边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析

多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.     

多年冻区管道通风路基温度边界条件及温度场实测研究

管道通风路基在多年冻土地区是一种良好的主动保护冻土工程措施, 但在应用数值方法研究其长期效果中, 对边界条件的选取存在着困难, 已有的计算结果也缺乏实体工程的验证. 基于青藏铁路北麓河实体试验工程, 对通风管中气温以及管壁温度进行了分析和拟合. 结果表明: 通风管中气温年平均值普遍高于环境气温, 平均高出1.6～1.8 ℃, 但在正温期管中气温与环境气温的最高值相差不大（＜1 ℃）, 而负温期相差较大（达到2 ℃）; 路基阳坡面下0.5 m深度地温高于阴坡面3.5～5.5 ℃. 普通路基填筑后在抬升多年上限的同时, 也升高了上限附近的地温, 且地温场在整个范围内表现出横向上显著的不对称性. 通风路基可以对下伏多年冻土起到良好的主动保护作用, 表现为冻土上限的抬升和地温的降低. 但通风管埋设位置较高的情况下, 路基地温场横向不对称范围涉及到原地面以下. 降低通风管的埋设高度的情况下, 边坡面换热导致的温度横向不对称范围被限制在通风管以上的土体中, 而下部土体温度场横向不对称性将得到极大改善.     

多年冻土区管道通风路基温度边界条件及温度场实测研究

管道通风路基在多年冻土地区是一种良好的主动保护冻土工程措施,但在应用数值方法研究其长期效果中,对边界条件的选取存在着困难,已有的计算结果也缺乏实体工程的验证.基于青藏铁路北麓河实体试验工程,对通风管中气温以及管壁温度进行了分析和拟合.结果表明:通风管中气温年平均值普遍高于环境气温,平均高出1.6~1.8℃,但在正温期管中气温与环境气温的最高值相差不大(<1℃),而负温期相差较大(达到2℃);路基阳坡面下0.5 m深度地温高于阴坡面3.5~5.5℃.普通路基填筑后在抬升多年上限的同时,也升高了上限附近的地温,且地温场在整个范围内表现出横向上显著的不对称性.通风路基可以对下伏多年冻土起到良好的主动保护作用,表现为冻土上限的抬升和地温的降低.但通风管埋设位置较高的情况下,路基地温场横向不对称范围涉及到原地面以下.降低通风管的埋设高度的情况下,边坡面换热导致的温度横向不对称范围被限制在通风管以上的土体中,而下部土体温度场横向不对称性将得到极大改善.     

青藏公路下伏多年冻土的融化分析

基于青藏公路沿线高温冻土区和低温冻土区2组地温观测孔5 a的地温观测资料, 研究了路基下伏多年冻土的融化状态, 定量分析了进入路基下多年冻土内的热状况. 结果表明: 路基近地表地温明显高于对应天然地表下的地温, 路基近地表经历的融化期长于对应天然地表, 高温冻土区路基内已形成贯穿融化夹层;进入高温冻土区路基下伏多年冻土内的热收支处于持续不断的吸热状态, 进入低温多年冻土区的热收支也呈现出吸热明显大于放热的周期性变化;高温冻土区接近0℃的地温及其持续不断的热积累是引起下伏多年冻土不断融化的主要原因. 低温冻土区进入多年冻土的热积累暂时以增高地温耗热为主, 随着地温的增高, 低温冻土区也可能发生强烈的冻土融化.     

多年冻土南界附近青藏铁路路基下的冻土退化

基于2006-2012年青藏铁路多年冻土区唐古拉山南侧安多断面地温监测资料,分析了多年冻土南界附近路基下多年冻土的退化过程及其影响因素.结果表明：该监测断面天然场地多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土天然上限下降与多年冻土地温升高,观测期内多年冻土天然上限下降0.29 m,下降速率为4 cm·a^-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土温度升高0.03℃,升温速率为0.004℃·a^-1.该监测断面路基左路肩下多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土人为上限下降、多年冻土地温升高、多年冻土下限抬升以及多年冻土厚度减少.观测期内多年冻土人为上限下降0.41 m,下降速率为6 cm·a^-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土地温升高0.06℃,升温速率为0.009℃·a^-1;多年冻土下限抬升0.50 m,抬升速率为7 cm·a^-1;多年冻土厚度减少0.90 m,减少速率为13 cm·a^-1.工程作用是导致路基下多年冻土退化的主要原因,气温升温与局地因素中的冻结层上水发育促进了这一退化过程.路基下融化夹层的出现,导致多年冻土垂向上由衔接型变为不衔接型.     

风积沙环境下高等级公路冻土块石路基降温性能分析

青藏高原脆弱的生态系统以及人类工程活动,加剧了青藏工程走廊线性工程两侧沙漠化、荒漠化发展趋势,尤其冻土块石路基面临日益严重的风积沙灾害问题。以多年冻土区高等级公路块石路基为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析风积沙环境下封闭块石路基的降温性能和长期热稳定性。结果表明：风积沙堆积对封闭块石路基下部土层冻土温度的影响程度高于冻土上限,1.0 m湿沙工况降低冻土温度,0.2 m干沙则增大冻土温度。升温背景下,随年平均气温增加风沙堆积对路基冻土上限影响程度增强,干沙增大冻土融化深度,湿沙抬升冻土上限。随冻土含冰量减小,路基中心冻土上限对气候升温敏感性增加,风沙堆积影响减弱。气候升温和风沙堆积条件下,在年平均气温低于-5.5℃时,宽幅沥青路面封闭块石路基能够满足降温要求,使人为冻土上限保持在块石层内。研究成果可为风沙危害区多年冻土块石路基的病害治理和拟建青藏高速公路块石路基设计提供科学依据。     

青藏铁路北麓河地区典型热融湖变化特征及其对冻土热状况的影响

在全球气候变暖、青藏高原平均气温升高的大背景下,多年冻土区热融湖的发育及其对冻土热状况的影响日益显著.以北麓河地区的一典型热融湖为例,通过对湖岸坍塌及年地温变化等进行监测分析.结果表明:目前该热融湖湖岸逐年坍塌,坍塌主要发生在靠近铁路一侧厚层地下冰发育区域,年平均坍塌宽度大约为0.5m,湖心下原约83.0m多年冻土已全部融化.根据210Pb测年,估算该热融湖形成于约890aBP前.在热融湖的影响下,湖心至路基坡脚天然孔之间多年冻土上限深度及多年冻土厚度均发生了很大变化,湖近岸多年冻土上限深度比路基坡脚天然孔多年冻土上限深约0.65m,湖边多年冻土厚度也比路基坡脚天然孔多年冻土厚度薄约60m;湖心至路基坡脚天然孔之间土层在水平方向形成明显的地温差异,在相同深度,湖心下土层地温年平均值比天然孔地温年平均值高5.0℃左右.热融湖作为热量的载体,以二维热传导方式将热量向其周围传递,导致附近多年冻土温度升高,热稳定性降低.     

青海省共和-玉树高速公路新建块石路基下的温度状况分析

块石路基是多年冻土区应用最为广泛的多年冻土路基形式. 为了研究多年冻土区修筑高速公路后块石路基的效果,选取青海省新建共和-玉树高速公路3个块石路基监测断面的实测资料,对路基修筑初期多年冻土温度状况进行了分析. 结果表明：路基修筑初期路基中心原天然地表下0.5 m处仍表现出季节变化规律,至原多年冻土上限深度处,温度波动幅度急剧减小. 块石路基的保温效果与年平均地温密切相关,年平均地温越低,对冻土的保护效果越显著. 受阴阳坡效应的影响,左路肩/坡脚温度高于右路肩/坡脚. 左右路肩及中心孔下多年冻土上限都得到不同程度的抬升,抬升幅度主要受路基高度影响,与多年冻土年平均地温没有必然关系.     

祁连山大通河源区冻土特征及变化趋势

大通河源区位于祁连山中东部, 属高山多年冻土区, 利用源区内冻土钻探及监测资料对源区冻土发育的基本特征及变化趋势进行了分析和探讨. 冻土地温分析表明, 源区冻土年平均地温随海拔的变化梯度约为3.82 ℃·km^-1, 且冻土地温与表层覆被条件关系密切. 盆地平原地带多年冻土厚度约为17~86 m, 且以海拔每上升100 m冻土厚度增加约10 m的梯度增加. 多年冻土活动层厚度受海拔地带性作用不显著, 更多地受局地因素的控制, 地表覆被条件成为其主要影响因素. 在气温升高以及人类活动日益增多的影响下, 源区冻土整体处于退化状态, 多年冻土年平均地温以0.0075 ℃·a^-1的速率上升.     

冻土通风路基温度场的三维非线性分析

应用有限元方法,对一通风路基的温度特性进行了三维数值分析.该路基在离天然地面1m铺有管径为0.4m的通风管,通风管之间的距离为2m,所在地区年平均气温为-3.5℃,年温较差24℃.数值分析表明,通风路基能使其下面的融化盘减小,最大融化深度减小,0℃等温上移.该现象说明通风路基有对冻土制冷的作用,能达到降低冻土路基温度,保证冻土路基稳定的目的.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.