生物炭-壳聚糖磁性复合吸附剂的制备及去除地下水中铅和铜

壳聚糖作为天然多糖有机物,具有对环境友好的特性,其含有的大量含氮官能团可吸附水中的金属离子。但壳聚糖类吸附剂在酸性条件下适应性差,实际使用过程中需要调节pH值,因此增加了运行成本。本文选用农林废弃物花生壳(CC)和玉米芯(PS)制备生物炭,与壳聚糖进行结合,并引入磁性因子Fe3O4,制备了花生壳生物炭-壳聚糖磁性复合吸附剂(PSC)和玉米芯生物炭-壳聚糖磁性复合吸附剂(CCC),并研究这两种吸附剂对水中Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附性能,同时利用实际含多种金属离子的地下水对所制备的材料进行实验,以评估其实际应用潜能。比表面积仪(BET)分析表征显示,CCC相比PSC的比表面积和平均孔径更大,两种吸附剂在pH 4～7范围内均表现出稳定的吸附性能。循环5个周期后,两种吸附剂仍对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的去除率保持在85%以上,表现出良好的循环利用性能。CCC对Pb⁽²⁺)和Cu²⁺的最大吸附容量分别为169.10mg/g和18.69mg/g,均大于P...     

利用粉煤灰制备高强矿物聚合材料的实验研究

以粉煤灰和内蒙古白云鄂博的富钾板岩提钾后的硅铝质滤渣为粉体原料,标准砂为骨料,采用振动成型方法,在90 ℃下养护24 h,制备了矿物聚合材料。实验结果显示：制品的7 d饱水抗压强度达78.5 MPa,28 d饱水抗压强度可达89.0 MPa;制品的含水率和吸水率分别为5.3%和15.0%;在20 ℃下,制品在浓度为1.0 mol/L的硫酸溶液中浸泡24 h,其质量损失率为2.1%。以制品的抗压强度为指标,研究了主要因素（提钾滤渣比例、固液质量比、硅酸钠含量和标准砂含量）对制品性能的影响。结果表明：干燥的提钾滤渣在粉体物料中的比例对制品的力学性能影响最大;硅酸钠水玻璃在液相中的比例约为70%,且标准砂占固相的比例为70%左右时,可制得力学性能良好的矿物聚合材料。矿物聚合材料的固结过程为：硅铝质原料在碱硅酸盐溶液中先分解为铝硅酸盐低聚体,低聚体再通过脱羟基聚合反应生成铝硅酸盐胶体相,进一步形成由[SiO₄]^4- 和[AlO₄]^5-四面体相互连接的具有三维网络结构的矿物聚合材料基体相,从而赋予制品良好的力学性能。     

青海马海盐湖低品位固体钾矿室内溶矿实验研究

柴达木盆地马海盐湖浅部赋存有储量可观的低品位固体钾盐资源,通过水溶开采即固液转化的方法为企业10万吨/年的钾肥生产提供了资源保障。随着水溶开采工作的持续进行,目前马海钾矿区北部浅部固体钾矿的品位进一步降低,给盐田和选矿工艺的调整带来极大挑战。为使这部分资源得以充分利用,本文以马海盐湖钻孔9-13和9-3附近埋深0～3m的固体钾矿样品为研究对象,系统开展了室内溶矿模拟实验。实验结果表明:(1)在固体钾矿KCl品位较低时,适当提高溶剂的波美度,有利于K⁺的溶出,提高溶出液中K⁺的浓度。(2)溶剂中Na⁺的浓度太低会溶解盐层骨架,而Na⁺的浓度太高会导致结盐,生产中应根据钾矿层的实际情况,以满足溶出液K⁺浓度含量达标为准调整溶剂的波美度。(3)随着马海矿区固体钾矿品位持续降低,当K⁺的浓度达到盐田生产要求时,钠盐池卤水中Na⁺的浓度会明显增加,卤水中SO₄^2-相对浓度也相应增加,钠盐池阶段析出的石...     

Tb3+掺杂的纳米TiO2粉体的水热法制备及其光谱研究

以钛酸正丁酯\[Ti(OBu)₄\]为前驱体,通过水热法制备了稀土Tb³⁺掺杂的TiO₂粉体样品,并利用激发光谱（PLE）、光致发光（PL）光谱对制得的样品进行了光谱研究。结果表明：水热法制备的掺杂有Tb³⁺的TiO₂粉体在室温下可以得到Tb³⁺的特征发射,并且Tb³⁺离子的发光强度与制备条件有关,当反应温度为125℃、反应时间为72 h、Tb³⁺的掺杂体积分数为12%时发射峰的强度达到最大。     

浅覆盖区1:5万浅钻地球化学测量采样密度探讨——以安徽凤阳大王府—江山铅锌金矿为例

以安徽凤阳大王府—江山铅锌金矿为例,通过开展系统的浅钻地球化学测量试验研究,进一步探讨浅覆盖区浅钻地球化学测量最佳采样密度。实际采样平均密度为16孔/km²,均匀抽稀成8孔/km²、4孔/km²、2孔/km²分别绘制单元素地球化学异常图,经过对比研究,发现1:5万浅钻地球化学测量适宜的采样密度为4孔/km²,均匀布孔,能够反映类似大王府—江山铅锌金矿中型矿床类型的特征。     

氯化铵-乙醇法测定蛭石的阳离子交换容量

采用氯化铵-乙醇法测定了蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量。实验结果表明:氯化铵-乙醇法测定蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量时,必须使蛭石充分润湿分散,以利于NH₄⁺与蛭石层间阳离子的充分交换。甲醛法滴定NH₄⁺含量时,必须消除甲酸的影响,并且不加热待滴定液可以获得较准确的测试结果。实验测得蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量为60.8824×10^-3mol/100 g。     

矿物聚合材料固化过程中的聚合反应机理研究

以粉煤灰、高岭石等为原料,制备出具有良好力学性能和耐酸性的矿物聚合材料制品,可代替部分硅酸盐水泥制品。根据矿物聚合材料制品在3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d的X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱（IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、核磁共振（NMR）等测试分析结果,研究了该材料固化过程中的聚合反应机理。研究结果表明,矿物聚合材料在固化过程中的反应如下：（1）粉煤灰中的玻璃相在强碱的作用下首先发生溶解,其中部分Si-O、Al-O键发生断裂;（2）断裂之后的Si、Al组分在碱金属离子Na⁺、OH^- 等作用下形成Si、Al低聚体（-Si-O-Na、-Si-O-Ca-OH、Al(OH)^-₄、Al(OH)^2-₅、Al(OH)^3-₆）,而后随着溶液组成和各种离子浓度的变化,这些低聚体形成凝胶状的类沸石前驱体;（3）前驱体脱水形成非晶相物质。核磁共振分析结果表明,28 d制品中,Si的存在方式以Q⁴为主。研究结果为进一步揭示矿物聚合材料的形成机理、改善制品的性能奠定了良好的基础。     

中高热解温度下秸秆基生物炭对铅、镉的吸附特性研究

【研究目的】热解温度和原材料对秸秆基生物炭吸附重金属性能的影响。【研究方法】本文以玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆作为原料,在限氧条件下,通过热解法于中温(450℃)和高温(600℃)下制备秸秆基生物炭S450、S600、Y450和Y600,研究不同类型生物炭的材料表面特性差异及对溶液中Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺吸附特性的影响。【研究结果】结果表明,热解温度对生物炭理化性质影响明显,随着热解温度的升高,产率下降,碳元素含量增大,氮、氢和氧元素含量有所降低,而且比表面积、总孔体积和平均孔径均有所减小。4种秸秆基生物炭对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附以化学沉淀反应为主,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭对Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺的吸附量和吸附速率也随之增大,而且玉米秸秆生物炭对Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺的吸附量明显高于水稻秸秆生物炭的吸附量。【结论】4种生物炭对溶液中Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附分别为多层吸附和单分子层吸附,而...     

秦岭主峰太白山北麓降水化学特征分析

利用太白山北麓2011年12月-2013年7月共39次降水样品数据资料, 定量分析了该区域降水化学的特征和时间变化规律. 结果表明: 太白山北麓地区降水中, 除常量离子Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-外, CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-、PO₄^3-及低分子有机酸也占有相当比例. 研究区降水常量离子浓度的顺序依次为: NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > F^-, 离子总浓度表现出明显的季节变化: 夏季(轻度污染) < 秋季(中等污染) < 春季(严重污染) < 冬季(极重污染). 利用因子分析法得出太白山北麓地区降水组分主要有三种来源; Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自地壳源, SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺主要来自人为源, K⁺和F^-主要由海盐源和人为源共同贡献. 根据Hysplit 后向气流轨迹分析, 得出不同路径气团降水离子组分不同: 受地形等因素影响, 北方路径的气团比南方路径气团离子总浓度较高; 受土壤类型影响, 西北方向气团降水Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高; 受人为活动影响, 东北方向SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺浓度较高.     

地下水系统中镍污染和天然胶体共迁移特征

为了对地下水系统中天然胶体与Ni²⁺的共迁移特征进行研究,通过静态吸附实验和石英砂模拟含水层介质柱实验研究了土壤胶体对Ni²⁺在地下水中运移的影响,以及pH、离子强度（IS）、有机质等对土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的影响。结果表明：随着pH值升高,土壤胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附量增加;离子强度的增加会显著地降低土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的能力;腐殖酸（HA）的存在会增强胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附能力;在有胶体的情况下,Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间会缩短,吸附能力增强,吸附量增加,但当离子强度增加时,虽然Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间也被缩短,但是吸附量却降低。     

硅灰石与盐酸快速反应规律及应用研究

反应体系pH≤1．5时，硅灰石与盐酸快速反应，反应后体系中Si,Ca,Fe,Mg等元素在固液两相中化学状态及分布不同，当pH值为0．3－0．6时，液相中SiO2(硅溶胶）比例最大，Ca主要存在于液相中，但固相中总有少量Ca存在。快速反应固相比表面积较大，若反应前添加PEG，反应后中和到pH=4，可制备高比表面多孔SiO2，其比表面积＞430m^2/g，孔径1－2nm，该产物在合成以二氧化硅为基质的纳米复合材料及用作催化剂载体等方面有较好的应用前景。     

利用高铝粉煤灰制备氢氧化铝的实验

以无水碳酸钠为助剂,分解高铝粉煤灰中的莫来石和铝硅酸盐玻璃相。经中温烧结、酸浸使硅铝分离,调节pH值为5～6纯化含铝滤液,通入CO₂气体酸化等工序,可制备氢氧化铝粉体。采用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、化学分析方法对制品进行表征,结果表明：制备的氢氧化铝为球形颗粒,其粒径为200 nm左右,性能达到GB/T4294-1997的三级标准。实验所采用的工艺路线是高铝粉煤灰资源化高效利用的有效途径之一。     

Synthesis of cordierite using industrial waste fly ash

Fly ash is a product arising from coal combustion in thermal power plants. It represents a major source of environmental pollution. It is well known by its chemical composition rich of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. With the aim of preserving the environment against this contamination, fly ash was used along with the starting materials for producing glass cordierite (2MgO, 2Al₂O₃, 5SiO₂). Four formulations were developed by mixing the silica gel, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂.6H₂O) and fly ash in the percentages enclosing the stoichiometry of cordierite (2MgO, 2Al₂O₃, 5SiO₂). Different experimental techniques (DTA/TGA, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and SEM) were used to characterise the prepared formulations. The results shown that for all formulations, a cordierite phase was obtained at 1200 °C along with several secondary phases such as mullite, cristobalite, silicon oxide, enstatite and spinel. At 1300 °C, pure indialite (α-cordierite) was obtained along with a small amount of spinel. The four formulations sintered at 1200 °C exhibit a homogenous morphology and high porosity. The acicular-shaped indialite grains were observed in both formulations with excess of alumina and excess of magnesia.     

利用提钾废渣和粉煤灰制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

利用富钾岩石提钾后的废渣代替硅酸钠 (钾 )、大部分高岭石和氢氧化钠 (钾 ) ,以粉煤灰为主要原料 ,制备出矿物聚合材料 ,并采用正交实验确定其优化工艺条件为 :煅烧高岭石用量为 10 %～ 15 % ,废渣用量约 35 % ,氢氧化钠用量为 5 %～ 6 %。代表性样品的 7d抗压强度可达到 4 0～ 5 0MPa ,耐酸性、耐碱性分别为 99.99%和 10 0 % ,密度1.77～ 1.88g/cm3 ,收缩率 0 .13%～ 0 .2 8% ,导热系数 0 .4 8～ 0 .5 1W/m·K ,平均硬度 3.4 3。X射线粉末衍射分析表明 ,由铝硅酸盐聚合反应形成的基体相呈非晶态。扫描电镜分析絮凝状的基体相与粉煤灰玻璃体结合紧密 ,从而为制品具备良好的力学性能提供了结构基础。该矿物聚合材料成本低廉 ,同时又能利用粉煤灰等工业固体废物而达到改善环境的目的     

Uraniferous opal, Virgin Valley, Nevada: conditions of formation and implications for uranium exploration

Uraniferous, fluorescent opal, which occurs in tuffaceous sedimentary rocks at Virgin Valley, Nevada, records the temperature and composition of uranium-rich solutions as well as the time of uranium-silica coprecipitation. Results are integrated with previous geologic and geochronologic data for the area to produce a model for uranium mobility that may be used to explore for uranium deposits in similar geologic settings.Uraniferous opal occurs as replacements of diatomite, or silicic air-fall ash layers in tuffaceous lakebeds of the Virgin Valley Formation (Miocene) of Merriam (1907). Fission-track radiography shows uranium to be homogeneously dispersed throughout the opal structure, suggesting coprecipitation of dissolved uranium and silica gel. Fluid inclusions preserved within opal replacements of diatomite have homogenization temperatures in the epithermal range and are of low salinity. Four samples of opal from one locality all have U-Pb apparent ages which suggest uraniferous opal precipitation in late Pliocene time. These ages correspond to a period of local, normal faulting, and highangle faults may have served as vertical conduits for transport of deep, thermalized ground water to shallower levels. Lateral migration of rising solutions occurred at intersections of faults with permeable strata. Silica and some uranium were dissolved from silica-rich host strata of 5–20 ppm original uranium content and reprecipitated as the solutions cooled. The model predicts that in similar geologic settings, ore-grade concentrations of uranium will occur in permeable strata that intersect high-angle faults and that contain uranium source rocks as well as efficient reductant traps for uranium. In the absence of sufficient quantities of reductant materials, uranium will be flushed from the system or will accumulate in low-grade disseminated hosts such as uraniferous opal.     

Technical Note Reactive silica and strength of fly ashes

The use of fly ash in geotechnical engineering depends greatly on its pozzolanic reactivity. Though many factors influence the reactivity of fly ash it is well recognized that reactive silica and lime content play a major role. A new, accurate and reliable method for the determination of reactive silica content of fly ash has been established. The reactive silica content, obtained as acid soluble silica in about 2 to 3 N hydrochloric acid, is found to correlate well with unconfined compressive strength of fly ashes. The reactive silica content of fly ash is also important in the stabilization of soils using fly ash. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构研究

采用化学成分、X衍射和电子显微镜分析等方法研究了高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构。结果表明 ,其矿物组成主要是 3Al2 O3 ·2SiO2 和硅铝酸盐的胶凝物相 ,具有较大孔径的多孔结构特征 ,与水泥混凝土的矿物组成和微观结构有较大不同 ;粉煤灰的掺量、养护龄期对水化产物的生成量有直接影响 ;固结剂掺量大于 2 0 %时 ,粉煤灰和固结剂全部反应形成多孔状的胶凝体水化产物     

测定硅灰石制得多孔SiO2粉体粒径的分散剂选择研究

考察了几种不同类型表面活性剂对一种气相白炭黑的分散效果。经比较研究发现：吐湿－80和六偏磷酸钠的分散效果较类似且较好，对此进行了讨论并选择六偏磷酸钠作为分散剂测试了由硅灰石制制得的多孔SiO2粉体的颗粒粒径。初步确定，该多孔SiO2粉体作为填料可用于反光塑料制品中。     

Compression Behavior of Mine Tailings Amended with Cementitious Binders

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash amendment on the compression behavior of mine tailings. Natural and synthetic (i.e., laboratory prepared) mine tailings were used to assess the effects of tailings composition and tailings solids content on compressibility. Three types of off-specification fly ashes and Type I–II Portland cement were used as cementitious binders. Tailings-fly ash mixtures were prepared at solids content of 60–75% (water content = 33–67%), water-to-binder ratios of 2.5 and 5, and were cured for 0.1 days (2 h), 7, and 28 days. Bi-linear compression curves on semi-log plots were observed in most of the binder-amended tailings specimens. The break in slope on the compression curve was identified as the breaking stress, whereupon cementitious bonds were broken. The breaking stress increased with an increase in fly ash content, which was attributed to a lower water-to-binder ratio and void volume-to-binder volume ratio that produced more effective particle bonding. Breaking stress also increased with an increase in CaO content and CaO-to-SiO₂ ratio of fly ash, which resulted in more effective bonding between particles. The effect of curing time on the breaking stress of fly ash amended specimens was characterized by (1) an increase in breaking stress via increase in curing time and cementitious bond formation or (2) a constant breaking stress with curing time due to competing mechanisms during loading. Specimens cured under a vertical stress showed an increase in breakings stress with applied load water removal prior to cementitious bond formation that reduced the water-to-binder ratio and led to more effective cementation.     

一种能大量消耗粉煤灰的多孔材料的初步研究

以武汉青山热电厂的粉煤灰为原料制作多孔材料.其中的两种样品的孔隙率分别为45.8%和61%.该材料可作为一种消音和隔热材料用于高速公路和城乡建设, 从而大量消耗粉煤灰以达到保护环境的目的