西秦岭碌础坝岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石成因及其地质意义

碌础坝岩体位于秦岭构造带的西段,自内向外依次由含斑电气石黑云母二长花岗岩、含斑细粒黑云母二长花岗岩、似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和中粒黑云母石英闪长岩组成,岩体中岩浆暗色包体发育。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年显示,碌础坝岩体形成于早中生代,其岩浆演化可划分为中三叠世(235Ma)和晚三叠世(218~209Ma)两期。早期为中粒黑云母石英闪长岩,该期岩石SiO2含量较低,富碱,属于准铝质、高钾钙碱性系列,具有I型花岗岩的特征;晚期为黑云母二长花岗岩,具有高硅、富碱的特征,属于准铝质-弱过铝质、钾玄岩-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。从早到晚,岩石的稀土元素总量具有由高到低的变化趋势,两期岩石的稀土元素配分曲线均为轻稀土相对富集的右倾型,晚期黑云母二长花岗岩更亏损HREE,早期闪长岩负铕异常不明显,晚期花岗岩的负铕异常较为显著。两期岩石均富集K、Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损P、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。岩体中发育的岩浆暗色包体与寄主岩石的主要氧化物具有相关性,微量和稀土元素特征相似。岩体中黑云母二长花岗岩和中粒黑云母石英闪长岩的εNd(t)值分别为-8.0和-7.0,相应的tDM为1.43Ga和1.40Ga。早期中粒黑云母石英闪长岩的εHf(t)为-4.47~0.53,集中于-3~-1之间,tDM C主要为1.6~1.3Ga;晚期黑云母二长花岗岩的εHf(t)变化于-11.64~1.16,集中于-7~-2范围内,tDM C为1.7~1.4Ga。岩石地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素组成特征表明,碌础坝岩体的源区物质是以中元古代壳源物质为主,有少量年轻幔源组分的参与。该岩体与其北边的中川岩体在年代学、岩石地球化学和同位素组成上具有一定的相似性,因此,从岩浆作用角度考虑,该岩体的外围也可能与中川岩体的一样,具有金的成矿潜力。     

甘肃北山南带沙枣园复式岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

北山南带沙枣园复式岩体由中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩、中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩4个岩相单元组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩侵位于晚二叠世(252.1±1.9Ma、252.2±2.1Ma和248.8±3.5Ma),为海西晚期的产物;而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩侵位于早三叠世(246.4±2.0Ma),为印支早期的产物。该花岗质岩石均具有稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈右倾型,轻重稀土分馏大,轻稀土富集且分异明显,而重稀土亏损且分异不显著特征。中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒黑云母石英闪长岩具有较高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Na_2O含量,以及较低的MgO含量,强烈富集Sr而亏损Yb和Y,具轻微的铕异常(δEu=0.75～1.16),表现出典型的埃达克岩特征;中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩总体富硅(SiO_2)、富钾(K_2O)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O),Al_2O_3含量中等,铕分别呈现负异常(δEu=0.45～0.73)和强负异常(δEu=0.02～0.08)。年代学及地球化学特征研究表明:①中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒黑云母石英闪长岩属准铝质-弱过铝质的钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,并具有典型的埃达克岩特征,中粒黑云母二长花岗岩属弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩属弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性A2型花岗岩;②中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩的岩浆来源于下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融源区,并在上升过程中混染了下地壳物质,而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩的岩浆来源于年轻地壳中富含黑云母的变质泥岩部分熔融源区;③中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩是俯冲-碰撞构造背景条件下的岩浆产物,而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩是同碰撞-碰撞后构造背景条件下的岩浆产物。     

华南桂东南地区加里东期Ⅰ型花岗岩类的岩石成因及构造意义

龙新岩体和夏郢岩体位于扬子地块与华夏地块拼合带的西南端,岩体中的Ⅰ型花岗岩成因研究对揭示桂东南地区早古生代的地球动力学背景及其构造演化具有重要的地质意义.对龙新岩体的寄主岩和其暗色微粒包体,以及夏郢岩体岩石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、Lu-Hf同位素和全岩地球化学研究.锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,龙新岩体的寄主岩（花岗闪长岩）的年龄为440±2 Ma;龙新岩体的暗色包体（闪长岩）的年龄为441±1 Ma,寄主岩与暗色包体为同期岩浆作用的产物.夏郢岩体花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩年龄分别为447±3 Ma和436±3 Ma,说明夏郢岩体至少发生了2期岩浆侵入事件.Hf同位素研究表明,龙新岩体寄主岩和暗色微粒包体的锆石ε_Hf（t）值分别为-3.32~-5.83和-17.89~-1.82,二阶段模式年龄（T_DM2）分别为1.62~1.76 Ga和1.57~2.54 Ga;夏郢岩体早期花岗岩闪长岩和晚期二长花岗岩的锆石ε_Hf（t）值分别为-15.43~3.03和-4.79~6.82,T_DM2分别为1.59~1.99 Ga和0.97~1.70 Ga,指示物源主要来自古-中元古代的地壳物质.地球化学特征表明龙新岩体寄主岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,寄主岩和暗色微粒包体均富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素及高场强元素;夏郢岩体早期的花岗闪长岩为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,晚期的二长花岗岩则为强过铝质高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,主微量元素特征均与龙新岩体寄主岩相似.根据研究区花岗岩和镁铁质包体的岩相学、年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素组成特征,表明龙新岩体的暗色包体（闪长岩）为岩浆混合成因,而龙新岩体寄主岩（花岗闪长岩）和夏郢岩体（早期花岗岩闪长岩和晚期二长花岗岩）具有一致的岩石源区和岩石成因,但在后期的成岩过程中存在岩浆混合和结晶分异程度的差异.综合以往对华南地区构造背景的研究,认为龙新和夏郢岩体是在扬子地块和华夏地块陆内造山期后,岩石圈伸展减薄,热的幔源岩浆上涌底侵,中-下地壳受到地幔热影响发生部分熔融,形成的酸性岩浆在源区和基性岩浆经历了不均一且不强烈的壳-幔混合作用形成的.      

西秦岭中川岩体年代学、元素地球化学、Nd-Hf同位素组成及其与金成矿的关系

中川岩体位于秦岭造山带西段,岩体呈同心环状产出,由外向内岩性依次为似斑状黑云二长花岗岩→含斑黑云二长花岗岩→中细粒黑云二长花岗岩,岩体边部发育岩浆暗色包体,向内逐渐减少。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,似斑状黑云二长花岗岩、含斑角闪黑云石英闪长岩(岩浆暗色包体)、细粒黑云二长花岗岩、岩浆暗色包体(无斑)和细粒花岗岩脉的年龄分别为:(221±1)Ma(MSDW=0.26)、(220±1)Ma(MSDW=0.11)、(217±1)Ma(MSDW=0.11)、(216±1)Ma(MSDW=0.26)、(207±1)Ma(MSDW=0.29),表明岩体从边部到中心年龄逐渐变新。寄主岩石与暗色包体的里特曼指数和A/CNK值分别为2.20～3.85、0.99～1.15和2.24～9.22、0.75～1.08,两者分别为准铝质-弱过铝质、高钾钙碱系列和钾玄岩-高钾钙碱系列;稀土元素和微量元素均显示出富集LREE、Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE、Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素的特征,具有弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.29～0.91),无Ce异常,寄主岩显示出I型花岗岩的特征,并且中心部位的细粒黑云二长花岗岩具高分异I型花岗岩的一些特征。在哈克图解上暗色包体和寄主岩石的主要氧化物具有良好的线性关系;在同位素组成上,寄主岩石与暗色包体的εNd(t)分别变化于-7.31～-8.73和-5.32～-5.69,TDM2分别变化于1.59～1.71 Ga和1.43～1.46 Ga,εHf(t)值分别为-7.02～-0.31和-3.0～0,TDM2为1.27～1.70 Ga和1.2～1.5 Ga,显示寄主花岗岩和岩浆暗色包体分别来源于不同源区,寄主岩石主要是古老地壳物质部分熔融的结果,岩浆暗色包体可能是来自岩石圈地幔,但与寄主花岗质岩浆已发生了一定程度的混合作用。岩体外围金矿床形成略晚于岩体,与花岗质脉岩年龄相近,空间上与岩体密切相关,结合前人成矿物质来源的研究,认为成矿物质与成岩物质具有相似性。表明该岩体与其周围的金矿具有成因联系,岩浆作用不仅提供了热能,也有物质贡献。     

柴北缘西段小赛什腾山黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩岩石成因及其动力学背景：锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素约束

位于柴北缘西段的小赛什腾山分布大量海西晚期中酸性岩浆岩,其形成时代和成因类型对揭露区域构造演化具有十分重要的意义。本研究以小赛什腾山二叠纪黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩作为研究对象,对其进行岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩的成岩年龄分别为272±3 Ma和273±2 Ma,指示两者均形成于早—中二叠世。地球化学结果显示,黑云母二长花岗岩属弱过铝质钾玄岩系列I型花岗岩,石英闪长岩为准铝质钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,两者均不同程度富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K等,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有典型的弧岩浆地球化学特征。锆石Lu-Hf同位素表明黑云母二长花岗岩具正的ε_Hf(t)值(2.04～8.16)和较年轻的二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM2=0.77～1.16 Ga)。结合前人研究成果,认为小赛什腾山早—中二叠世黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩均为宗务隆洋俯冲消减的产物,石英闪长岩为玄武质洋壳板片发生部分熔融产生的熔体遭受地幔橄榄岩混染而成,而黑云母二长花岗岩为洋壳熔融产生的岩浆底侵...     

内蒙古土牧尔台地区黑云母二长花岗岩及其暗色包体的成因及构造意义

内蒙古中部土牧尔台地区位于华北克拉通北缘,区内广泛发育黑云母二长花岗岩及暗色闪长岩包体,绝大多数包体与寄主岩石呈渐变过渡的接触关系。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,寄主岩石年龄为273～271Ma,包体年龄为268±2Ma,两者均形成于早-中二叠世。其中,寄主岩石具有高钾钙碱性、弱过铝质、高分异I型花岗岩的地球化学特点,且富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素和LREEs,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素和HREEs,具有典型的大陆弧岩浆特征。花岗岩中锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-13.0～-6.1,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为2.12～1.68Ga,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-11.3～-10.7,亏损地幔模式年龄(t_(DM))为2.44～1.73Ga,指示岩浆源自华北克拉通下地壳的部分熔融。暗色包体多呈塑性形态,镁铁质矿物含量明显高于寄主岩石,且发育大量针状磷灰石,同位素(ε_(Nd)(t)值为-11.1～-10.2,tDM为2.13～1.85Ga)特点与寄主岩石相近。本文对黑云母二长花岗岩及其暗色包体的研究表明,区域上这些具有弧岩浆性质的早-中二叠世岩浆岩,很可能源自古亚洲洋俯冲洋壳及下地壳的部分熔融,幔源基性岩浆与下地壳长英质岩浆的混合形成寄主岩石及暗色包体,揭示了早-中二叠世时期区域上岩浆具有壳-幔相互作用的特点,且印证了该时期古亚洲洋洋壳尚未完全消失,中亚造山带的造山作用为区域岩浆岩及包体的形成提供地球动力学条件。     

浙江普陀山黑云母钾长花岗岩及其岩石包体的地球化学与岩浆混合作用

浙江普陀山岩体是我国东南沿海产出的由多阶段岩浆作用形成的典型I_A型复合花岗质杂岩体。锆石U_Pb定年结果显示该杂岩体主要由 3期岩浆侵入活动形成 ,自早至晚分别为石英闪长玢岩 (约 170Ma)、黑云母钾长花岗岩 (约 110Ma)和晶洞钾长花岗岩 (约 90Ma) ,其中黑云母钾长花岗岩是该杂岩体的主体岩性 ,在该类岩石中常发育有丰富的深色闪长质包体。本文重点研究了该杂岩体中的黑云母钾长花岗岩 (寄主岩 )及其中的深色闪长质包体。寄主花岗岩为高演化的I型花岗岩 ,地球化学特征表现为高硅、富碱、准铝或弱过铝质 ,富大离子亲石元素 (如Rb、Th等 )和轻稀土元素 (LREE/HREE =8.5 8～ 13.83) ,具有中强的铕负异常 (δEu =0 .2 9～ 0 .4 3) ,并显著亏损Sr、Ba、P和Ti等。闪长质包体与寄主岩之间主、微量元素表现出混合成因的演化趋势 ,二者具有相似的Nd同位素组成〔εNd(t)值分别为 - 6 .30～ - 6 .6 0和 - 6 .95～ - 7.12〕 ,均表现出壳幔混源花岗岩类岩石的特点。对包体与寄主岩产出构造背景和地球化学特征的综合分析表明 ,该杂岩体中的深色闪长质包体是在伸展引张构造背景下 ,上涌的幔源基性岩浆与其诱发的长英质岩浆混合作用的产物     

Late Cretaceous arc magma differentiation in southern Tibet: Evidence from zircon U-Pb chronology,mineralogy and geochemistrySCIEI北大核心CSCD

造山带岩浆作用记录了从大洋俯冲消减到陆陆碰撞的一系列地质过程,同时也蕴含了关于大陆地壳生成、生长的重要信息,其中,与俯冲相关的弧岩浆作用被认为是大陆地壳生长的主要机制。本文通过对西藏南部拉萨地体曲水县至贡嘎县一带出露的黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及石英闪长岩开展同位素年代学、矿物学和岩石地球化学研究,探讨了该岩石组合的成因和弧岩浆的分异演化过程。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,这些岩石的形成时代为91~88Ma。其中,黑云母二长花岗岩属中钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石系列(A/CNK=0.77~0.99),具高SiO 2(68.90%~69.18%)和Al_(2)O_(3)(15.21%~15.48%),低MgO(1.15%~1.16%)和Mg#值(~44),高Sr/Y比值(60~82),其地球化学特征与埃达克质岩石相似;镁铁质微粒包体的SiO 2含量为54.75%~54.96%,具有较高MgO含量(3.92%~5.40%)和Mg#值(52~61),并具弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.79~0.82)。石英闪长岩为中钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石(A/CNK=0.84~0.88),其SiO 2含量为58.55%~63.32%,具有较高的Mg#值(44~48)和弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.68~0.81)。另外,所有黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及石英闪长岩样品的Sr-Nd同位素和锆石εHf(t)值相近((87 Sr/86 Sr)i=0.703594~0.703939,εNd(t)=+4.6~+4.8,εHf(t)=+10.9~+15.6)。矿物成分分析表明,黑云母二长花岗岩和镁铁质微粒包体中发育环带的斜长石An值由中心向边部逐渐下降,未发育反环带结构;石英闪长岩中的辉石为单斜辉石,所分析角闪石均为钙质角闪石,黑云母为镁质黑云母。综合上述特征,本文认为黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及同生石英闪长岩分别代表了源自亏损地幔的母岩浆通过分离结晶作用所派生的不同阶段的产物:其中,石英闪长岩最先由基性岩浆发生以辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物和磷灰石为主的分离结晶作用形成,继而作为母岩浆进一步分异演化;镁铁质微粒包体是岩浆早期结晶的堆晶产物;而黑云母二长花岗岩代表了包体形成后残余熔体的组分。本文的研究表明,冈底斯岩浆岩带晚白垩世发生了富水条件下的岩浆分离结晶和堆晶作用,俯冲带弧岩浆分异对于大陆地壳的形成和演化发挥着重要的作用。     

华北地块南缘老牛山杂岩体时代、成因及地质意义——锆石年龄、Hf同位素和地球化学新证据

老牛山杂岩体位于华北地块南缘。野外侵入关系和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,其由晚三叠世(印支期)和晚侏罗(燕山期)花岗质岩石组成。印支期岩石类型为石英二长岩、石英闪长岩和粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为223±1Ma、222±1Ma和214±1Ma; 燕山期为中粒-中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒-中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为152±1Ma和146±1Ma。印支期石英闪长岩、石英二长岩的SiO₂相对含量低、富碱、高铝,为钾玄系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;印支期粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩具富硅、碱、高铝、低镁的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,为准铝质-过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩具高硅和铝、富碱,低镁的特点,为高钾钙碱性系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩。组成老牛山杂岩体的花岗岩从早到晚SiO₂含量由低变高,MgO、CaO和Na₂O由高变低。各期次岩石均表现出稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土元素明显富集,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有较弱的铕异常。两期花岗质岩石均富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr),而相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P)。印支期花岗质岩石的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-11.3~-14.87,t_DM为1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-9.57~-25.11,t_DM2为1863~2841Ma;燕山期花岗岩的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-13.32~-16.83,t_DM为 1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-18.28~-24.79,t_DM2 为2360~2767Ma,表明该杂岩体的源区物质以壳源物质为主,可能与太古宙太华群相似,印支期有年轻地幔物质贡献。     

南岭大东山花岗岩的形成时代与成因——SHRIMP锆石 U-Pb年龄、元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学

中国东南部南岭地区广泛出露以弱过铝质黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母钾长花岗岩为主的燕山早期花岗质岩石,其成因有待进一步研究。大东山岩体岩性主要为黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母钾长花岗岩,两个样品的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 年龄为165±2 Ma 和159±2 Ma,与区域南岭系列的黑云母花岗岩的主要形成时代一致。花岗岩样品以高硅（SiO2 > 72%）、高钾（K2O/Na2O > 1.6）、富碱（K2O + Na2O = 7.36% ~ 9.31%）和弱过铝质（集中于ASI = 1.00 ~ 1.11）为特征。微量和稀土元素组成上,岩体富Rb, Th 和LREE,贫Ba, Nb, Sr, P 和Ti, Eu 负异常显著（δEu = 0.06 ~ 0.34）。多数样品的Zr,Ce, Nb 和Y 含量总和小于350×10-6,10 000 × Ga/Al 值低于典型的A 型花岗岩。同位素组成上,样品具有高I sr（ 0.7123 ~ 0.7193）和低εN（d t）（-9.3~ -11.5）的特点,两阶段Nd 模式年龄为1.70~1.89 Ga ;与全岩εNd（t）不同,岩浆锆石的εHf（t）具有较大的变化范围（-3.5~ -11.8）。矿物学及地球化学结果表明大东山是一个高分异的I 型花岗岩岩体。岩体岩浆很可能是由元古代火成岩石部分熔融形成,并伴随有少量年轻或新生幔源物质的加入,岩浆上升侵位的过程中发生混合、结晶分异作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.