西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿主要地质体的40Ar/39Ar年龄及地质意义

雄村铜金矿Ⅱ号矿体在2007-2008年取得了重大的找矿突破,详细的地质编录成果表明,矿体同样受含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩和角闪石英闪长玢岩控制.含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩和角闪石英闪长玢岩的锆石U-Pb年龄已经确定(164～177 Ma),因此,雄村铜金矿不同地质体的云母类、长石类矿物Ar-Ar同位素年龄的测定显得尤为关键.文章通过对穿切I号矿体的黑云母花岗闪长岩、云煌岩脉的黑云母Ar-Ar同位素测年,结合其他研究者的成果,得到一组十分重要的年龄数据.穿插矿体的黑云母花岗闪长岩中的黑云母(样号6187-335)坪年龄(46.96±0.42)Ma,穿插矿体的无矿化的云煌岩(5053-324.4)(Cu含量0.0551%,Au含量0.034 g/t,Ag0.6 g/t)中的黑云母给出了一个较好的似坪年龄,加权平均年龄为(49.59±0.58)Ma.结合其他研究者测定的中侏罗世侵位的角闪石英闪长玢岩(不含矿)[锆石U-Pb年龄为(177.1±2.0)Ma]中黑云母的At-At同位素年龄为(48.57±0.31)Ma;含矿凝灰岩围岩[锆石U-Pb年龄为(176±5)Ma,MS3VD=0.63}的蚀变绢云母Ar-Ar年龄为(47.07±0.30)Ma;似伟晶岩中长石的At-At年龄为(47.62±0.7)Ma,认为不同形成时代、不同产出空间、不同矿化程度的地质体的云母类、长石类矿物的Ar-Ar同位素年龄的一致性,反映了后期岩浆热事件对中侏罗世早期形成的地质体和矿体的黑云母氩同位素体系产生了较强的扰动或置换.谢通门大岩基黑云母花岗闪长岩的侵位致使各地质体发生显著的退变质,形成典型的角岩化带,这种退变质的时限在46-48 Ma之间的始新世lutetian期,进而认为各地质体中云母类矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素年龄不能作为成矿年龄.     

西藏谢通门县雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区Ⅱ号矿体中辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及地质意义

西藏谢通门雄村斑岩型铜金矿雄村铜金矿集区由Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ号3个铜金矿体组成。针对雄村铜金矿区Ⅱ号矿体的年代学研究结果表明Ⅱ号矿体中7件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄范围非常一致,其变化范围为169.5Ma±2.6Ma～173.6Ma±2.5Ma,结合等时线年龄[181Ma±19Ma(MSWD=4.6)]和平均模式年龄[172.6Ma±2.1Ma(MSWD=3.4)]认为最有可能的形成年龄应为172.6Ma±2.1Ma,该年龄代表雄村Ⅱ号矿体的成矿年龄,说明矿床形成于中侏罗世,属燕山早期的成矿作用。根据辉钼矿中Re的含量推测,雄村Ⅱ号矿体的成矿物质来源可能具有幔源的特点,其成矿时代与Ⅰ号矿体(161.5Ma±2.7Ma)相近,形成的构造背景亦与Ⅰ号矿体相似,即新特提斯洋俯冲阶段的岛弧环境。综合整个冈底斯带的成矿年龄可分为3个部分:161Ma～173Ma,40Ma～51Ma和12Ma～21Ma,分别对应于新特提斯洋俯冲阶段的成矿作用、印度-亚洲板块主碰撞汇聚阶段和后碰撞伸展阶段的成矿作用。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带南缘新特提斯洋俯冲期成矿作用: 来自雄村矿集区Ⅰ号矿体的Re-Os同位素年龄证据

雄村矿集区是近年来西藏冈底斯成矿带内发现的一处超大型铜金矿集区, 该矿集区位于冈底斯造山带中段南缘, 其南侧紧邻日喀则弧前盆地.最新的勘探资料表明, 雄村矿集区由Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号斑岩型铜金矿体组成.本文以雄村Ⅰ号矿体为研究对象, 获得Ⅰ号矿体中4件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄范围非常一致, 其变化范围为160.1±2.3~163.4±2.3 Ma, 等时线年龄为161±11 Ma(MSWD=4.2), 误差较大, 而平均模式年龄161.5±2.7 Ma(MSWD=2.0), 误差较小.因此, 雄村Ⅰ号矿体的形成时代为160.1±2.3~163.4±2.3 Ma, 最有可能的形成年龄应为161.5±2.7 Ma, 该年龄代表了雄村Ⅰ号矿体的成矿年龄, 这与前人获得的含矿斑岩(含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩)的锆石U-Pb年龄(164.3±1.9 Ma)基本吻合, 表明矿床形成于中侏罗世.同时, 雄村Ⅰ号矿体的含矿斑岩体和赋矿火山岩具有与岛弧火成岩类似的地球化学特征, 如相对富集LREE、LILE, 亏损HREE、HFS, 缺少或微弱负Eu异常.综合来看, 雄村Ⅰ号矿体形成于新特提斯洋俯冲期(>65 Ma), 产出的构造背景为新特提斯洋向北俯冲形成的岛弧环境, 属岛弧型斑岩铜金矿床.      

三个锆石U-Pb SHRIMP年龄对雄村特大型铜金矿床容矿火成岩时代的重新厘定

位于冈底斯造山带中西段的雄村特大型铜金矿床产于日喀则弧前盆地北缘的旦狮庭组火山岩中。文章通过对雄村矿床矿体外围英安斑岩、矿带内花岗闪长斑岩脉和矿体深部花岗闪长斑岩3个样品的锆石U-Pb SHRIMP年龄测定,获得成岩年龄分别为(195±4.6)Ma(MSWD=1.48)、(179±5)Ma(MSWD=2.6)和(175±5)Ma(MSWD=3.2),表明这套火山岩是形成于早侏罗世而不是此前一致公认的晚白垩世。在已知成矿时代为始新世(38.11Ma)的情况下,这些早侏罗世容矿火山岩时代的确定自然就排除了该矿床属斑岩型或海底喷流沉积型成因的可能性。另外,矿床受NWW向断裂破碎带控制,缺少浅成低温热液矿床的蚀变矿化组合,成矿流体具有岩浆水与大气水混合特征,矿石硫化物与容矿火山岩具有一致的S、Pb同位素组成。这些成矿特征与胶东焦家式金矿具有很大的相似性,推测该矿床很可能属于破碎带蚀变岩型铜金矿床。     

西藏雄村斑岩铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素体系

辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年是现今研究斑岩铜矿成矿时限最有效的手段。本文通过开展冈底斯成矿带雄村斑岩铜金矿辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学研究,并结合前人已发表的数据,认为雄村斑岩铜金矿床成矿时限为171~175Ma。Ⅰ号矿体可能受到始新世大规模的岩浆活动扰动,辉钼矿在经历过后期热事件影响,在辉钼矿中形成有极微量富Re的K-硅酸盐矿物,Ⅰ号矿体辉钼矿Re含量比Ⅱ号矿体以及Ⅲ号矿体中辉钼矿Re含量高出1～4倍,其Re-Os同位素年龄比真实年龄偏低,不能完全代表成矿年龄。同时通过与冈底斯成矿带斑岩-矽卡岩铜钼矿床,钼/钼铜矿床的对比研究后发现,雄村斑岩铜金矿中辉钼矿Re含量比同一成矿带上中新世斑岩铜钼矿床中辉钼矿Re含量高出一个数量级,比古新世—始新世斑岩钼矿/钼铜矿床中辉钼矿Re含量高出两个数量级。辉钼矿Re含量变化特征与成矿物质的来源、钼的浓度、成矿母岩组分以及成矿期间的物理/化学条件有关。     

西藏波龙斑岩铜金矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

波龙斑岩铜金矿紧邻多不杂矿床,是多龙矿集区内新发现的一个超大型矿床。波龙矿床早期有两次成矿花岗闪长斑岩侵位,随后较晚期花岗斑岩侵位;地表广泛分布绢英岩化蚀变,深部发育钾化。本文对采于波龙斑岩型铜金矿床内石英-辉钼矿脉中的4件辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素测试,获得等时线年龄为119.4±1.3Ma (MSWD=0.63, n=4)。此年龄代表了波龙矿床的成矿年龄,与多不杂斑岩型铜金矿床的成矿年龄一致。波龙和多不杂斑岩型铜金矿床紧邻,并具有一致的成矿年龄,可能表明两个矿床的成矿受控于相同的构造-岩浆-成矿事件;斑岩铜矿具有成群分布的特征,波龙和多不杂斑岩铜金矿床的发现也暗示多龙矿集区具有找到其他大型斑岩铜金矿的潜力。     

西藏曲水县达布斑岩铜(钼)矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

本文采用锆石LA-ICP-MS微区U-Pb测年技术,对冈底斯成矿带东段曲水县达布斑岩Cu(Mo)矿床北部达布矿区含矿斑岩体、南部显角囊含矿花岗闪长斑岩岩体进行了年代学研究,通过对3件岩体样品中单颗粒锆石的分析,达布主矿体花岗闪长斑岩样品206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为16.5±0.05Ma(n=15,MSWD=3),达布主含矿体二长花岗斑岩样品年龄为16.1±0.13Ma(n=15,MSWD=1.03),南部显角囊矿体花岗闪长斑岩年龄为16.2±0.04Ma(n=13,MSWD=0.0064)。对达布矿床斑岩Cu(Mo)矿床主矿体中4件辉钼矿样品,显角囊矿体中6件辉钼矿样品,分别进行了Re-Os同位素测试,等时线年龄分别为14.6±0.50Ma(MSWD=0.35,主矿体)、14.8±0.23Ma(MSWD=1.3,显角囊)。结合前人研究以及本次测年结果认为:1)达布斑岩铜(钼)矿床岩体侵位的年龄应限定在16Ma左右,成矿时代为14Ma左右,成矿时间差小于0.86Ma,与区域上"成矿瞬时发生"的成矿规律是一致的;2)矿床产出于印度-亚洲大陆板块后碰撞伸展环境。     

江西九瑞地区宝山斑岩型铜多金属矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

宝山斑岩型铜多金属矿床位于九瑞矿集区西北部,隶属于九江-瑞昌铜金矿田,为长江中下游铜金成矿带、大冶-九江成矿亚带的组成部分。对宝山岩体的花岗闪长斑岩进行LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年,获得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(147.81±0.48)Ma(MSWD=1.07);首次对宝山矿床的辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素定年,获得矿床的成矿年龄:6件辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄范围为(146.1±2.2)Ma~(148.7±2.0)Ma,加权平均年龄为(147.42±0.84)Ma,等时线年龄为(147.7±1.2)Ma。成岩年龄与成矿年龄在误差范围内一致。辉钼矿的Re含量指示宝山矿床的成矿物质来自于壳幔混源。宝山矿区的成岩、成矿时代与九瑞矿集区典型岩体和矿床的成岩、成矿时代相似,也与长江中下游地区铜陵、安庆和鄂东南(部分地区)的典型铜多金属矿床的成岩、成矿时代基本一致,都属于长江中下游成矿带早白垩世多金属成矿事件的一部分。     

冈底斯中段岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及其地质意义

岗讲铜钼矿床是西藏冈底斯成矿带中段典型的斑岩型矿床,岗讲矿床成岩成矿时代、岩浆演化过程及其与成岩成矿关系尚不明确,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对岗讲矿区主要岩体二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩和英云闪长玢岩成岩时代进行研究,获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值分别为16.6±0.3 Ma (MSWD=0.94,n=10)、16.1±0.2 Ma (MSWD=1.07,n=12)、14.4±0.4 Ma (MSWD=1.12,n=7);同时采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年方法首次对岗讲矿床石英硫化物脉中的辉钼矿进行定年,获得12件辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄集中于13.24±0.20 Ma~13.55±0.22 Ma,加权平均年龄为13.4±0.1 Ma (MSWD=0.65),等时线年龄为13.6±1.6 Ma (MSWD=1.2).结果表明:(1) 岗讲矿区复式岩体侵入序列为含巨斑黑云二长花岗岩-二长花岗斑岩-花岗闪长斑岩-流纹斑岩 (深部定名为英云闪长玢岩),成岩时限为16.6~14.4 Ma,成矿时代为13.4 Ma左右,成岩成矿是一个连续的岩浆演化过程;(2) 辉钼矿中Re含量为155.4~171.1 μg/g,均值为162.9 μg/g,指示其成矿物质中有幔源成分的加入;(3) 矿床产出于中新世印度-亚洲大陆碰撞后伸展构造环境.      

西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿床元素地球化学特征

已经查明西藏雄村铜金矿床的Cu 、Au资源量达到超大型规模.通过对雄村铜金矿床Ⅰ号矿体详细的地质编录和测年成果,发现雄村斑岩型铜(金)矿床形成于晚侏罗世,矿体的形成与晚侏罗世侵位的、含眼球状石英斑晶的闪长玢岩(J3δομ)有关,成矿岩体呈不规则的岩枝状,全岩矿化,岩体中Au的平均品位大于1g/t,Cu含量大于0.7%.含矿围岩是早、中侏罗世的凝灰岩,近岩体部分矿化强烈.矿体被后期侵位的多种岩脉穿插,并被始新世侵位的谢通门大岩基黑云母花岗闪长岩穿插和破坏,岩脉的Cu、Au、Ag含量极低,黑云母花岗闪长岩(E2γδβ)Cu、Au、Ag的平均品位(733件样品分析结果统计)分别为0.0091%、0.0053 g/t、0.279 g/t;成矿前侵位的角闪石英闪长玢岩(J2δομ)Cu、Au、Ag的平均品位(1 414件样品分析结果统计)分别为0.0105%、0.048 g/t、0.395 g/t;穿插矿体的安山岩脉Cu、Au、Ag的平均品位(527件样品分析结果统计)分别为0.065%、0.068 g/t、0.728 g/t,穿插矿体的闪长岩脉的Cu、Au、Ag的平均品位(87件样品分析结果统计)分别为0.081%、0.091 g/t、0.818 g/t.根据167个勘探钻孔编录和化学分析(24 369件化学分析样品)资料,以及对海拔4 000 m、3 950 m、3 900 m水平面的Cu、Au、Ag、Mo、Mn、Pb、Zn、W、K、Na、Ca、Rb元素分布规律的分析,显示矿体具有斑岩型矿床的蚀变、矿化以及元素地球化学特征,主要矿化和围岩蚀变在时间上和空间上均与含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩(J3δομ)有关.成矿期间与矿化热液活动有关的蚀变主要有:①早期钾硅酸盐化;②红柱石次生石英岩化(硅化);③黄铁绢英岩化;④青磐岩化.成矿期形成的脉体类型主要有早期石英-红柱石-硫化物脉、红柱石-黑云母-硫化物脉、磁铁矿-黑云母-硫化物脉、富黄铜矿硫化物脉、黄铁矿脉和多金属矿脉.从矿体中心向外,元素具有明显的分带特征.在矿体中心局部,由于红柱石-次生石英岩化蚀变作用强烈,致使K、Rb等元素向外迁移.矿石富K贫Na,以及K与Rb具有良好的相关性的特点均与国内外典型的斑岩铜矿床相似.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Occurrence,distribution, and composition of sulfide minerals,Boulder batholith,montana

Sulfide minerals in the Boulder batholith occur 1. as disseminated grains, visible in hand specimens; 2. in aplitic-pegmatitic pods and masses; 3. along joint and shear surfaces; 4. in hydrothermal veins; and 5. as minute masses within pyrite and silicate minerals and along intergranular sites. Hydrothermally altered rocks have an average sulfide content of 0.8 weight per cent, compared to an average of 0.01 per cent for unaltered rocks. Unaltered rock of the batholith may contain as much as 0.7 weight per cent sulfide. Sulfide inclusions in pyrite, the most abundant sulfide of the batholith, are common and represent a captured iss-phase which later changed to chalcopyrite plus pyrrhotite or mackinawite. Inclusions are most abundant, and more complex, in pyrites of hydrothermally altered and ore rocks. Electron-probe analyses show that pyrites of the Boulder batholith have very similar compositions to those found for pyrites from other ore deposits around the world.