基于LA-ICP-MS多元素成像技术的早寒武世磷结核成因研究

我国下寒武统底部广泛发育磷结核、磷块岩等富磷沉积,为早寒武世最为重要的化学标志层之一,也代表了隐生宙—显生宙转折期地球表层系统的重大变革。当前对磷来源和富集机制的解释不一。为进一步明确该时期富磷沉积的形成机制,本文利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(LA-ICP-MS)对贵州金沙地区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩中的磷结核进行多元素原位微区成像研究。结果表明:磷结核中各元素富集情况清晰地记录了磷结核形成过程中微环境的变化趋势。其中,磷结核内部Ca、P共富集以及Si亏损,指示P富集缘于自生磷灰石生成,P则来自于有机质含氧或厌氧降解释放;Mn、Zn与P共富集于磷结核内部,指示结核形成时的底部水体为含氧水体;As、Mo、V等元素主要富集于围岩或黑色页岩,指示缺氧含H_2S水体形成终止了结核生长。本研究显示,LA-ICP-MS原位多元素成像技术能够获取微区内丰富的地球化学信息,并提供高精度可视化证据,未来将在地质勘探和古环境研究等领域得到更广泛应用。     

青藏高原新生代火山活动的深部力学背景

为了研究火山形成基本要素——岩浆运移通道的形成, 基于重力异常反演的青藏高原下地壳底部的地幔对流应力场, 结合地壳破裂形成机理和对流应力场与青藏高原新生代火山分布的关系, 以及青藏高原下地幔对流演化的数值模拟结果, 分析了高原火山岩浆运移通道产生的深部力学机制.研究表明, 高原下地幔对流应力场存在两个大的拉张区, 高原中部和北部的火山岩均分布于拉张应力区.南部的林子宗火山区对应了印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞前或碰撞早期高原下的地幔上升流.对流应力的量级为~100Ma, 这与导致地壳破裂的应力量级相当.所有这些证据表明, 青藏高原下地幔对流应力场可能是导致高原地壳破裂, 并发展为岩浆物质通道的主要力学机制之一.      

凤台砾岩与四顶山组过渡接触关系的发现及其地质意义

凤台砾岩的特征是砾石磨圆差、无分选,主要来自下伏四顶山组叠层石灰岩、砂屑灰岩,砾石和胶结物均以碳酸盐岩为主．在寿县李冲乡的两个剖面上,凤台砾岩与下伏四顶山组叠层石灰岩具有指状交叉的过渡接触关系,具缓坡相特征的叠层石完好地生长于砾岩之上．研究表明,凤台砾岩是在四顶山组沉积的同时,由于地震（或其他地质作用）使得四顶山组灰岩破碎形成高密度流堆积于碳酸盐台地的缓坡环境而成．     

凤台砾岩与四顶山组过渡接触关系的发现及…

凤台砾岩的特征是砾石磨圆差,无分选,主要来自下伏四顶组叠层石灰岩,砂屑灰岩,砾石和胶结物均以碳酸盐岩为主,在寿到李冲乡的两个剖面上,凤台砾岩与下伏四顶山组叠层石灰岩具有指状交叉的过渡接触关系,具缓坡相特征的叠层石守生长于砾岩之上,研究表明,凤台砾岩是在四顶山组没积的同时,由于地震（或其他地质作用）使得四顶山线灰岩破碎形成高密度流堆积于碳酸盐台地的缓坡环境而成。     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗陶海营子地区林西组沉积环境

阿鲁科尔沁旗陶海营子地区是上二叠统林西组发育较好的典型地区之一.林西组岩性为一套以黑、灰黑、灰绿色调为主的砂板岩组合,上部含丰富的非海相生物化石.应用地球化学方法,对陶海营子剖面和鲁D2井上二叠统林西组泥岩样品进行常量、微量元素分析,发现林西组整体具有高硅、铝、钙,低磷、锰的特点.并结合化石组合特征和保存状态,对林西组沉积环境进行探讨.认为该地区林西组形成于咸水-淡水的沉积环境,水体环境有一个逐渐淡化的过程.底部为海陆交互相沉积环境,上部为陆相淡水湖泊沉积环境.     

大兴安岭北段早石炭世洋岛型玄武岩的确立及成因意义

大兴安岭北段根河地区早石炭世发育一套细碎屑岩及海相中-基性火山岩石组合,归属为莫尔根河组.其中基性火山岩为细碧岩、变玄武岩,岩石富Na2 O、K2O、TiO2,w(Fe2 O3)/w(FeO)=0.8(平均),属碱性系列.LREE富集,Eu无异常.Ti、Y、Yb略低于MORB外,其它元素高于MORB,具大洋板内玄武岩特征.w(87Sr)/w(86Sr)初始值为0.704 3,εNd(t)=3.00,表明岩浆源于富集地幔.本区莫尔根河组基性火山岩石形成的构造环境为地幔柱成因的夏威夷型洋岛环境.     

江西的长兴组

本文按(竹蜒)类化石分布特征将长兴组分为三部分:上部个体较大的Palaeofusulina甚为富集;中部化石较少,且以个体微小的Palaeofusulina minina为主;底部出现大量Gallowayinella.但其分布下限可达龙潭组中部海相层.文章对长兴组的沉积环境,上下接触关系及邻区对比作了讨论.     

中上扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩发育的古环境恢复

上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩是中国南方海相4套主力区域烃源岩之一,有关它形成与发育环境的研究是南方海相油气成藏理论的基础性问题.本文选择中上扬子南缘2条代表性剖面,对上奥陶统-下志留统沉积岩进行了详细的地球化学分析,提取其中对沉积古环境有指示意义的地化指标,对该段地层的古环境进行了恢复.研究表明,优质烃源岩段主要集中在上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组底部,V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co、Ceanom、δEu和δ13Corg等地球化学指标与有机碳含量均有较好的相关性,这些指标的异常均表明优质烃源岩发育于缺氧环境.而龙马溪组上部地层的有机碳含量较低,各种地球化学指标也显示,此时缺氧环境遭到了破坏,这与当时的沉积环境多为高能环境、不利于烃源岩发育是一致的.     

西藏泥盆纪海相红层的分布与时代

在作者及前人对西藏地区泥盆纪地层学、古生物学等资料研究的基础上,作者对该区泥盆纪海相红层进行了初步的系统整理。共识别出6层(套)海相红层,它们是:早泥盆世扎西岗组海相红层(洛赫柯夫阶—布拉格阶)(XDRB1)和春节桥组上部海相红层(埃姆斯阶)(XDRB2),中泥盆世海通组海相红层(艾费尔阶)(XDRB3)和丁宗隆组底部海相红层(吉维阶)(XDRB4),晚泥盆世查果罗玛组(下部)海相红层(弗拉斯阶)(XDRB5)和羌格组顶部海相红层(法门阶)(XDRB6)。所有海相红层均形成于近岸或浅水碳酸盐岩台地环境,因此,属于浅水-半深水陆棚红层,此外,还讨论了中国南方泥盆纪海相红层的分布及全球法门期海相红层广布事件。     

贵州瓮安地区北斗山矿区寒武系牛蹄塘组的特征

瓮安大信北斗山矿区牛蹄塘组出露普遍,厚度较薄,明显分为2段。下段称上磷矿段,以磷质岩或磷块岩为主,沉积结构以内碎屑结构为主,内碎屑成分主要为磷质砂屑,可见黄铁矿和海绿石;岩层具有透镜状层理、水平层理、块状层理、磷质结核体等沉积构造。上段称黑色页岩段,以黑色页岩为主,沉积结构以泥质结构为主;普遍发育水平层理和较大个体的磷结核体。黑色页岩段底部普遍含镍钼钒多金属层;下部含黄铁矿纹层或结核,中部出现碳酸盐结核。对牛蹄塘组的地层特征和岩石学特征分析表明,本区牛蹄塘组为水体较深的缺氧沉积,显示为海平面上升期的海侵层,上磷矿段沉积时为动力较强的滨海至浅海陆棚相环境,黑色页岩段沉积时为水动力较弱的陆棚边缘盆地相环境,多金属层位于最大海泛面处。     

华北陆块东南缘凤台组岩相古地理分析

对华北陆块南缘凤台组的沉积相和沉积微相研究表明，凤台组具有海底扇的沉积模式。根据凤台组的沉积分布特征，其总体为海底扇的水道沉积。这一水道相似于陡倾大陆边缘的海底峡谷，其产生可能与断裂作用有关。     

Septarian concretions from the Oxford Clay (Jurassic, England, UK): involvement of original marine and multiple external pore fluids

Septarian concretions occur at several horizons within the Oxford Clay Formation, a marine mudstone containing pristine aragonite and immature biomarker molecules. They record the passage of at least four generations of pore fluids, the first of marine origin and the last still present in cavities. Concretion bodies formed, cracked, and calcite and pyrite precipitated in and around the cracks within the sulphate reduction zone, as demonstrated by C, O, S and Sr isotopic composition (Pore fluid 1). Before major compaction, sandstone dykes were intruded locally, and baryte precipitated, followed by coarse calcite cements with isotopically light oxygen and radiogenic strontium, indicating the introduction of meteoric-derived water (Pore fluid 2). Later, coarse celestine within concretions has distinct sulphur-isotopic composition and requires a further, geographically restricted, water source (Pore fluid 3). Celestine-bearing concretions contain water in tight cavities whose isotopic composition is close to that of modern precipitation. Its chemistry shows that it is equilibrating with pre-existing minerals implying a relatively recent origin (Pore fluid 4). The mineralogy of the Oxford Clay concretions shows that complex results can follow from a simple burial and uplift history, and that multiple generations of pore fluids can pass through a low-permeability clay.     

贵州关岭上三叠统瓦窑组中碳酸盐岩结核形成的生物作用

贵州省关岭县新铺乡附近的晚三叠世早期地层瓦窑组底部产具重大科学意义的关岭生物群。关岭生物群产出地层中伴有大量大型碳酸盐岩结核。这些结核中部都有植物茎干,结核内的海百合、双壳、菊石、牙形刺等生物化石含量明显高于结核周围的岩石,且有许多生物化石直接附着在植物茎干上。这类结核的形成,除化学沉积作用外,还有生物作用的影响。海百合、双壳类和菊石类栖息在植物茎干上营假浮游生活,随着栖息生物量和化学沉积物灰泥的增加,逐渐沉积在海底形成结核。     

安徽淮南下寒武统沉积环境以及碳酸盐岩微相分析

华北地台南缘安徽淮南老鹰山剖面下寒武统猴家山组和馒头组的沉积环境和碳酸盐岩微相指示了３期地区性海进沉积旋回序列。假整合于前寒武系凤台组冰积砾岩层之上的猴家山组蒸发相白云岩和馒头组下段的深褐色页岩、钙质页岩和深灰色、灰色中厚层至薄层灰岩构成第１个海进序列;馒头组中段的页岩和薄层灰岩及馒头组上部的深褐色页岩构成第２个海进序列;第３次海进以近馒头组顶部的页岩出现为标志,至老鹰山组下段局部地区的剥蚀面作为中下寒武统的界限和第二次海退的终结。     

Ventispheres: granule-pebble spheres of eolian origin in lower cretaceous and recent rocks of Israel

Spherical sandstone fragments which are neither concretions nor water-worn pebbles were found in the sandstone beds near the base of the Hathira Formation in the lower Cretaceous section of the Maktesh Gadol outcrops, in Southern Israel. Similar sandstone spheres which were found in the area were in the process of being formed by wind action in a serir environment. Both the ancient and the Recent spheres are referred to as “Ventispheres”. Their presence in the lower Cretaceous rocks shows that the non-marine interval between the first and the second marine transgressions recorded in this area included eolian events, at least in a local serir environment.     

Sedimentary facies and diagenetic features of the Early Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt,Iran

The Early Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation (middle part of the Khami Group), is one of the important reservoir rocks in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt is located on the boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and formed from collision between Eurasia and advancing Arabia during the Cenozoic. In this study area, the Fahliyan Formation with a thickness of 325 m, consists of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite). This formation overlies the Late Jurassic Surmeh Formation unconformably and underlies the Early Cretaceous Gadvan Formation conformably at Gadvan Anticline. The formation was investigated by a detailed petrographic analysis to clarify the depositional facies, sedimentary environments and diagenetic features in the Gadvan Anticline. Petrographic studies led to recognition of the 12 microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts: tidal flat, lagoon, and shoal in inner ramp and shallow open marine in mid-ramp environments. The absence of turbidite deposits, reefal facies, and gradual facies changes show that the Fahliyan Formation was deposited on a carbonate ramp. Calcareous algae and benthic foraminifera are abundant in the shallow marine carbonates of the Fahliyan Formation. The diagenetic settings favored productioning a variety of features which include cements from early to late marine cements, micritization, dolomitization, compaction features, dissolution fabric, and pores. The diagenetic sequence can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) eugenic stage: marine diagenetic environment, (2) mesogenic stage: burial environment, and (3) telogenic stage: meteoric diagenetic environment.     

Petrography, chemistry and genesis of phosphorite concretions in the Eocene Umm Rijam Chert limestone Formation, Ma'an area, south Jordan

Phosphorite concretions are recorded for the first time within the lower part of the Umm Rijam Chert Limestone Formation (Eocene) in the Ma'an area, southern Jordan. The phosphorite concretions are typically hosted and encountered as individual layer in moderately lithified sediments of marl, chalk and chalky marl. The phosphorite concretions are present in thin layer (10–30 cm thick). They are localized on a hardground surface that formed as a result of cementation of soft ground by bioclastic materials. Light grey and brownish to black colors are encountered with isometric, ellipsoid, elongated, subangular to subrounded phosphorite concretions (up to 6 cm in length). Most of the phosphorite concretions preserve bioturbation structures; they also include fecal pellets of various sizes. The main biogenic components are fragments of macrofossils (bivalves) and microfossils (planktonic foraminifera) in different proportions. Petrographic examinations reveal that the phosphorite concretions are composed of cryptocrystalline apatite that characteristically appears in cross-polarized light almost as isotropic phosphate and minor anisotropic phosphate. Apatite and calcite are the main mineral constituents of the phosphorite concretions identified by XRD. The apatite is identified as francolite (carbonate-flour-apatite). Chemical analyses of the phosphorite concretions using X-ray florescence indicate that the P₂O₅ content ranges from 18.8 to 31.19%, whereas SEM–EDS analyses indicate that the phosphorus proportion is around 14% by volume. It could be argued that the phosphorite concretions were transported after being reworked, or were derived from carbonate and chalk pebbles that were later phosphatized and subjected to erosion, forming residual lag deposit along the hardground surface.     

四川宣汉七里峡T3x/T2l界线沉积环境演化分析

中-晚三叠世之交是四川盆地海陆转换的关键时期,区内中三叠统雷口坡组和上三叠统须家河组是研究该时期古生物多样性变化与古气候环境演化的重要地层单元。四川宣汉七里峡剖面出露完整连续且层序清晰的中三叠世与晚三叠世海陆过渡相地层,是进行四川盆地中-晚三叠世海陆转换研究的理想剖面。基于沉积学理论与研究方法,根据七里峡剖面的沉积岩类型、颜色、构造并结合包裹体、有机碳同位素以及古生物和聚煤特征,将宣汉七里峡地区中三叠统雷口坡组与上三叠统须家河组界线地层沉积相划分为蒸发台地-澙湖潮坪-滨岸沼泽-河口砂坝等类型,揭示了一个完整的海侵-海退旋回。结合古植物和孢粉等化石资料,对宣汉地区晚三叠世初期的古气候特征进行简要分析。     

北祁连东段早石炭世前黑山期岩相古地理主要特征

本区地处北祁连加里东褶皱带东部,早石炭世前黑山期区内为海湾性质的陆表海域。前黑山中期,秦岭海水第一次侵入本区,形成海湾并逐步扩大、超覆,形成了以障壁海岸环境为主的由碎屑岩、页岩以及灰岩组成的海陆交互相的沉积岩系。相区由三角洲平原相和滨海平原相组成。前黑山组中段含有石膏层,在中国的早石炭世沉积中很具特色。基底断裂活动造成了本区沉积基底块断式差异沉降作用,因此,本区各地段的岩相古地理特征均差异很大。     

关岭生物群的生活环境与演化

产于贵州关岭县新铺乡的上三叠统小凹组底部的关岭生物群，主要由海生爬行类（鱼龙、海龙、鳍龙、盾齿龙等）、海百合、菊石、双壳、腕足、牙形刺、鱼类和植物组成，以保存完整精美、数量巨大的海生爬行类和棘皮动物海百合为标志。通过岩相和古地理分析，对关岭生物群的生活环境和演化可以得出两点结论。①关岭生物群生活在水流强度小、相对贫氧的凹向北西的陆缘海湾，离海岸最近的地方约10km。②关岭生物群发生、发展、消亡和环境的变化关系密切。关岭生物群演化经历了几个演化阶段：离岸稍远的稳定碳酸盐台地环境，沉积形成竹杆坡组顶部；一次规模较大的海退，形成了竹杆坡组与小凹组岩层之间的突变；离岸较近的海水深浅变化频繁的海湾环境，沉积形成小凹组底部灰岩和含陆源碎屑灰岩互层段；离岸相对不远的比较稳定的海湾环境时期，关岭生物群就生活在这个时期；强烈动荡的海洋环境，沉积形成的是中厚厚层的具大量滑塌、搅动构造的灰岩层，关岭生物群受突如其来的灾难的影响，迁移到其他地方生息繁衍，结束了关岭生物群在该区的生活。