对滇西昌宁—孟连带大地构造背景的认识

昌宁-孟连带是我国西南"三江"地区重要的多金属成矿带.该带火山岩化学成分、稀土元素地球化学特征以及硅质岩的沉积地球化学特征均可与大陆边缘裂谷环境相类比.尽管区内玄武岩的微量元素地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩相似,这是因为洋岛玄武岩与大陆裂谷玄武岩的地球化学特征本身就很相似.综合分析表明该带在晚古生代是在保山-掸邦地块东部发展起来的大陆边缘裂谷环境.     

昌宁-孟连结合带东部泥盆系—石炭系南段组研究新进展及其对特提斯洋演化的启示

原—古特提斯洋之间的构造转换方式一直是国际国内研究的热点与难点。南段组是昌宁-孟连结合带东侧地层重要组成部分,其沉积时代、沉积环境和与特提斯演化的关系均存在争议,制约了对昌宁-孟连结合带乃至东特提斯洋演化特征的认识和理解。本文对南段组变质砂岩样品开展了岩石学、岩相学、元素地球化学以及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究工作,结果表明其为泥盆纪—石炭纪被动大陆边缘的浅海沉积,物源来自成熟的大陆。南段组碎屑锆石年龄谱可识别出560Ma、950Ma和1130Ma三个明显的年龄峰值,与来自澳大利亚北缘的拉萨地体上古生界碎屑锆石年龄谱可以对比。南段组物源特征具有亲冈瓦纳大陆属性,但不能据此限定所在地体泥盆—石炭纪古地理位置。保山地块东缘泥盆系曼信组碎屑锆石年龄谱可识别出440Ma和950Ma两个年龄峰值,与南段组存在显著区别。本文新获得昌宁-孟连特提斯洋两侧泥盆纪碎屑锆石年龄谱特征,为原特提斯洋与古特提斯洋之间为连续演化提供了新的沉积学证据。     

云南墨江金矿床硅质岩沉积环境的地球化学探讨

墨江金矿床金厂组中下段硅质岩的形成与热水沉积作用有关，但中段受到正常化学沉积作用的影响。根据硅质岩的地球化学特征，初步讨论了硅质岩的沉积（构造）环境。硅质岩的δCe，稀土元素对Ce/La-La／Yn图解、δ^30Si和Sr/Ba值的特征表明它形成于海水较深的沉积环境。根据硅质岩MnO/TiO2,Al/(Al Fe),(La/Ce)N,δCe和（La/Yb)N的特征推测它形成于大陆边缘－远洋盆地过渡位置。结合岩石组合、地球化学特 征和同位素年代学，认为墨江金矿床硅质岩的沉积环境可能为晚泥盆世后期扬子地块被动大陆边缘快速裂陷的深海槽盆，它不是哀牢山蛇绿岩套“三位一体” 中的一部分。     

东准卡拉麦里地区放射虫硅质岩地球化学特征

卡拉麦里中段南明水地层中的放射虫硅质岩出现元素地球化学明显不同的两类.一类具有洋脊-深海沉积的元素组合特征:Al2O3/(Al2O3 Fe2O3)值分别为0.11～0.19(<0.4),低ΣREE(6.34×10-6～26.37×10-6),低LaN/YbN(0.02～0.16),Ce/Ce*值为0.002～0.08,LaN/CeN为1.29～1.97;另一类具有大陆边缘-半深海沉积的元素组合特征Al2O3/(Al2O3 Fe2O3)值为0.44～0.64, 高ΣREE(91.1×10-6～107.14×10-6),高LaN/YbN(2.36～2.39),Ce/Ce*值变化范围为 0.64～1.07,LaN/CeN为0.89～1.14.洋脊-深海与半深海-大陆边缘(受陆源影响较大)的硅质岩共存的岩石地球化学特征,既为卡拉麦里地区古大洋或深海盆的存在提供了新证据,又反映了卡拉麦里古生代大洋盆快速扩张、闭合的一个过程.     

湘中震旦纪—寒武纪之交硅质岩地球化学特征及成因环境研究

震旦纪(埃迪卡拉纪)—寒武纪之交华南地块处在伸展扩张的构造背景下,在扬子板块东南缘发育了广泛的硅质岩沉积。湘中地区发育了自震旦系陡山沱组、留茶坡组及寒武系牛蹄塘组连续的深水相沉积,岩性以层状硅质岩为主,夹炭质、硅质页岩。通过对硅质岩的主量、稀土元素的地球化学特征分析表明,本区硅质岩Si O2含量极高(普遍92%),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值普遍大于0.6,稀土元素澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩(PAAS)标准化配分曲线显示中—弱Ce负异常且有明显的重稀土富集特征。震旦纪陡山沱期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.34~0.54、0.05~0.10、38.00~51.44;灯影期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.70~0.85、0.06~0.37、35.91~46.79;寒武纪初期硅质岩样品中的稀土元素地球化学特征与灯影期相似,Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.58~0.78、0.26~0.40、34.75~45.58。湘中地区震旦纪—寒武纪之交的硅质岩地球化学特征显示本期硅质岩为正常的海水沉积成因,整体受热液和陆源影响较小,但从震旦纪陡山沱期至寒武纪初期陆源输入有增加趋势,硅质来源可能与硅质浮游生物有关,硅质岩沉积环境始终保持在深水盆地中,湘中地区沉积盆地符合被动大陆边缘伸展型盆地特征。     

滇西凤庆习谦泥盆系温泉组地层新认识

昌宁—孟连结合带是地质学研究的热点地区,泥盆系温泉组对研究其构造背景及地质演化意义重大。习谦温泉组以黑云石英片岩、云母片岩和浅变质砂岩为主,夹少量千糜岩、变粒岩、硅质岩、含构造角砾的千枚质碎裂岩、碳质板岩等,原岩恢复后为石英砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质(泥)页岩、含碳质层,夹薄层硅质岩组合。野外研究及选取其中6件样品进行岩相学、岩石地球化学分析、构造背景分析及原岩恢复剖面对比研究,认为其可对比泥盆系温泉组。印支期习谦地区温泉组地层存在浅变质改造作用;原岩沉积于洋盆初始化阶段被动大陆边缘大陆斜坡—半深海环境;与西侧更戛向阳寺组地层沉积物源一致,环境不同,沉积时水位体系交替变化。     

白银矿田外围横湾沟硅质岩的研究意义

热水沉积硅质岩既有一定的找矿意义 ,又有重要的理论意义。由硅质岩的常量元素、稀土元素等地球化学特征研究表明 ,横湾沟硅质岩具有热水沉积硅质岩地球化学特征 ,在Al -Fe-Mn三角图上 ,属热水沉积硅质岩。由δCe值分析表明 ,本区硅质岩沉积环境主要为大陆边缘。     

滇西南昌宁－孟连构造带晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩和层状硅质岩的特征

滇西南耿马地区回爱剖面发育有昌宁-孟连构造带最早的枕状玄武岩,与其共生的放射虫硅质岩、硅质泥岩含有晚泥盆世放射虫和牙形石化石。对硅质岩和玄武岩的地球化学研究表明,玄武岩的化学成分具有高P、Ti的特点,轻稀土元素富集,在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式图上表现为明显的右倾,微量元素中K、Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素与Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素富集。化学投图结果表明玄武岩形成于洋岛环境。硅质岩的Al／(Al Fe Mn)比值大部分介于0.5～0.7之间,Al_2O_3／(Fe_2O_3 Al_2O_3)位于0.41～0.8之间,大部分硅质岩的Ce／Ce*比值小于1,具弱的Ce负异常,总体表现为大陆边缘型硅质岩的特征。这说明研究区晚泥盆世为邻近大陆边缘的洋盆环境,具洋壳性质的昌宁-孟连古特提斯盆地在晚泥盆世已经形成。     

滇西南晚古生代火山岩研究简讯

据研究指出，滇西南地区发育有三个系列的晚古生代火山岩：碱性橄榄玄武岩系列、大陆拉斑玄武岩系列和类似MORB拉斑玄武岩系列。地质、地球化学特征反映它们可能是保山一掸邦地块东缘昌宁一孟连晚古生代裂谷(局部向初始洋点转化)，而不大可能是宽阔洋底和洋岛的火山作用产物。     

香山群狼嘴子组硅质岩地球化学特征及形成环境

香山群自建群以来,时代归属一直存在争议,通过区域地质调查,把香山群地质时代限定为中晚寒武世。为深入探讨鄂尔多斯西南边缘香山群形成的沉积环境和构造背景,对香山群狼嘴子组硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征进行了综合分析。分析结果表明硅质岩SiO2含量为82.44%～98.13%,Al/(Fe Mn Al)比值为0.46～0.69,Al2O3/(Al2O3 Fe2O3)比值为0.53～0.77;LREE/HREE为3.57～8.45,轻重稀土分异作用强,LaN/CeN值0.66～1.15,Ce/Ce*值0.66～0.93,为大陆边缘型硅质岩,成岩过程包含热水沉积和正常沉积作用。同时,硅质岩建造中碎屑岩和产出的辉绿岩床的地球化学特征表明:碎屑岩沉积背景也属被动大陆边缘区,辉绿岩属于伸展作用构造背景下的大洋拉斑玄武岩系列。综合地质资料认为,在中晚寒武世,阿拉善地块南缘与鄂尔多斯地块西南缘具有离散型大陆边缘性质。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.