内蒙古红山子铀钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素和锆石U-Pb年代学研究及其地质意义

红山子铀钼矿床位于华北陆块北缘的沽源-红山子铀多金属成矿带和西拉沐沦钼多金属成矿带上,该矿床内发现有发育在花岗斑岩内的辉钼矿化。通过对辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素测定,获得模式年龄为(137.2±3.2) Ma和(138.2±2.1) Ma,对围岩花岗斑岩锆石进行SHRIMP U-Pb同位素测定,获得成岩年龄为(133.1±1.2) Ma。两种方法获得的年龄相近,表明成矿和成岩大致同时形成,均属早白垩世。另辉钼矿的Re含量为(186.6～216.8)×10~(-6),表明该钼矿化的成矿物质来自于地幔。通过与西拉沐沦钼多金属成矿带的典型矿床开展综合分析,认为红山子铀钼矿床的发育在花岗斑岩内的钼矿化具有斑岩型钼矿化特征,且应属该成矿带的138 Ma成矿期,该矿化是在白垩纪华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的大地构造背景下,由地幔组分与岩石圈作用形成的岩浆携带地幔含矿流体上侵而形成的钼矿化。     

豫西沙坡岭钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

河南省沙坡岭钼矿床是东秦岭钼矿带东段新发现的热液脉型钼矿床,通过对矿石中5件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素定年,获得125.4 Ma~129.4 Ma的模式年龄,加权平均年龄为127.22 Ma±0.85 Ma,得到一个相关性较好的128.1 Ma±7.1 Ma的等时线年龄,表明沙坡岭钼矿床形成于燕山中晚期。沙坡岭钼矿床辉钼矿的w(Re)高达147.2×10-6~307.8×10-6,与陕西黄龙铺钼矿床中的Re质量分数接近,表明有幔源物质和/或流体参与了成矿过程,暗示沙坡岭钼矿床的形成与中国东部的大规模岩石圈减薄事件有关。沙坡岭钼矿床深部可能存在斑岩型钼矿化,具有较大的找矿潜力。     

西藏拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年及其地质意义

西藏冈底斯成矿带拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域拉萨地块东段中南部,是近年来青藏高原地质大调查项目评价的重点矿床之一。本文在钻孔地质编录的基础上,采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年技术,对拉抗俄铜钼矿床中8件产于花岗闪长斑岩中的辉钼矿进行定年,获得了拉抗俄矿床辉钼矿成矿年龄,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为(13.20±0.20)Ma~(13.64±0.21)Ma,加权平均值为(13.38±0.15)Ma,等时线年龄为(13.12±0.44)Ma,代表了拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床的成矿时代,成矿作用发生于中新世。辉钼矿中Re的含量为343.6×10-6~835.7×10-6,平均557.8×10-6,指示其成矿物质中有幔源物质加入。拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床形成于印度—亚洲大陆碰撞造山带碰撞过程的伸展背景,其成矿年龄与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段中亚带众多斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统年龄基本一致(17~12 Ma),相对于同一矿集区的驱龙、甲玛、邦铺斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿的成矿年龄小2~3 Ma,但其形成受控于相同的成矿地球动力学背景。     

滇西北红山铜钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年及其成矿意义

红山铜钼矿床是义敦岛弧南端格咱火山-岩浆弧中已探明规模最大的夕卡岩型铜矿床,近年来在其深部勘探过程中又发现斑岩型铜钼矿体.利用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年技术,分别对红山铜钼矿床中5件夕卡岩型矿石和1件斑岩型矿石中辉钼矿进行定年,首次获得红山铜钼矿床高精度成矿年龄.夕卡岩型矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为77.90 ～ 81.05Ma,加权平均值为79.32±0.87Ma,斑岩型矿石中辉钼矿模式年龄为80.71Ma,两者在误差范围内相一致;6件样品辉钼矿等时线年龄为80.0±1.8Ma,代表了红山铜钼矿床的成矿时代.辉钼矿中Re的含量为(4.074±0.035) ×l0-6～(94.21±0.75)×10-6,指示其物质来源以壳源为主,有少量幔源物质混入.红山铜钼矿床与格咱火山-岩浆弧燕山晚期岩浆侵入作用的高峰期及相关斑岩-夕卡岩型多金属矿床的成矿年龄一致,表明它们是弧陆碰撞的后造山伸展背景下同一区域地质事件的产物,该期夕卡岩-斑岩型铜钼多金属具有较大成矿潜力.     

豫西熊耳山寨凹钼矿床辉钼矿铼-锇年龄及其地质意义

寨凹钼矿床位于河南熊耳山地区,是新近发现的穿插于太古宙太华岩群深变质岩中的辉钼矿石英脉型钼矿床.为了获得该钼矿床的成矿年龄,从10件采自辉钼矿石英脉的样品中挑选出辉钼矿单矿物进行Re-Os同位素年龄测定.10件辉钼矿样品22次测定结果的年龄最小值为(1 680±24)Ma,最大值为(1 831±29)Ma.其中10件辉钼矿粗粒(自然粒度)状态下13次测定结果的等时线年龄为(1 686±67)Ma,MSWD=16;4件研磨后粉末状辉钼矿9次测定结果的等时线年龄为(1 804±12)Ma,MSWD=1.09.两条等时线的仞始<'187>Os值在误差范围内接近于0,表明<'187>Os全部由Re衰变而来.上述结果表明,寨凹钼矿床形成于17～18亿年的中元古代早期,是目前中国已知最老的钼矿床,为中元古代早期华北克拉通伸展-裂解环境中构造-岩浆热事件所伴随的热液成矿作用的产物,与熊耳群火山岩浆活动有密切的时空和成因联系;辉钼矿的Re含量为4.832×10<'-6>～0.665×10<'6>,平均3.045×10<'-6>,表明成矿物质可能来自围岩地层.东秦岭地区从元古宙到印支期、燕山期的铜矿化构成该区的钼成矿谱系,寨凹钼矿床可能是该谱系中最早的端员.     

巴尔喀什成矿带博尔雷斑岩铜矿床地质特征与成矿时代

巴尔喀什成矿带是世界著名的中亚成矿域斑岩型铜钼成矿带, 产出许多大型-超大型斑岩型铜钼矿床和一些石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床。本文介绍了巴尔喀什成矿带博尔雷大型斑岩型铜(钼)矿床地质特征, 并对该矿床2件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析, 得到博尔雷大型斑岩型铜(钼)矿床的辉钼矿模式年龄(平均值)为315.9 Ma, 说明了晚石炭世巴尔喀什成矿带斑岩型铜钼矿床的形成年龄, 属海西晚期构造-岩浆活动的产物。博尔雷斑岩铜矿成矿时代介于东天山与西准噶尔斑岩型铜矿床的成矿时代之间。      

藏东拉荣斑岩钨钼矿床辉钼矿Re- Os定年及地质意义

拉荣钨钼矿床位于类乌齐-左贡成矿带的东南部,是藏东地区发现的首例大型斑岩型钨钼矿床。其成矿地质背景尚缺乏成矿年龄制约。本文对拉荣矿床含矿石英脉中的辉钼矿进行Re-Os定年,6件样品的模式年龄集中于91.5±1.3～92.3±1.3 Ma,其加权平均年龄为91.8±0.5 Ma,等时线年龄为90.6±2.1 Ma,表明拉荣钨钼矿床成矿时代为晚白垩世。辉钼矿样品的Re含量为53.0×10~(-6)～86.1×10~(-6),表明成矿物质具有壳幔混源的特征。拉荣钨钼矿床成矿年龄指示了班公湖-怒江构造带北东侧类乌齐-左贡成矿带内存在一期晚白垩世的钨多金属成矿事件,成矿作用发生于拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞造山阶段。     

内蒙古乌努格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床辉钼矿铼锇等时线年龄及其成矿地球动力学背景

内蒙古乌努格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床是我国东北地区大型铜钼矿床之一,其矿石中5件辉钼矿Re/Os同位素模式年龄介于(166.1±2.0)～(176.4±2.8)Ma之间,~(187)Re~(187)Os等时线年龄为178±10Ma(1σ误差,MSWD=3.3),代表流体成矿年龄。斑岩流体成矿系统发育在183±6Ma左右。在区域构造演化框架中,乌努格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床形成于陆陆碰撞过程的减压增温体制,而非与B型俯冲有关的岩浆弧环境。     

内蒙古兴和县曹四夭超大型斑岩钼铅锌金成矿系统年代学及其地质意义

曹四夭斑岩钼矿床位于内蒙古兴和县,是华北克拉通北缘最大的钼矿床。该矿床中部发育斑岩型钼矿体,外围和上部产出热液脉型铅锌金矿体。文章选取1件与斑岩钼矿化共生的绢云母样品进行了40Ar-39Ar定年,获得40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为(144.4±1.2)Ma,相应的39Ar/36Ar-40Ar/39Ar等时线年龄为(146.4±2.2)Ma(MSWD=0.31),将等时线年龄认作绢云母的Ar封闭年龄,表明曹四夭斑岩钼矿化发生在约146 Ma前。选取14件脉型铅锌矿石中的闪锌矿、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿样品开展了Rb-Sr定年,获得4件闪锌矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(145.1±3.0)Ma(MSWD=0.63);5件黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(145.2±1.3)Ma(MSWD=0.53);4件闪锌矿、5件黄铁矿和1件磁黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(145.3±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.43)。硫化物Rb-Sr定年结果表明曹四夭矿床脉型铅锌矿化形成于约145 Ma前。本次绢云母40Ar-39Ar和硫化物Rb-Sr定年结果表明,曹四夭矿床斑岩型钼矿化和脉型铅锌金矿化为同期产物,两者均形成于晚侏罗世末期,属于同一个斑岩成矿系统。曹四夭矿床硫化物的w(Rb)和w(Sr)分别为0.1867×10~(-6)~1.305×10~(-6)和0.3175×10~(-6)~6.935×10~(-6),Sr同位素初始比值(87Sr/86Sr)i介于0.709 919~0.711 951之间,平均值0.710 952,结合前人获得的辉钼矿Re含量,认为曹四夭矿床的成矿物质主要来源于地壳。     

内蒙东部白土营子钼铜矿田的矿床地质特征、辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其意义

白土营子斑岩型-石英脉型钼铜矿田是华北板块北缘西拉沐沦钼矿带南部新近发现的与岩浆热液活动密切相关的钼铜成矿系统.本文在矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对矿田内三个重要钼铜矿床开展了辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年,初步获得:1)白土营子斑岩型钼铜矿床的成矿年龄为248.O±10Ma(MSWD=0.52,n=6);2)白马石沟石英脉型铜钼矿的成矿年龄为248.6±6.7Ma(MSWD=1.06,n=4);3)库里吐石英脉型钼铜矿的成矿年龄为245.0±4.3Ma(MSWD =0.71,n=5);这一结果揭示该矿集区的钼铜矿化发生在早三叠世.该成矿系统的形成适值早三叠世西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞造山过程的晚期,二长花岗斑岩的UST结构证明含矿流体来自岩浆作用.早三叠世钼铜成矿作用在华北板块北缘及邻区有一定的普遍性,找矿前景可观.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997