挡墙前有限斜坡土体被动土压力研究

为探究挡墙前存在斜坡临空面条件下土体破坏与侧土压力特征,采用强度折减法研究了不同临坡距与嵌入深度下的挡墙前侧有限斜坡土体的破坏特征,并用水平层分析法与静力平衡法,推导了一种考虑斜坡坡度、临坡距及临空斜坡内土体层间剪切力的被动土压力理论计算公式。通过与室内试验、数值模型及其他计算理论对比,建议方法同模型试验、数值解及其他理论计算结果基本吻合,证明了建议方法对计算有限斜坡条件下被动土压力的有效性,最后分析了斜坡坡度、临坡距对被动土压力与临空斜坡土层中层间剪力的影响。研究表明:平动模式下的有限斜坡土体破坏面主要沿墙底与斜坡坡脚附近破坏,这与半无限空间条件的破坏特征明显不同;斜坡条件下的被动土压力随深度呈指数增加规律,且随临坡距减小与坡度增大,被动土压力均出现了一定程度的减小,其中临坡距为0时,被动土压力相比半无限空间条件时降低幅度达到30% ~50%;平动模式下的临空斜坡土体中的层间剪切系数为0.07~0.1;当墙背光滑且临坡距足够大时,建议方法可简化为理想条件的朗肯被动土压力公式。     

降雨条件下松散堆积体边坡稳定性离心模型试验研究

采用新型介质雾化喷嘴离心场降雨模拟设备,进行了模拟降雨及格栅支护措施条件下松散堆积体边坡的离心模型对比试验。离心机模型与原型试验比尺为1:80,试验过程通过非接触定点高速摄影系统并结合粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry）技术分析了试验过程中边坡的位移场变化。试验结果表明,松散堆积体边坡在未降雨条件下是十分稳定的;在进行模拟降雨后,边坡顶部沉降及坡面水平位移随降雨量的增大逐渐发展,尤其边坡表面区域发生明显变形;边坡的破坏模式有别于传统的圆弧滑动,在持续强降雨作用下,坡面逐层产生破坏,最终形成泥石流形态;通过采取坡面土工防护格栅支护条件后,堆积体边坡在降雨条件下稳定性显著提高,故采用边坡防护格栅是提高松散堆积体边坡稳定性的有效途径。     

降雨诱发浅表层黄土滑坡机理实验研究

黄土较松散,内部大孔隙和垂直节理发育,因其特殊的结构为雨水的快速入渗提供了通道。降雨型黄土浅层滑坡已造成了大量的经济损失与人员伤亡。为了有效减轻降雨诱发黄土滑坡对社会和经济的影响,开展降雨型滑坡室内实验研究,具有重大的现实意义。本文旨在研究不同降雨形式和不同坡体结构对黄土斜坡变形破坏过程影响,设计并进行了3组室内物理模型实验,分别为持续强降雨斜坡实验、持续强降雨斜坡（带垂直节理）实验和间歇性强降雨斜坡实验,且每组斜坡内埋设体积含水率传感器、基质吸力传感器和孔隙水压力传感器3种传感器记录其内部变化。通过对每一个黄土斜坡体内传感器的读数变化及实验现象进行分析,同时对不同实验条件下实验过程及结果进行对比,进而得出降雨条件下浅表层黄土滑坡的变形破坏规律,总结出该类滑坡的破坏模式及其诱发机理。实验前期,随着体积含水率不断增大,基质吸力逐渐减小至基本稳定,土体强度随之减小,实验后期上部土体饱和,斜坡产生的变形和土体排水不畅产生了超孔隙水压力,有效应力随之减小,土体强度减小至最小,导致滑坡产生。同时,坡体结构对斜坡稳定性的影响大于降雨形式的影响。     

广东省暴雨型浅层滑坡灾害动力预警模型与气象风险预警研究

针对县级地质灾害气象风险预警面临的精度及模型建设问题,根据广东省地质灾害主要发生在坡面残坡积浅表层的突出特点,通过对典型地质灾害进行物理模拟试验和数值模拟,研究广东省浅表层斜坡失稳发生机理。研究表明：边坡在暴雨条件下,斜坡岩土体容易在浅表层首先造成失稳,影响因素主要有降雨量、降雨历时、土体类别和坡体结构等因素。由此,对研究区划分斜坡单元,按各斜坡单元的坡长、坡度、岩土类型、分层及其关键物理力学参数开展斜坡单元概化分类,并将Green-Ampt降雨入渗模型和无限边坡稳定性评价方法相结合,优化构建了动力学斜坡稳定性评价模型。结合龙川县贝岭镇流域应用实例,初步探索了坡面单元尺度下地质灾害气象风险预警斜坡失稳动力学预警技术,可为广东省开展以斜坡单元预警为主要方式的县级地质灾害气象风险预警提供支撑。     

斜坡地基上加筋路堤工作性状及稳定性研究

采用大型室内模型试验的方法,研究了斜坡地基上一个土工格栅加固的填方路堤和一个未加固填方路堤在坡顶荷载作用下的变形与破坏规律.重点介绍了该模型的试验设计、测试和试验数据分析方法.试验主要测试了填方路堤边坡坡面的水平和垂直位移、填方路堤顶部垂直位移、填方路堤内部应力、填方路堤内部土体位移、填方路堤的破坏面形态等.试验结果表明,加筋能够提高斜坡地基上填方路堤的稳定性及承载力,并且能够大幅减小路堤的水平位移,该模型试验结果对西部山区高速公路的建设具有一定的指导意义.     

多年冻土区缓倾角土层斜坡的地震反应

进行垂直和水平动荷载下的大型振动台模型试验,研究地震作用下多年冻土缓倾角土层斜坡的地震响应、诱发滑坡破坏的主要影响因素及滑坡破坏的演化过程。结果表明,在土层坡度为8°缓斜坡振动台模型试验条件下,斜坡模型破坏后其水平方向自振频率降低较明显,而垂直方向无明显变化;坡体滑动是整体沿着冰-土界面软弱层进行的失稳滑动,沿斜面滑下的斜坡土体内部没有发生破坏;模型斜坡的峰值加速度(PGA)放大系数随着坡体高程增加而增大,破坏前坡面PGA放大系数无明显变化,破坏时和破坏后变化较明显,斜坡土体对水平方向地震波的加速度动力放大响应大于垂直方向,冰-土界面软弱层的加速度放大系数明显小于上部土体和下部冰体,在加速度达到一定数值时,冰-土界面的孔隙水压力会升高。斜坡冰-土软弱界面和超孔隙水压力升高是地震荷载下多年冻土区缓倾角土层斜坡滑动的主要内因。     

恩施盆地典型红砂岩斜坡破坏机理试验研究

恩施城市建设中盆地内红砂岩斜坡破坏较为严重,其中结构面控制的逆向红砂岩斜坡破坏现象普遍。以恩施市内凤凰山公园斜坡为典型实例,研究其变形破坏过程与机理。工程地质调查与室内岩体物理力学试验研究表明,该类红砂岩斜坡破坏的影响因素为斜坡地质结构构造、地层岩性与工程诱发因素。基于物理模型试验再现了该类斜坡失稳破坏的全过程,通过坡体位移监测、有机玻璃投影监测与宏观变形拍照记录分析了斜坡的变形破坏机理,并采用离散元法数值模拟对比验证了该类斜坡破坏机理。结果表明,该类斜坡的稳定性状态主要由结构面控制,在工程开挖的作用下,斜坡沿结构面必发生失稳破坏。鉴于此,工程建设中必需对该类斜坡进行合理的边坡设计,防止出现不同规模的失稳滑动现象。     

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。     

降雨作用下砾石土斜坡坡面形态及临界特性

砾石土因其级配宽、不均匀系数大、透水性强等特点在工程防渗中得到广泛的应用,其强度和力学性质受粗细粒含量和粒间咬合程度、黏接状态等影响。通过人工降雨原型试验、模型试验、室内试验及理论分析,研究松散砾石土斜坡在降雨作用下坡面土体的形态特征和土体性状的变化以及斜坡稳定性和该过程中可能出现的临界状态,探索坡面松散砾石土触变液化的过程和机理。试验结果表明,砾石土斜坡在降雨过程中,坡面土体形态、坡面径流泥沙含量具有阶段性特性;各典型现象土体含水量分布具有区段性;土体强度和斜坡稳定性随着土体含水量的增加均存在明显的临界特征。     

重力作用下顺层岩质边坡破坏机理数值模拟研究

利用UDEC软件模拟了北京市石景山区模式口西里小区47号楼南侧不稳定岩质斜坡,并结合现场勘查及室内试验得到的边坡地形数据及材料参数,模拟出斜坡的渐进破坏过程。根据数值模拟结果,从应力及位移的角度对顺层岩质边坡破坏机理分析讨论。最后,采用UDEC中的刚体模型,较真实地展示了重力作用下顺层岩质边坡坡体的破坏运动过程。     

坡面形态对边坡动力变形破坏影响的模型试验研究

采用自主制作的单向振动试验台,对不同坡面形态土质边坡进行了失稳破坏过程的模型试验研究。试验设计了凹面坡、凸面坡和凹凸面组合型3类边坡共8个模型,通过单向振动试验台施加初始位移,触发模型边坡失稳破坏,利用摄像机对模型边坡破坏过程进行跟踪记录,并对变形破坏特征进行分析。试验表明：凹面坡主要由坡面上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生破坏,而凸面坡则是由于坡顶上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生变形破坏,凹凸面组合型边坡的破坏则是受坡面凸起部位所控制;进一步研究发现,凹凸程度越强的边坡越容易发生变形破坏,其变形破坏的程度越大。研究成果有助于了解不同形态坡面边坡的破坏特征,为工程边坡设计提供借鉴意义。     

倾斜基岩上的边坡破坏模式和稳定性分析

应用离心模型试验对工程中被颇为关注的带有与边坡走向一致的倾斜基岩面,且在该基岩面存在软弱夹层的边坡的稳定性和破坏模式进行了比较详细地研究,并用极限平衡分析方法对试验结果进行了计算分析。模型试验结果表明,该类边坡失稳时,紧贴岩面的软弱夹层就成为滑动破坏面,因而边坡整体沿基岩面向下滑动,且侧向水平位移各处基本一致,表现出典型的平移滑动破坏模式。将稳定安全系数的实测结果与按平移滑动破坏模式的极限平衡分析方法的计算结果相比较后发现,两者相当地吻合,证实了按平移滑动破坏模式所作的极限平衡分析,能良好地预测边坡平移滑动破坏情形下的稳定安全系数。     

地震作用下含弱面斜坡变形破坏实验研究

为了研究含弱面斜坡在强震作用下变形破坏规律,对含单一弱面的3组斜坡模型模拟地震作用下的变形破坏,并用数字散斑相关方法对实验结果进行处理,得到斜坡模型位移和应变。从实验结果可以发现:位移和应变变形均集中在弱面上,随着震动的持续,这种变形积累最终导致斜坡发生破坏; 模型对比中可以发现,在斜坡体内弱面越深则斜坡稳定性越强,在斜坡体内弱面越长则斜坡稳定性越弱。分析模型最初在顶部出现裂缝和沿弱面发生滑动的原因。     

Simple monitoring method for precaution of landslides watching tilting and water contents on slopes surface

A low-cost and simple monitoring method for early warning of landslides is proposed. To detect abnormal deformation of a slope, this method employs a tilt sensor in place of an extensometer on the slope surface. In order to examine the relevance of measuring rotation angle on a slope surface by tilt sensor, model tests were conducted, and rotation on the slope surface was observed together with slide displacement along the surface. The rotation data responded 30 min before failure in a model test, which could be useful as a signal for early warning. However, the behavior of rotation before failure varies from case to case, and thus, criteria to issue warning should be defined more carefully. For a model slope made of uniform loose sand, measurement of slide displacement along the slope surface is sensitive to failure at the toe, while the measurement of rotation on the slope surface is useful to detect the development of progressive failure upward along the slope. Wireless sensor units with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) tilt sensor and volumetric water content sensor were also examined on a real slope in Kobe City, and a long-term monitoring was attempted. A simple but possible way to define the criteria of judgment to issue warning can be proposed based on combination of data obtained by the tilt sensors and volumetric water content sensors.     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

考虑坡度效应的水平受荷桩应变楔计算方法

由于坡度效应的存在,常规方法并不适用于斜坡上水平受荷桩的计算,首先开展了斜坡上基桩的横向加载破坏试验,以确定斜坡上基桩的破坏模式。在此基础上,沿坡体方向对破坏土楔体进行斜向单元划分,提出了考虑坡度效应的土体应变楔模型,对于其中的关键参数应变楔深度与应变楔土体应变采用迭代求解。迭代过程中,建立基桩横向受荷的桩-土相互作用方程并用有限杆单元法求解,当求解得到的桩身地面处位移与应变楔模型中地面处土体位移之差小于某一允许值时,得到的基桩的水平位移及内力即为最终解答。通过与试验测试数据的对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后,将土体破坏深度与边坡斜率的比值定义为陡坡效应影响范围,并对其影响因素进行了对比分析。结果表明,陡坡效应的影响范围受土体强度参数及基桩尺寸等多因素影响,其随着桩径的增加而减小,且随土体强度的增强而减小。     

水位升降条件下牵引式滑坡离心模型试验

自三峡水库蓄水后,库区地质灾害频发,研究库水位升降条件下的库岸边坡稳定性与破坏模式日益重要。以三峡库区云阳县凉水井滑坡为原型,基于长江科学院CKY?200土工离心机,结合滑坡区工程地质概况,模拟制作了这一典型库岸滑坡的简化模型。采用高速相机、激光位移传感器、孔隙水压力传感器、土压力传感器等监测手段,在模型试验中实现了对边坡前缘水位高程及升降的控制,获取了试验过程中坡体水平位移和沉降、孔隙水压力、土压力值的变化规律,得到以下结论：试验从开始至加水阶段结束,模型位移以竖直方向为主,而在排水阶段则水平方向位移远大于竖直方向;试验过程中,在库水位上升与骤降作用下,首先在前缘产生裂隙,并逐渐向中部、后缘扩展,随后在中部产生较大变形,出现局部滑移,模型总体破坏形式呈牵引式破坏模式;试验结束时,模型自后缘起体积含水率逐渐增大;在水位上升期间,模型变形相对较小,主要滑移出现在水位下降期间,因此,该滑坡为动水压力型,产生变形破坏主要是由于动水压力效应所致。试验揭示了库岸牵引式滑坡在库水位升降条件下的破坏模式和变形失稳机制,为库区滑坡的防治提供了重要依据。     

基于离心机和数值模拟的软硬互层反倾层状岩质边坡变形特征分析

我国西部山区建设揭露了众多大型弯曲倾倒变形体,它们多具有软硬互层结构。为进一步探明软硬互层反倾岩质边坡的变形破坏规律,本研究融合大型土工离心机试验与自开发的可以综合考虑节理面拉剪和压剪破坏的Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则,对此类边坡进行试验与数值模拟分析。首先,结合监测点位移和应力曲线对边坡的变形破坏过程进行详述并验证了所提出的强度准则及所建立的数值模型的正确性;然后,基于此数值模型研究不同几何因素对此类边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:（1）节理单元采用Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则可以较准确地模拟软硬互层反倾边坡的层间错动以及岩层弯折;（2）此类坡体倾倒变形破坏全过程为:层间先出现相互错动,然后边坡自坡脚部位开始出现弯曲变形,随后坡体后缘出现拉张裂缝,与此同时边坡整体向临空面弯曲倾倒,最终形成2个或3个破坏面;（3）随着岩层倾角的增大,边坡一级破坏面逐渐向坡体深处发展;（4）随着硬/软岩层厚比的减小,坡顶竖向位移变小,且坡体滑动的整体性逐渐增强;（5）随着软/硬岩层厚比的增加,坡体破坏面逐渐由粗糙的“锯齿状”向平滑的“圆弧状”过渡。     

Centrifugal model test on a riverine landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir induced by rainfall and water level fluctuation

Frequent soil landslide events are recorded in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China, making it necessary to investigate the failure mode of such riverside landslides. Geotechnical centrifugal test is considered to be the most realistic laboratory model, which can reconstruct the required geo-stress. In this study, the Liangshuijing landslide in the Three Gorgers Reservoir area is selected for a scaled centrifugal model experiment, and a water pump system is employed to retain the rainfall condition. Using the techniques of digital photography and pore water pressure transducers, water level fluctuation is controlled, and multi-physical data are thus obtained, including the pore water pressure, earth pressure, surface displacement and deep displacement. The analysis results indicate that: Three stages were set in the test (waterflooding stage, rainfall stage and drainage stage). Seven transverse cracks with wide of 1–5 mm appeared during the model test, of which 3 cracks at the toe landslide were caused by reservoir water fluctuation, and the cracks at the middle and rear part were caused by rainfall. During rainfall process, the maximum displacement of landslide model reaches 3 cm. And the maximum deformation of the model exceeds 12 cm at the drainage stage. The failure process of the slope model can be divided into four stages: microcracks appearance and propagation stage, thrust-type failure stage, retrogressive failure stage, and holistic failure stage. When the thrust-type zone caused by rainfall was connected or even overlapped with the retrogressive failure zone caused by the drainage, the landslide would start, which displayed a typical composite failure pattern. The failure mode and deformation mechanism under the coupling actions of water level fluctuation and rainfall are revealed in the model test, which could appropriately guide for the analysis and evaluation of riverside landslides.     

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.