高光谱遥感油气探测技术

高光谱遥感探测技术已成为探测油气藏的前沿新技术之一.研究以油气微渗漏地表共生异常理论为基础, 采用基于小波主成份分析(principal component analysis, PCA)最大似然分类、端元提取分类、光谱库典型蚀变光谱分类和植被指数决策树分类方法, 对榆林典型稀疏植被地区的进行油气勘探, 提取了与烃异常相关的粘土、碳酸盐、植被异常等相关的专题信息产品, 得出综合异常区图.对照分析已知气井与油气异常区分布, 证明了油气微渗漏信息的提取与识别方法的有效性.      

航空细分红外光谱油气遥感探测机理研究

油气资源的勘探和开发工作是以地震勘探方法为基础,其成功率低,从而促使非地震勘探寻找油气资源的研究方法问世。八十年代以来,油气理论研究不断深化,油气藏上方存在着微渗漏的理论得到广泛证实。油气藏烃类微渗漏必然引起地表物质发生变化:土壤吸附烃异常、红色岩层褪色、粘土矿化蚀变晕、碳酸盐矿化蚀变晕、放射性异常、地热异常和地植物异常。将油气藏的烃类微渗漏理论与岩矿光谱特征相结合,便成为利用遥感技术直接寻找油气资源的新方法。中国科学院、中国石油天然气总公司油气遥感科研队,1988年以来在新疆准噶尔和塔里木两盆地进行了航空细红分外光谱遥感寻找油气资源的试验研究,取得了重大进     

航空高光谱遥感油气探测技术研究及应用效果

利用航空高光谱遥感技术探测油气已是一项近年来逐渐推广的新技术,也是当前遥感地质领域研究的前缘和热点。由于地表干扰因素复杂,信息真假识别困难,遥感探测油气的效果不甚理想。本文依托中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心的"油气资源选区调查"项目,利用CASI/SAAI/TASI航空成像系统,在新疆准噶尔盆地和伊犁盆地示范区获得的高空间分辨率高光谱遥感数据,开展了航空高光谱遥感的油气探测示范研究。笔者通过构建油气渗漏异常的光谱识别模型,借助油气渗漏异常的光谱曲线与干扰因素光谱曲线的对比和烃与蚀变矿物丰度值的消长关系,解决了油气渗漏异常信息提取中干扰因素的排除难题。同时,开发了适合油气信息提取的波段分类方法,并强调将油气地质知识,贯穿于信息提取的全过程,改变了以往只按已有程序处理,结合野外实际不够的倾向,从而有效地提升了航空高光谱油气探测的效果。经示范应用表明,航空高光谱遥感在油气探测中可以快速、大面积地提取油气信息,区分含油地层和非含油地层;提取油页岩和含油煤层,直观其展布特征和控制要素,分析其不同地段的含油丰度;提取油气渗漏异常,尤其是第四系覆盖区地质人员不易发现,而对油气勘查有重要价值的弱渗漏异常信息,圈定油气渗漏异常区。上述这些探测效果,正是油气资源调查、选区和评价需要掌握的重要信息。高光谱遥感探测油气的技术优势,是其它油气勘查手段无法替代的。因此,在油气资源调查和勘查中应充分发挥高光谱遥感的重要作用。     

植被覆盖地区的高光谱油气勘探技术研究现状

高光谱遥感油气勘探技术利用油气微渗漏所致的地表蚀变矿物异常和地植物异常在光谱上的异常表现提取油气微渗漏信息, 是油气勘探的辅助手段。针对高光谱遥感油气勘探技术在植被覆盖区应用中存在的植被遮挡地表真实情况的问题开展研究, 总结相关领域的国内外研究现状, 指出其存在的问题, 提出了与植被反射率相关的指数作为油气微渗漏的指示标志, 确定了适用于植被覆盖区的高光谱遥感油气微渗漏信息大面积普查的工作流程, 研究成果可为建立更加广泛、适用的高光谱遥感油气勘探模式提供新的参考依据。      

基于Hyperion数据的油砂分布遥感研究

依据油砂中烃类的微渗漏和油砂组分光谱特征响应原理,利用Hyperion高光谱影像提取和识别与油砂分布相关的波谱信息,进行非常规油气能源--油砂分布的有利区预测。根据油砂所致烃类微渗漏的地表特征可知,低植被覆盖区的异常以矿物异常为主,中、高植被覆盖区的异常以植被异常为主。利用归一化植被指数表征地表植被的不同覆盖程度：当其值为[0.0,0.4）时,采用SAM（spectral angle method）提取矿物异常信息;当值为[0.4,0.7]和（0.7,1.0]时,分别采用LIC（lichenthaler index）和CTR（carter indices）方法提取植被异常信息。同时,为确保提取的矿物和植被异常信息的产生是由油砂中烃类的微渗漏所导致,以野外油砂反射光谱为端元,运用光谱角分类方法提取油砂信息,并将其与获取的矿物和植被异常信息进一步应用空间叠置分析确定油砂分布有利区。结果表明,综合运用野外实测高光谱数据和高光谱影像数据能够较准确地预测出研究区中油砂的分布位置。因此,应用高光谱影像进行油砂分布的有利区预测,可为未来利用遥感技术深入研究油砂可采储量评价提供参考依据。     

断层对烃类微渗漏主控作用及异常分布影响的实验模拟研究

在油气化探中,传统观点认为断层是优势通道,烃类沿断层渗漏形成的化探异常将偏离实际油气藏位置在近地表的垂向投影,这引起了地质界对化探技术预测地下油气藏的质疑。针对上述质疑,以断块油气藏的简化地质模型为基础,研制实验装置,开展断块油气藏烃类通过盖层及上覆地层垂向微渗漏模拟实验,研究了地下断层对烃类垂向微渗漏的影响。结果表明,受断层控制的油气藏,断层不是烃类微渗漏的唯一优势通道,油藏上覆盖层及地层中广泛发育的裂隙或微裂隙系统等都是决定地表化探异常分布的重要因素,烃类垂向微渗漏是客观存的;断层是否是微渗漏的优势通道,取决于断层的封闭性;另外实验结果也证实了圈定油气靶区的最好采样方法是高密度的网格采样。     

准噶尔盆地东北缘航空高光谱油气微渗漏探测及地质验证

准噶尔盆地东北缘乌伦古坳陷油气成藏潜力巨大,目前其勘探工作较少,亟待低成本,高效率,大面积的油气普查,以圈定潜在油气勘探靶区。利用航空高光谱数据,结合野外实测光谱,提取研究区油气微渗漏引起的烃类及相关蚀变矿物信息。结果显示,研究区的油气渗漏异常区具有环带状分布特征。野外查证发现,部分异常区具有地表晕环状分带、粘土化、碳酸盐化和植被中毒等油气渗漏相关的地质特征。渗漏的烃类以层状、条带状、斑点状和吸附式等四种形式富集地表。油气以烃分子形式沿断裂、裂缝等通道垂向逸散,具有"烟囱效应"。研究区油气渗漏受控于断层、不整合面和揉皱构造等。结合区域构造演化史和油气成藏史,认为研究区大规模的油气渗漏可能开始于燕山期,在喜山期达到渗漏高峰。并认为研究区中部隆起带具有较好的油气成藏潜力,是下一步油气勘探的重点区域。     

壤中游离气方法及其在油气化探中的应用

油气藏中的轻烃气体能够以微弱但可检出的量近似垂直地渗漏到地表土壤中,其中一部分烃类以游离态赋存在土壤或岩石颗粒空隙中。壤中游离气中的烃类能反映深部油气藏烃类的现代补偿性活跃微渗漏,被认为是油气地球化学勘探的最可靠方法之一。壤中游离气采集是获得第四系沉积层中微渗漏烃类地球化学异常的关键技术。自行研制了便携式游离气采集新装置,具有操作简便、携带方便、密封性好等特点。通过长期实践,总结了土壤游离气保真采集的方法。游离气方法在济阳坳陷惠民凹陷南坡临南—钱官屯地区、塔里木盆地阿克亚苏地区X井区的油气化探应用,获得的游离烃异常较好地反映了油气垂向微渗漏近地表信息,以及下伏油气的分布特征,油气微渗漏异常区与背景区分离明显,表明壤中游离气方法应用效果显著,在油气勘探中值得广泛推广。     

塔北地区化探遥感技术探测油气藏的研究

油气藏上方烃类微渗漏，可引起附近地表物质的物理与化学性质变化，形成地物反射光谱特征异常，这为遥感技术直接探测油气藏提供了可能。作者在本文中以地物波谱测试、TM、NOAA卫星资料为信息，以石油地质理论和烃类垂向微渗漏理论为指导，阐述了塔里木盆地北部地区，应用化探遥感技术寻找油气藏的方法及应用效果。     

基于遥感技术的贵州黔西地区烃类微渗漏信息提取

遥感油气勘探技术具有经济、安全等优势,有很大的应用潜力。针对烃类微渗漏造成地表热异常、红层褪色、低价铁富集以及黏土化等现象,利用TM数据来提取异常信息。文章在研究贵州黔西遥感地质解译的基础上,结合遥感信息探测油气模式,对贵州黔西地区的油气远景区进行了预测。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.