基础底板施加竖向力、在结构上附加阻尼器等措施。通过大量激振试验,对刚性桩复合地基的地震反应性态、柔性容器的效果等问题进行了研究。结果表明,柔性容器能够较好地解决模型试验的边界问题,刚性桩复合地基具有良好的抗震性能,桩身应变在地震作用下均未达到极限值,上部结构特性对桩身变形有一定影响,振动使土体对基础的约束减弱,但对桩的约束增强。     

地震载荷下核岛动力响应数值模拟

核电作为清洁型能源具有广阔的发展前景,研究核电站的地震响应具有重要意义。建立了AP1000核岛的有限元模型,进行模态分析获取核岛的振动形态。用无限元模拟远场地基,有限元模拟近场地基,并考虑基础埋置及土与结构相互作用,开展了不同地基条件下的核岛地震响应分析。结果表明：随着地基刚度的增加,核岛节点的响应加速度幅值增大,而加速度反应谱峰值对应的周期减小,核岛节点应力增大,但其相对位移减小;考虑土与结构相互作用之后,软弱地基的响应加速度峰值大幅减小,地基加速度反应谱峰值对应的周期增加,土与结构相互作用对此类地基上核岛的地震输入有较大影响;对于坚硬岩石地基,土与结构相互作用对地震输入的影响可以忽略。     

Validation of a three‐dimensional constitutive model for nonlinear site response and soil‐structure interaction analyses using centrifuge test data

The capability of a bounding surface plasticity model with a vanishing elastic region to capture the multiaxial dynamic hysteretic responses of soil deposits under broadband (eg, earthquake) excitations is explored by using data from centrifuge tests. The said model was proposed by Borja and Amies in 1994 (J. Geotech. Eng., 120, 6, 1051‐1070), which is theoretically capable of representing nonlinear soil behavior in a multiaxial setting. This is an important capability that is required for exploring and quantifying site topography, soil stratigraphy, and kinematic effects in ground motion and soil‐structure interaction analyses. Results obtained herein indicate that the model can accurately predict key response data recorded during centrifuge tests on embedded specimens—including soil pressures and bending strains for structural walls, structures' racking displacements, and surface settlements—under both low‐ and high‐amplitude seismic input motions, which was achieved after performing only a basic material parameter calibration procedure. Comparisons are also made with results obtained using equivalent linear models and a well‐known pressure‐dependent multisurface plasticity model, which suggested that the present model is generally more accurate. The numerical convergence behavior of the model in nonlinear equilibrium iterations is also explored for a variety of numerical implementation and model parameter options. To facilitate broader use by researchers and practicing engineers alike, the model is implemented as a “user material” in ABAQUS Standard for implicit time stepping.     

水平多向荷载下桩-土相互作用初探

利用香港科技大学离心机双向振动台,进行了群桩基础模型的水平单向和双向振动试验;振动过程中的桩身弯矩响应表明,群桩基础在单向振动中表现出的对称性在双向振动下不复存在;并进行了桩-土相互作用的颗粒流数值模拟,初步探寻了试验观测到的“垂向加载效应”的产生机制;同时通过简单的推导,指出了当前桩-土相互作用分析方法的局限性。在试验、数值和理论分析方面对水平多向荷载下的桩-土相互作用进行了初步研究,为今后的进一步研究提供了重要参考。     

Development of synthetic soil mixture for experimental shaking table tests on building frames resting on soft soils

In this study, a synthetic soil mixture has been developed and proposed for experimental soil-structure interaction shaking table tests on building frames with shallow foundations resting on soft soil deposits. The proposed mix provides adequate undrained shear strength to mobilise the required shallow foundation bearing capacity underneath the structural model while meeting both criteria of dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype to model soft soils in shaking table tests. To find the most appropriate mixture, different mixes with different proportions of mix components were examined in the soils laboratory. Performing bender element tests, the shear wave velocity of the soil specimens was acquired at different cure ages and the results were examined and compared. Based on the test results, a synthetic clay mixture consisting of kaolinite clay, bentonite, fly ash, lime and water has been proposed for experimental shaking table tests.     

Seismic Response Analysis of Pile Foundations

A quasi-3D continuum method is presented for the dynamic nonlinear effective stress analysis of pile foundation under earthquake excitation. The method was validated using data from centrifuge tests on single piles and pile groups in liquefiable soils conducted at the University of California at Davis. Some results from this validation studies are presented. The API approach to pile response using p–y curves was evaluated using the quasi-3D method and the results from simulated earthquake tests on a model pile in a centrifuge. The recommended API stiffnesses appear to be much too high for seismic response analysis under strong shaking, but give very good estimates of elastic response.     

考虑饱和土的地铁车站结构非线性地震反应研究

饱和土广泛存在于自然界之中,将土体视为固－液二相介质,基于biot饱和土介质动力方程的u-p形式研究了反映饱和土无约束域能量辐射效应影响的等效黏弹性人工边界单元,基于地震波转化为作用于人工边界节点上等效荷载的方法实现了波动输入。采用算例验证了等效人工单元的精度。建立饱和土-地铁车站非线性有限元整体模型,分析了考虑双相介质饱和土的波动传播,对比了饱和土及单相土在地震作用下地铁车站的地震反应,并与振动台试验结果进行了比较,研究表明：地震作用下采用考虑多孔介质的特性分析地基土与单相固体介质相比更加合理。通过对车站结构关键构件的加速度、位移和内力等进行分析,研究了饱和土－地下结构相互作用体系的地震反应。     

Finite element analyses of bridge abutments on firm clay

In finite element analysis of soil-structure interaction problems involving firm to stiff overconsolidated clay, there have been difficulties in modelling the stress-strain response of the soil. Non-linearity and anisotropy of the soil depend on the inherent anisotropy of its particle structure and the induced anisotropy of its stress history and current stress path. In CRISP modelling of the centrifuge test of an abutment wall and its backfill of sand on the surface of a firm to stiff overconsolidated kaolin, the clay foundation was divided into 6 broad zones in accordance with the stress history and stress path. Undrained movements of the abutment and its subsoil were closely modelled in two analyses; one with a non-linear elastic model and the other with the Schofield model with shear modulus G assigned to the foundation zone in accordance with the estimated strain level as well as stress history and stress path. In the prediction of consolidation movement, there is a difficulty in the current critical state soil model in CRISP. The fe solution incorrectly predicted that substantial horizontal movement would accompany settlement due to consolidation, whereas the centrifuge test showed mainly vertical movement. This is attributable to the pronounced anisotropy separately observed in element tests.     

隧道口顺层斜坡地震动力响应特征振动台试验

为研究地震作用下隧道洞口段顺层边坡的动力响应特征及动力破坏模式,基于动力模型试验的相似关系,设计完成了隧道洞口段顺层边坡振动台缩尺模型试验.试验结果表明,地震作用下模型边坡具有典型的地形放大效应,模型边坡具有明显的坡表动力放大效应,相同条件下与坡内相比坡表的动力放大效应较大;地震动输入方向及强度对模型边坡的动力响应特征具有影响,相同条件下与输入垂直地震动相比输入水平地震动时模型边坡的动力放大效应较大;隧道结构改变了模型边坡的局部动力响应特征,对坡体的动力放大效应具有放大作用;地震作用下模型边坡的动力破坏模式为地震诱发-最上层结构面逐渐形成滑带-最上层结构面以上滑体滑动破坏-滑体堆积坡脚.      

表层液化地基中结构与桩惯性相互作用简化分析方法

传统桩基础结构抗震设计中一般认为忽略结构与桩基础相互作用影响使得结构所受惯性作用计算结果偏于保守,但对几次强震中地震动反应谱和桩基础结构震害特征的总结与分析表明,液化作用和结构与桩基础相互作用可能导致桩基础结构惯性作用增强。通过可液化地基中桩基础结构的动力离心模型试验手段,分析了地基液化对结构与桩惯性相互作用的影响,发展了适用于表层液化地基中的结构与桩惯性相互作用的简化计算方法,并利用该方法对文中及Wilson等的离心模型试验进行分析,得到的结构加速度与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了方法的有效性。     

盾构地铁隧道区间在地震作用下的三维动力时程响应分析

地铁已成为城市地下空间结构和轨道交通网络的重要组成部分。为预估和降低地震灾害的影响,以西安盾构地铁区间隧道为例,建立了地铁隧道区间三维计算模型,进行三维抗震时程响应分析。采用粘弹性局部人工边界模拟地基结构的半无限性,利用不同超越概率水平下的地震动参数作为参考,考虑相位随机性影响,拟合地震动时程样本,建立了地基与结构相互作用的三维有限元模型。计算结果表明,地震发生时,顶部、底面、侧面、以及联络通道处虽产生变形影响,但均在规范规定范围内;位移时程曲线、位移分布云图、拉压应力云图清楚显示区间结构在地震持续时的抗震情况,数据表明结构最不利位置在联络通道处,而内力和变形均满足规范安全要求。     

近远场地震动作用下地铁车站结构地基液化效应的振动台试验

开展了近场和远场地震动作用下3跨3层地铁车站结构地基液化效应的振动台模型试验,测试了地铁车站结构的加速度、应变、水平位移反应和地基土孔隙水压力、加速度、震陷及其作用于模型结构侧墙的动土压力反应。分析和总结了地铁车站结构地基液化效应特征,结果表明：模型结构对其周围地基土孔隙水压力场的分布有明显影响,结构两侧和底部地基土中的孔压峰值小于相同深度离结构较远地基土中的孔压峰值;地基土中孔压的消散速度自下而上呈逐渐减慢的趋势;地震动作用过程中,模型结构产生向上的相对运动,强地震动作用时模型结构上浮现象明显;模型结构侧墙受到的动土压力随深度增大而减小,输入地震动特性对动土压力的大小有显著影响。     

Three dimensional Finite Element modeling of seismic soil–structure interaction in soft soil

Earthquakes in regions underlain by soft clay have amply demonstrated the detrimental effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) in such settings. This paper describes a new three dimensional Finite Element model utilizing linear elastic single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure and a nonlinear elasto-plastic constitutive model for soil behavior in order to capture the nonlinear foundation–soil coupled response under seismic loadings. Results from an experimental SSI centrifuge test were used to verify the reliability of the numerical model followed by parametric studies to evaluate performance of linear elastic structures underlain by soft saturated clay. The results of parametric study demonstrate that rigid slender (tall) structures are highly susceptible to the SSI effects including alteration of natural frequency, foundation rocking and excessive base shear demand. Structure–foundation stiffness and aspect ratios were found to be crucial parameters controlling coupled foundation–structure performance in flexible-base structures. Furthermore, frequency content of input motion, site response and structure must be taken into account to avoid occurrence of resonance problem.     

Seismic response of flexible cantilever retaining walls with dry backfill

Failure of retaining walls during earthquakes has occurred many times in the past. Although significant progress has been made in analysing the seismic response of rigid gravity type retaining walls, considerable difficulties still exist in the seismic-resistant design of the flexible cantilever type of retaining walls because of the complex nature of the dynamic soil–structure interaction. In this paper the seismic response of cantilever retaining walls with dry backfill is simulated using centrifuge modelling and numerical modelling. It is found that bending moments on the wall increased significantly during an earthquake. After the end of base shaking, the residual moment on the wall was significantly higher than the moment under static loading. The numerical simulation is able to model quite accurately the main characteristics of acceleration, bending moment, and displacement recorded in the centrifuge test.