夏季丰水期河流输入对太湖有色可溶性有机物的贡献

结合2008年夏季丰水期对太湖上游直湖港、大浦河、长兜港3条河流有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收和三维荧光的测定分析,探讨了夏季丰水期时河流输入对太湖中CDOM的贡献.3条河流中直湖港CDOM浓度最高,大浦河次之,长兜港最低,反映了太湖北部外源河流污染物输入大于西南部.3条河流内CDOM吸收α(355)的均值为(4.7...     

夏季长江口水体可溶性有机质组成的空间分布特征及其控制因素

本研究通过测定有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的吸收光谱、荧光可溶性有机质(FDOM)的激发-发射-矩阵三维荧光光谱(excitation-emission-matrix spectra,EEMs)和稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),系统探讨了长江口夏季水体可溶性有机质(DOM)的组成、来源、空间分布及河口混合行为等.研究结果表明,可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度整体呈现由陆到海逐渐降低的趋势,表征有色溶解有机物含量水平的吸收系数a(355)与盐度呈负相关关系,指示可溶性有机质中荧光组分在河口的分布主要受稀释作用调控.利用EEMs并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)鉴定出代表陆源有机质的类腐殖质的荧光组分C2和C3,以及代表原地生产力的类蛋白质荧光组分C1和C4.由近岸到外海,表征海洋藻类生产力的C1组分在水体荧光有机质中所占比例增高,陆源信号则呈现逐渐降低趋势,与此相对应,外海水可溶性有机质具有高的光谱斜率S275–295/S350–400比值和重碳同位素组成.基于盐度vs.可溶性有机碳浓度、盐度vs.δ13C值的河流-海洋双端元混合模型,发现长江口最大混浊带存在可溶性有机碳的移除过程,且表现为以物理稀释作用为主的缺失性非保守混合行为.研究成果揭示了水动力条件是控制长江口-东海陆架系统可溶性有机质组成和空间分布的关键因素.     

五里湖南岸生态示范工程对水下光场的改善效果研究

2004年7月20日在五里湖南岸生态示范工程区共布设9个采样点进行水下光场的测定,并采集水样分析悬浮物、叶绿素a、DOC浓度和各组分吸收系数。结果表明,3类主要光衰减物质总悬浮物、叶绿素a和DOC的浓度分别为5.1~38.7 mg/L、25.5~86.4μg/L和7.43~8.74 mg/L;生态示范工程能明显降低水体悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度,Ⅱ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了53.4%、33.0%,而Ⅲ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了77.4%、65.0%。光合有效辐射(PAR)衰减系数在1.81~4.93 m-1间变化,对应的真光层深度为0.93~2.54 m,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类区相对Ⅰ类区PAR衰减系数分别降低了42.2%、52.8%,对应的真光层深度则分别增加了73%、112%。a_g(440)、a_d(440)、a_ph(440)的变化范围分别为0.79~1.31 m-1、0.41~2.22 m-1、0.73~2.12 m-1。纯水对总吸收的贡献均在15%以下,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收对总吸收的贡献率在18.16%~40.28%间变化,非藻类颗粒物对总吸收的贡献率在14.40%~37.88%间变化,浮游藻类对总吸收系数的贡献率基本上是各组分贡献率中最高的,在31.05%~45.28%间变化。对PAR衰减系数、真光层深度、透明度等表观光学参数与主要水色因子进行相关分析发现,水体中浮游藻类和有机颗粒物对生态示范区内的水体光学性质影响最大,而围隔外围浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物对光的衰减相当。     

基于互信息法的北部太湖Chl.a与环境因子的关系

以北部太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾为研究区域,基于2013—2018年蓝藻暴发期三湖湾出入湖河道的水量数据和湖湾的水质及气象数据,采用Pearson相关法及互信息法分析了三湖湾Chl.a与环境因子的相关关系,分别建立三个湖湾Chl.a与由Pearson相关法确定的主要环境影响因子之间的线性解释回归方程以及与由互信息法确定的主要环境影响因子之间的非线性方程。结果表明：(1)互信息法显示三湖湾的Chl.a浓度与水温、风速、TN、TP浓度均有较好的相关性,梅梁湾和贡湖湾的Chl.a浓度与出湖水量有较好相关性,而竺山湾的Chl.a浓度则与入湖水量有较好相关性;Pearson相关系数法表明除梅梁湾Chl.a浓度与出湖水量存在弱相关性外,三湖湾的Chl.a浓度仅与水温、TP浓度有较好的相关性。(2)对于梅梁湾和贡湖湾,水温风速等气象因子与营养盐浓度共同影响藻类的生长;而在营养盐水平最高的竺山湾,水温风速等气象因子成为蓝藻水华暴发的最主要驱动因子。(3)拟合三湖湾Chl.a浓度与其主要影响因子关系的非线性方程R~2均在0.9以上,而线性方程R~2均小于0.7,表明互信息法能更加全面地筛选出蓝藻水华的主...     

中大西洋营养盐富集实验中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制作用

借助中国首次环球科学考察航次,在中大西洋航段现场对表层海水进行了添加N、P、Si的营养盐富集实验,通过实验过程中水体营养盐浓度、叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度以及温度等参数的分析,探讨了实验海区浮游植物生长的营养盐限制作用。结果表明,添加N、P、Si都可造成实验水体中Chl-a浓度明显增大,且N对浮游植物生长的限制作用最明显,其次为P,Si的作用最弱。实验过程中水体N／P值的变化同叶绿素a浓度及浮游植物生长速度（R）没有可对比性,N／P值与后两者之间的相关性都差,可以认为水体中N／P值并不能单独限制浮游植物生长。实验水体温度同Chl-a浓度和R值间也缺乏相关性,表明水体温度同样不能控制浮游植物生长。     

漳泽水库藻类试点监测分析

漳泽水库是长治市工业和城市供水的重要水库,由于水体富营养化,在夏季存在藻类水华暴发的可能,开展藻类试点监测工作,掌握藻类发展趋势,为采取相关应对水华暴发措施提供依据,保障水库供水安全。     

近岸沉积物再悬浮期间所释放溶解有机物的荧光特征

对采自厦门湾九龙江人海河口的4个沉积物样品进行了室内再悬浮模拟实验,利用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱(EEMs)研究了再悬浮过程中从沉积物中释放出的有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光特征,同时通过与相应站位沉积物间隙水和底层水的对比分析,探讨了河口近岸海域的沉积物再悬浮作用作为水体中溶解有机物来源之一的可能性.结果表明,对给定站位,CDOM相对荧光强度和溶解有机碳(DOC)含量分布变化非常一致,均为间隙水最高,再悬浮次之,底层水最低;站位之间,底层水和再悬浮水样中CDOM相对荧光强度随盐度的降低而增加,从海端向河端增加的趋势明显.EEMs分析表明,各样品中均存在类腐殖质荧光与类蛋白质荧光团,且模拟实验也表明再悬浮作用可释放类腐殖质与类蛋白质荧光物质到底层水中,表明底质再悬浮将是近岸水体中CDOM的一个重要来源.与相应的底层水相比,间隙水的荧光峰(如峰A/C)的位置发生红移.再悬浮样品中EEMs的荧光团同时表现出相应底层水和间隙水的特征,但是荧光峰(峰A和峰C)的最大激发和发射波长更接近底层水中相应荧光团,与间隙水相比,则发生谱峰位置的蓝移.近海端样品中荧光峰M明显,随着盐度的降低,底层水和再悬浮水样的γ(M/C)值逐渐降低,且海源的峰M由海端向河端逐渐消失,表明峰M属于海洋自生来源.本研究区域DOM的荧光指数在1.61～1.93之间,表明近海端样品DOM主要为生物来源,而近河端样品DOM主要为陆源输入,或者为陆源与生物活动共同作用的结果.     

基于典范对应分析的南太湖入湖口浮游植物-环境关系研究

于2008年9月至2009年8月在南太湖入湖口进行了浮游植物统计、鉴定和相关环境因子监测分析。应用CANOCO4.5软件对获得的浮游植物物种数据和环境因子数据进行了典范对应分析(CCA),并作出了物种分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明,共检出浮游植物8门93种,所选取的主要环境因子对浮游植物生长影响大小依次为:氮磷比(N/P)总磷(TP)总氮(TN)溶解氧(DO)水温(T)。以水华微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz)为代表的蓝藻门,以简单衣藻(Chlamydomonas simplex Pasch)为代表的衣藻门和啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa Her)为代表的隐藻门中浮游植物受总磷(TP)浓度影响较大。包括小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris Beij)、四角十字藻(Crucigeniaquadrata Morr)、长尾囊裸藻(Phacus longicauda Duj)等多数蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门、裸藻门内的绝大多数浮游植物受水体中氮磷比(N/P)影响较大。     

三峡水库澎溪河春季水华期p(CO2)及影响因素分析

在三峡水库澎溪河回水区春季水华连续暴发期间(2010年4月10日至5月25日),对渠马至河口总计5个采样断面进行监测。结果表明水华期间水体叶绿素a(Chla),溶解氧(DO)及CO₂分压(p(CO₂))分层现象明显,表层水体受浮游植物光合作用的影响p(CO₂)较低,并且日照充足时,水体为CO₂的汇。研究期间表层水体p(CO₂)最小值出现在4月25日双江断面,为4.3Pa,吸收通量为-0.28 mmol/(m2·h)。p(CO₂)随水深迅速增加,并在10～15m趋于稳定。偏最小二乘回归分析(PLS)表明澎溪河水华期间,浮游植物的生长代谢是控制p(CO₂)的关键因素,水温与p(CO₂)负相关,但并不构成对p(CO₂)的绝对影响。通过引用Ep(CO₂)/ADO参数,观测到了澎溪河水体水华暴发的3个阶段,期间澎溪河表层水体经历了从碳汇到碳源最后又回到碳汇的过程。     

基于遗传神经网络的克钦湖叶绿素反演研究

叶绿素a浓度能够在一定程度上反映内陆湖泊水质情况。为实现对克钦湖水体叶绿素a浓度的监测,于2010年8月15日对克钦湖进行了现场光谱测量和同步采样。通过分析叶绿素a浓度和光谱数据之间的关系,建立基于反射比、人工神经网络和遗传神经网络的叶绿素a浓度估测模型。结果表明:利用R700nm/R670nm反射比建立的模型估测精度为R2=0.67;人工神经网络模型的估测精度较高,R2=0.882;将遗传算法引入神经网络之后,模型的估测精度进一步提高,R2达到0.956,将模型预测的结果与克里格内插法相结合对研究区的叶绿素a空间分布情况进行定量估测,发现北湖的叶绿素a浓度明显高于南湖,有由北向南逐渐递减的趋势,这为今后利用高光谱数据对克钦湖叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础。     

Spatial-seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic, shallow lake in China

From 2005 to 2009, the spatial distribution and the seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were explored in Lake Taihu in eastern China. The spatial-seasonal dynamics of CDOM absorption and three CDOM composition variables, including spectral slope (S), spectral slope ratio (S_R) and the M value, defined as the ratio of absorption at 250 nm/365 nm, were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, river input processes and degradation of phytoplankton were studied to assess their impact on CDOM composition and the factors involved in the spatial-seasonal variability of CDOM. The CDOM absorption coefficient at a wavelength of 350 nm, a(350), ranged from 1.37-9.55 m⁻¹ with a mean of 3.33 ± 1.32 m⁻¹. Spatially, higher a(350) values, but lower spectral slope, spectral slope ratio and M values, were recorded in the northern algae dominated bays while lower values were recorded in southeastern macrophyte dominated bays. The a(350) was significantly higher in inshore waters than in offshore waters. Values of S, S_R and M decreased during the flood and algal bloom season in spring and summer whereas a(350) increased. In the three river profiles, the gradual decrease of a(350) along the trajectory from the river mouth into the lake during the flood season showed the contribution of allochthonous CDOM. A laboratory phytoplankton degradation experiment was conducted to determine the contribution of CDOM production from phytoplankton. The significant increase of a(350) with time in the CDOM production experiment underlines the importance of autochthonous CDOM production during the algal bloom season. In summary, the significant increase of a(350) in spring and summer (algal bloom season) may be due to both the allochthonous CDOM input from the surrounding rivers and the autochthonous production of CDOM from degrading phytoplankton.     

Detection of algal bloom and factors influencing its formation in Taihu Lake from 2000 to 2011 by MODIS

Time-series MODIS data were used to extract and characterize algal blooms from the Taihu Lake study area. Water quality data including total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen; local meteorology data; and global climate trends were examined to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the algal blooms. Results for the 2000–2011 study period show that the annual algal bloom typically begins between March and May in Taihu Lake. All large-scale blooms originate from northern Taihu Lake (Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay). Some small-scale blooms originate from southwestern Taihu Lake, but the duration of these blooms is very brief because of episodes of turbulent mixing due to high wind speed. Nutrient supply is the main factor influencing algal mass propagation during bloom periods, and temperature changes may trigger algal recovery. The algal bloom area significantly decreased when wind speed is greater than 4 m/s, causing turbulence and changes in algal buoyancy. A strong East Asian summer monsoon transporting warm air to the lake is shown to extend the duration of algal blooms in Taihu Lake, as occurred in 2007.     

太湖水体吸收系数与散射系数的特征研究

湖泊水体光学特性是进行湖泊水体光学及水体光学遥感研究的基础。计算了太湖冬、夏季水体的吸收系数和散射系数,并在分析水体吸收特性的基础上对水体的光学类型进行了分类。结果表明:冬季太湖水体的光学类型属PY型(悬浮粒和黄质共同作用型),即水体的吸收特性受悬浮质和黄质的共同作用,而夏季则属CPY型(浮游藻类、悬浮粒和黄质共同作用型),即水体的吸收特性受悬浮质、黄质和浮游藻类三者的共同作用;不论冬季还是夏季,非色素悬浮粒是影响太湖水体散射特性的主要因子。     

Iron Budget and Its Correlations with Macronutrients in the Inshore Waters of the Aegean Sea

Macronutrients and micronutrients were measured during the phytoplankton bloom period and then seasonally monitored after the bloom in the polluted Izmir Bay. Iron and the macronutrients (phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) were abundant in the waters of the inner and middle sections of Izmir Bay. The iron concentration decreased exponentially from the eutrophic inner bay to the oligotrophic outer bay. Suboxic–anoxic processes and the resuspension dynamics in the sediment were the most important factor in the control of iron, ammonium, and phosphate enrichment in the bay beside the anthropogenic activities. The biological removal of Fe in the inner and middle bay and nonbiological removal in the outer bay were effective in controlling iron concentration in Izmir Bay. The nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium nitrogen (N) and Si decreased to critical levels in the middle and outer bay at the end of the summer as long as the concentration of phosphate was high. The N/P ratios in the bay suggested that N might be the controlling nutrient for phytoplankton growth particularly in the middle and outer bay throughout summer. Furthermore, Si was also able to have controlling impact probably on diatom growth during autumn and winter in the inner and middle bay and in the early spring in the outer bay. The N/Si/Chelex labile Fe ratios implied that the iron could be a critical controlling nutrient for phytoplankton growth during early April in the outer bay unless the other macronutrients were low.     

Role of Late Winter–Spring Wind Influencing Summer Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay

We examined the processes influencing summer hypoxia in the mainstem portion of Chesapeake Bay. The analysis was based on the Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program data collected between 1985 and 2007. Self-organizing map (SOM) analysis indicates that bottom water dissolved oxygen (DO) starts to be depleted in the upper mesohaline area during late spring, and hypoxia expands down-estuary by early summer. The seasonal hypoxia in the bay appears to be related to multiple variables, (e.g., river discharge, nutrient loading, stratification, phytoplankton biomass, and wind condition), but most of them are intercorrelated. The winter–spring Susquehanna River flow contributes to not only spring–summer buoyancy effects on estuarine circulation dynamics but also nutrient loading from the land-promoting phytoplankton growth. In addition, we found that summer hypoxia is significantly correlated with the late winter–spring (February–April) northeasterly–southwesterly (NE–SW) wind. Based on winter–spring (January–May) conditions, a predictive tool was developed to forecast summer (June–August) hypoxia using river discharge and NE–SW wind. We hypothesized that the late winter–spring wind pattern may affect the transport of spring bloom biomass to the western shoal or the deep channel of the bay that either alleviates or increases the summer hypoxic volume in the midbay region, respectively. To examine this hypothesis, residual flow fields were analyzed using a hydrodynamic ocean model (Regional Ocean Modeling System; ROMS) between 2000 and 2003, two hydrologically similar years but years with different wind conditions during the spring bloom period. Simulation model results suggest that relatively larger amounts of organic matter could be transported into the deep channel in 2003 (severe hypoxia; frequent northeasterly wind) than 2000 (moderate hypoxia; frequent southwesterly wind).     

Algal blooms in a shallow lake with a special reference to lake (Loch) Lindores: Scotland

Algal blooms are frequently observed in eutrophic lakes; a typical example of which is Lake Lindores, where two species of algal blooms were observed during the studied period. The first bloom of Asterionella formosa occured in spring, with a second occurence of the bloom observed in late winter and autumn when the water temperature was fairly low. At a higher water temperature, of more than 15°C, an unwanted blue-green algal bloom of Anabaena flosaquae occured. The blue-green algal bloom normally occured in summer and early autumn.     

太湖富营养化与蓝藻水华引起的饮用水危机——原因与对策

[ZW（*][HT6H]〓收稿日期：. 〓作者简介：[HT6SS]（1963 ），男，江苏苏州人，研究员，主要从事水环境研究.[WT6HZ]E mail:[WT6BZ]qinbq@niglas.ac.cn[ZW)] [HT4F][HT5K]()[JZ）] [HT5H][GK2] 摘〓要：[HT5K]2007年5月份发生在无锡太湖蓝藻水华引起的自来水危机事件进一步凸现我国湖泊富营养化的严峻局面和蓝藻水华频发的现状。从分析太湖富营养化发生、发展，蓝藻水华爆发的原因和机制入手，提出湖泊富营养化治理和蓝藻水华控制的途径和措施。研究表明，太湖富营养化之所以如此严重而且治理起来异常艰难，主要是由于太湖发育于长江中下游洪泛平原，营养本底高；由于水浅和沉水植被的退化使得频繁的风浪扰动造成内源营养盐负荷维持在一个非常高的水平；而流域内社会经济的高速发展，进一步加剧了太湖富营养化进程。蓝藻水华爆发一方面与蓝藻本身的生理特征有关，如固碳、伪空泡、光吸收及营养盐利用的能力；另一方面则与系统内物理、化学、生物环境有关，如独特的浅水湖泊水下光场结构和低的捕食压力。太湖的富营养化治理需遵循控源截污、湖泊生态修复和流域管理的原则，具体措施包括前置库和人工湿地的面源污染物控制技术；物理机械和生物去除内源营养盐削减技术；沉水植被恢复的湖泊生态修复技术。而蓝藻水华的控制技术则包括围隔拦截和导流的物理工程方法、絮凝沉降和抑藻物添加的化学工程方法以及生态浮床和生物操纵的生态工程方法。具体使用时，需要先诊断、后治理。       

太湖入湖河道沉积物中生物利用磷和营养水平分析

为了解太湖入湖河道的营养状况,研究了太湖西部河流沉积物生物利用磷的组成与分布。研究结果显示,北部沉积物中营养元素较高,南部较低;沉积物中生物利用磷的含量次序为藻类可利用磷(AAP)>NaHCO3提取磷(OLP)>水溶性磷(WSP)>易解吸磷(RDP),其中AAP是重要的生物利用磷,AAP的比例越高,富营养化程度越高。AAP与营养元素的相关性在不同区域河道有所不同,北部河道与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)相关性较好,中部和南部河道与沉积物有机质总量(TOM)相关性较好。沉积物的生物利用磷受不同污染源影响较大。对比河道沉积物与湖泊沉积物的特征,发现湖泊沉积物中生物利用磷(BAP)/总磷(TP)、藻类可利用磷(AAP)/总磷(TP)都高于河道沉积物,表明湖泊沉积物中的磷更容易被植物吸收。