库车褶皱冲断带前缘盐层厚度对滑脱褶皱构造特征及演化的影响

库车褶皱冲断带前缘发育一系列滑脱褶皱,虽然卷入变形的新生代地层及底部滑脱层(古近系盐层)相同,但滑脱褶皱的构造特征及演化存在显著差异。文中结合野外地质调查结果以及钻井资料和高品质二维地震反射剖面解析,以南喀背斜和米斯坎塔克背斜为例,估算出盐层初始厚度,并讨论其对于滑脱褶皱样式及其演化过程的影响。结果表明,南喀背斜和米斯坎塔克背斜下伏盐层初始厚度不同,估算出前者厚度介于0.1~0.5 km,主要为0.1~0.3 km,而后者却大约为1.0 km。与此同时,南喀背斜和米斯坎塔克背斜均表现出分段差异变形特征。南喀背斜为低缓的滑脱褶皱,其东段隐伏地下,变形方式为褶皱作用;而西段出露地表,背斜核部发育隐伏的逆冲断层,变形方式为褶皱作用和断层作用。背斜西段平均隆升速率大于东段,导致西段隆升出露地表。米斯坎塔克背斜表现为大规模滑脱褶皱,根据变形特征的不同可以分为3段,东段背斜倾向北,盐岩在其核部及北翼下方聚集加厚;而中-西段背斜倾向南,其中中段背斜核部位置盐岩聚集加厚,两翼下伏盐岩减薄甚至形成盐焊接。而在西段背斜呈箱状,两翼下方盐岩厚度至少为1.0 km。笔者总结出库车褶皱冲断带前缘发育的7种滑脱褶皱变形样式,通过构造分析得出,研究区滑脱褶皱的变形主要受盐层厚度、构造缩短量及盐岩流动变形共同控制,其中盐层厚度起主导作用,控制了滑脱褶皱的发育位置,并影响了滑脱褶皱的变形样式。研究结果将为其他褶皱冲断带中滑脱褶皱的相关研究提供重要参考,特别是在缺少高品质地震资料,或者构造变形强烈、地震资料品质较差的地区。     

库车前陆褶皱冲断带前缘滑脱层内部变形特征

古近系库姆格列木组和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成了库车前陆褶皱冲断带的区域滑脱层。在褶皱冲断带前缘,膏盐层发生塑性流动,其内部形成多种构造样式。根据野外考察、地震剖面解释和钻井资料识别出的膏盐层内部构造变形样式主要包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆、鱼尾构造、盐焊接(断层焊接)、盐缩颈、透镜状增厚和盐垛等盐构造。盐构造在形成时间上具有一定的演化序列,库车前陆褶皱冲断带总体表现为由北向南迁移,前缘秋里塔格构造带则是从西往东迁移,盐推覆、盐焊接、盐枕等构造形成时间较早,盐墙形成较晚,东秋地区的盐构造形成时间整体较西段和中段晚,规模也较小。     

中国中西部褶皱冲断带构造变形机制与结构模型

基于复杂构造解析和实验模拟研究,揭示了中西部前陆褶皱冲断构造带主要表现为受侧向挤压形成的滑脱冲断构造变形过程和结构样式;明确了单层滑脱挤压冲断构造变形存在临界增生和非临界增生两种变形机制,发育脆性拆离型、塑性滑移型和黏性流动型3种作用类型,并受滑脱层强度、地层厚度、底部边界和外动力过程等4种主要因素影响。复杂冲断构造带基本上表现为受多层单滑脱作用控制形成的垂向叠置组合结构,本文提出了复杂滑脱冲断变形结构的可分解性以及受不同性质的滑脱层组合控制形成特征结构模式,并揭示了前陆冲断带前缘多滑脱构造变形结构中由浅层向深层逐渐发育的变形时序;建立了中西部再生前陆冲断带结构模型、构造单元以及基本构造类型;并基于前陆盆地多阶段构造演化过程以及晚期的隆升剥蚀-沉降沉积过程,提出了中西部两种类型冲断带的控油气作用及其勘探领域。     

浅部滑脱层沿走向的厚度与性质差异对变形影响的物理模拟研究—对乌什和库车褶皱冲断带的启示

在褶皱冲断带的构造变形中,滑脱层是影响变形的主要控制因素之一。塔里木盆地北缘的乌什和库车褶皱冲断带的构造变形主要受到深浅两套滑脱层的控制,且浅部滑脱层沿走向存在厚度和性质差异。本文采用物理模拟研究方法,结合乌什和库车褶皱冲断带的地质背景,设计了4组实验模型,研究双滑脱层模型中浅部滑脱层沿走向的厚度与性质差异对褶皱冲断带变形的影响。实验中用微玻璃珠模拟页岩、泥岩等脆性滑脱层,用硅胶模拟盐岩、膏盐岩等韧性滑脱层。实验模型共铺设两套滑脱层,其中基底滑脱层为均匀分布的脆性滑脱层,而浅部滑脱层沿走向存在厚度和性质差异。实验结果表明:在双滑脱层模型中,浅部滑脱层沿走向的厚度与性质差异对褶皱冲断带的构造变形及楔体坡度值具有重要的控制作用。具体表现为:①当浅部滑脱层沿走向存在厚度差异时,浅部滑脱层较薄一侧的变形制约较厚一侧的变形传递,导致模型整体变形前锋的传递距离较近,且模型两侧的变形前锋的扩展范围基本一致。较薄一侧的断层发育数量明显比较厚一侧的数量多、间距小,且楔体坡度值自较薄一侧向较厚一侧逐渐减小。②当浅部滑脱层沿走向存在性质差异时,浅部脆性滑脱层一侧表现为上下一体的变形,而韧性滑脱层一侧表现为上下分层变形。在两侧浅部滑脱层厚度一致的情况下,韧性滑脱层一侧的传播速度总体快于脆性滑脱层一侧,但两者的最终传递距离趋于一致,楔体坡度值从脆性滑脱层一侧向韧性滑脱层一侧逐渐减小;当浅部脆性滑脱层的厚度减小时,随着缩短量的持续增加,模型两侧变形前锋的传递距离仍然具有趋于一致特点,且模型的楔体坡度值整体偏大,但脆性滑脱层一侧的楔体坡度值始终大于韧性滑脱层一侧。此外,模拟结果验证了在乌什和库车褶皱冲断带中,浅部滑脱层沿走向的性质差异是造成构造样式差异的主要控制因素,但并不一定是造成该冲断带变形前锋发生大规模偏转的根本原因。     

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带发育于北天山和博格达山北侧的准噶尔盆地南部的山前地区,构造变形具有明显的横向分带、纵向分段、垂向分层特征,其主控因素在于挤压应力的作用方式和滑脱层的空间分布规律。西段受北天山斜向挤压应力作用影响,发育北西西向四排雁列式褶皱-冲断带,构造变形样式为基底卷入式厚皮构造和盖层滑脱式薄皮构造,变形过程受侏罗系煤层和白垩系、古近系高塑性泥岩层等多滑脱层控制。滑脱层及其上覆岩层厚度决定变形的强度和应力向前传递的远近程度,厚度越大,褶皱变形强度越大。东段受博格达山正向楔冲挤压应力作用影响,发育近东西向向北凸出的弧形基底卷入式褶皱-冲断带,滑脱构造不发育。根据构造变形特征和相似理论,利用沙箱模拟实验分别对正向挤压和15°、30°、45°等斜向挤压平面变形进行了模拟,结果表明正向挤压和15°斜向挤压是形成东段和西段变形特征的主控应力条件,并设计了斜向和正向挤压组合边界平面模拟实验进行了验证,合理地解释了东、西段构造变形的差异。利用双滑脱层剖面模型实验对西段四排褶皱-冲断带的演化过程进行了模拟再现。     

库车冲断带秋里塔格构造带东段构造样式与构造演化

秋里塔格构造带位于库车褶皱冲断前缘,其东段包括东秋里塔格背斜和库车塔吾背斜。野外调查和地震剖面解释表明:秋里塔格构造带东段盐下发育断层转折褶皱; 盐上东秋里塔格背斜为滑脱箱状背斜,库车塔吾背斜核部为南倾逆冲断层所破坏。演化剖面显示秋里塔格构造带东段在侏罗纪断陷期发育了正断裂,其后为平静期,直到库车晚期后逆冲断层和褶皱快速发育,背斜最终形成。膏盐岩及古构造对构造变形具有重要影响,一方面作为滑脱层,分割了盐下层与盐上层,导致二者形成不同的构造样式; 另一方面塑性流动充填于背斜核部。由于膏盐岩的厚度差异,东秋里塔格背斜盐上发育褶皱,而库车塔吾背斜核部被逆冲断层破坏,膏盐层厚度还影响了膏盐层上下构造高点的相对位置。盐下构造的发育受侏罗纪古构造控制,进而影响了盐上构造的发育。     

天山南北前陆冲断带构造滑脱层分布差异及对圈闭样式的控制作用

天山南北前陆冲断带具有较强的差异变形特征,滑脱层的差异对前陆冲断带变形特征及圈闭样式的影响较大,对于天山南北油气勘探具有重要意义。以地震资料解释为基础,通过断距测量、缩短量统计及平衡剖面复原等手段,对天山南北前陆冲断带构造变形差异进行研究,取得如下认识:(1)天山南北前陆冲断带滑脱层性质不同,库车前陆冲断带以古近系膏盐岩为滑脱层,分层变形特征显著;准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带深层断层多穿过滑脱层,分层性差;(2)天山南北前陆冲断带新生代构造变形差异明显,库车前陆冲断带在该时期的平均缩短率为12.1%,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带的平均缩短率为9.93%,库车前陆冲断带的新生代变形强度比准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带更强;(3)受滑脱层差异的影响,库车前陆冲断带滑脱层上下平均断距总体大于准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带,且库车前陆冲断带的缩短量呈现“单段多峰”复杂的变化趋势,这是准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带没有的特点,表明库车前陆冲断带滑脱层塑性和分层能力比准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带强;(4)基于天山南北前陆冲断带断层活动和滑脱层差异的影响,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带以岩性—构造的复合圈闭为主,而库车前陆冲断带以盐下大型构造圈闭为主,岩性—构造圈闭为辅。准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带深层和库车前陆冲断带的侏罗系—三叠系煤层、泥岩层等滑脱层控制的岩性—构造圈闭是未来油气勘探的有利目标。     

南大巴前陆冲断带构造变形几何类型、分布特征及其成因分析

南大巴前陆冲断带位于秦岭造山带向四川盆地过渡的部位,是晚三叠世扬子-秦岭俯冲碰撞与中新生代以来陆内造山形成的。根据构造变形的几何学特点,自北东向南西发育紧靠城口断层的根带、坪坝断裂与鸡鸣寺断裂之间的中带、镇巴-鸡鸣寺断裂与铁溪-巫溪隐伏断裂之间的锋带。各带发育不同的构造变形:根带的冲断层系统以逆冲叠瓦构造为主控构造组合,同时发育构造三角带、冲起构造和双重构造等组合;中带的冲断褶皱系统以发育断层相关褶皱组合为主;锋带发育为滑脱褶皱系统,以类侏罗山式褶皱为主控构造,同时发育了箱状背斜、膝折构造、倒转背斜、平卧褶皱、紧闭背斜、同斜背斜、虚脱不协调背斜等滑脱褶皱。垂向上发育3套区域性滑脱层:震旦系泥页岩和寒武系泥页岩、志留系泥页岩、下三叠统膏盐岩;在南秦岭自北而南的推覆作用下,依次沿这3套滑脱层逐级抬升而向南滑脱,存在"推覆作用(叠层滑动)→冲断作用(切层滑动)→层滑作用(顺层滑动)"的滑脱变形序列,从而造就南大巴的多种构造变形类型及其有序分布特征。     

基于粒子成像测速(PIV)技术的褶皱冲断带砂箱构造物理模拟研究

在前人对褶皱冲断带的研究基础上,为进一步深入分析对比滑脱层数量、强度、深度等对褶皱冲断带的制约,设计了6组砂箱模拟实验,并运用粒子成像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术的实时监测,计算出各阶段模型剖面上的速度场和涡度场,对褶皱冲断带的运动学过程和变形机制进行详细刻画和定量分析。实验结果表明,滑脱层的强度和深度均制约着褶皱断层的构造演化,滑脱层的强度越小,其上覆地层中的变形传播越远,滑脱层深度越深,对整个构造样式更具有控制作用,变形也就传播得更远。以微玻璃珠组成的滑脱层主要产生前展型逆冲叠瓦式构造,上部推覆体前缘水平位移较快;以硅胶组成的滑脱层上部形成叠瓦式构造,下部形成冲起构造,上、下两部分具有明显的分层变形特征。PIV监测结果显示,当上盘速度骤停,并且前缘涡度值骤降时,断坡形成并发展成断坪-断坡组合构造样式;下一条断层以相同方式在前缘形成,从而使褶皱冲断带向前陆方向扩展。将实验结果与龙门山南段褶皱冲断带进行了对比分析,得到了较好的印证。     

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带分析

讨论了与准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带有关的4个问题。(1)准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带具有纵向分带、横向分段和垂向构造分层的特征:纵向上由南至北可分为逆冲推覆构造带、基底卷入褶皱-冲断带和滑脱型褶皱-冲断带三个带;横向上,基底卷入褶皱-冲断带从西至东按横向调节带分为5个段,构造特征表现为反冲断层从不发育到向南反冲的位移逐渐增大、反冲断层所滑脱的层位亦逐渐加深;滑脱型褶皱-冲断带以红车断裂为界划分为西段和东段,西段构造运动弱,构造变形具双层结构;东段构造运动较强,发育大型冲向后陆的反向逆冲断层,构造变形多具有3层结构。(2)逆冲断层-褶皱类型按其形成机制分为基底卷入型冲断-褶皱、滑脱型冲断-褶皱以及基底卷入-滑脱混合型冲断-褶皱3大类,其中,基底卷入型冲断-褶皱的特征是褶皱作用发生在逆冲断裂之前,而滑脱型冲断-褶皱以冲断和褶皱同时或冲断层先于褶皱形成为特征。(3)本区存在横向和纵向传递带。横向调节带一般分布于基底卷入型褶皱-冲断带,主要为左旋走滑断层;纵向传递带分布于滑脱型褶皱-冲断带,以逆冲断层系斜列分布和位移纵向斜列传递为特征。(4)褶皱-冲断带形成的主控因素主要有:近南北向的水平挤压作用,上新世末—早更新世末和晚侏罗世末发生的构造变形以及古近系、下白垩统和下—中侏罗统发育的三套异常高压泥岩层相关的滑脱作用。     

Effect of Rheology and Thickness Variation of Basal Detachment on Fold-and-Thrust Belts: Numerical SimulationEI北大核心CSCD

Detachment is the prime factor affecting the fold-and-thrust belts. In order to investigate the effect of rheology and thickness variation of basal detachment on fold-and-thrust belts, numerical simulations are carried out by using two dimensional plane strain mechanical models with elastoplastic or viscoelastoplastic material behavior solved with the finite difference software FLAC. Universal mudstone detachment has frictional property. Such fold-and-thrust belts are simulated with elastoplastic constitutive model. In contrast, salt detachment has creep property, so viscoelastoplastic constitutive models are employed for these fold-and-thrust belts. The results show that rheology and thickness of basal detachment influence the fold-and-thrust belts greatly. When the detachment is mudstone, the typical structural style of imbricate fan will develop, also the propagating forward piggy-back thrust sequence; however, when the detachment is salt, structural style will show Jura-type consisted of a series of anticlines and synclines, and out-of-sequence thrusts will appear. Varieties of thickness of basal mudstone detachment will change eventual surface slope of the fold-and-thrust belts, but have little effect on the structural styles and thrust sequence. For salt detachment, the effect is significant, no matter where the thickest detachment distributes, most strongly deformation and the highest surface will be located there. Thickening of salt detachment combined with slight thinning of overburden strata from hinterland to foreland will result in uncommon structural style and thrust sequence: back thrusts and backward propagating. These differences are mainly due to the much smaller shear strength of salt than that of mudstone. © 2017, Science Press. All right reserved.     

The role of salt in fold-and-thrust belts

The style of deformation in thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts is critically dependent upon the resistance to sliding along the detachment between the mass of deforming sediments and the underlying rocks. Evaporites can provide an extremely weak horizon within which a basal detachment can form and along which only a relatively small shear traction can be supported. Fold-and-thrust belts that form atop a salt layer, such as the Appalachian Plateau, the Franklin Mountains in northwestern Canada, and the Jura of the Alps, among others, share several readily observable characteristics. As predicted by a simple mechanical model for fold-and-thrust belts, a detachment in salt permits a thrust belt to have an extremely narrow cross-sectional taper. In addition, predicted orientations of the principal stress axes over a salt décollement are consistent with the commonly observed lack of a consistently dominant vergence direction of structures within the thrust belt. Other common attributes of salt-basal thin-skinned deformation include the presence of several widely but regularly spaced folds and abrupt changes in deformational style at the edge of the salt basin.     

塔里木盆地西部喀什地区的新生代冲断构造

利用新近获得的地球物理资料并结合前人的研究成果研究了塔里木盆地西部喀什地区的冲断构造特征.天山南缘冲断带西段(巴什布拉克构造带)以倾伏的短轴背斜为特征,东段(乌恰-阿图什-喀什构造带)以3排枢纽近平行的线性背斜为特征.西昆仑北缘冲断带中褶皱相对不太发育,西北段(肖尔布拉克构造带)的前锋不是原来普遍认为的乌帕尔断层,而是其北部隐没在克孜勒苏河之下的一条无名逆冲断层.在乌恰以西,由于南天山与西昆仑相距较近,肖尔布拉克构造带的前锋与巴什布拉克构造带的前锋相互交切改造,不显示明显的早晚关系;在乌恰以东,南、北两条冲断带基本被喀什深洼陷阻隔.两个冲断带都在上新世中-晚期成型,第四纪以来仍受到强烈改造.西昆仑北缘冲断带主要以无序的方式扩展,天山南缘冲断带则主要以后展的方式扩展.冲断带的前锋断层主要是盲冲断层,这使得冲断带内,特别是南天山南缘冲断带内的背斜圈闭得以比较好地保存下来,对油气勘探具有重要意义.     

中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征

南天山冲断褶皱系是中-上新世以来形成的以薄皮滑脱为主的冲断构造,冲断作用导致了盆地内及周缘区古-新生界的碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩地层发主形变。本文对该冲断系前缘区 (巴音库鲁提北部至喀什地区 )的运动学特征进行了研究。南天山冲断褶皱系从平面上分出了六个冲断褶皱带。从剖面上划分出两种不同的冲断体系。冲断系的前锋为盲冲结构的构造三角带。冲断作用导致前锋区中新世以来层系变形、抬升并出露地表,本区有两个区域性的主滑脱面,冲断作用及断层相关褶皱的形成是冲断层沿主滑脱面向前陆方向逐渐推进的结果。同时发育的次级冲断层导致冲断褶皱带的复杂化。文章同时指出,南天山冲断褶皱系的冲断扩展顺序为逆序。这与塔里木盆地南缘西昆仑山前冲断带的活动方式相反,暗示着南天山构造带的运动学特征是独特的。利用平衡地质剖面的方法,在综合地质和地球物理资料的基础上,作出本区的构造横剖面图并进行了平衡恢复,从而得出南天山冲断褶皱系前缘区上新世以来的南北缩短率为30 %,缩短量为 5 0km,缩短速率为 9- 10mm/a。     

塔里木盆地北部构造转换形式及其成因

摘 要　 塔里木盆地北部褶皱 逆冲断层变形在平行于区域构造方向上通过构造转换而变化。 构造转换形式包括纵向(渐变)和横向(突变)两种。 变形缩短程度沿走向保持均一或渐变时发 生纵向转换, 其中包括雁列式断裂间的转换和逆冲断层向其他构造(末端背斜、 分支断层)的 转换, 横向转换调节变形缩短程度沿走向的突然变化。 在前陆盆地内, 横向转换带的发育主 要与沉积层厚度变化、 滑脱层分布、 造山带的作用程度和方式有关;前陆克拉通地区横向转 换带的发育则可能主要与板块边界形态等边界条件有关。 纵向转换带的发育与内在、 外在变 形条件沿走向的渐变有关     

Physical analog (centrifuge) model investigation of contrasting structural styles in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau,northern Pakistan

We use scaled physical analog (centrifuge) modeling to investigate along- and across-strike structural variations in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau of the Himalayan foreland fold-thrust belt of Pakistan. The models, composed of interlayered plasticine and silicone putty laminae, comprise four mechanical units representing the Neoproterozoic Salt Range Formation (basal detachment), Cambrian–Eocene carapace sequence, and Rawalpindi and Siwalik Groups (Neogene molasse), on a rigid base representing the Indian craton. Pre-cut ramps simulate basement faults with various structural geometries.A pre-existing north-dipping basement normal fault under the model foreland induces a frontal ramp and a prominent fault-bend-fold culmination, simulating the Salt Range. The ramp localizes displacement on a frontal thrust that occurs out-of-sequence with respect to other foreland folds and thrusts. With a frontal basement fault terminating to the east against a right-stepping, east-dipping lateral ramp, deformation propagates further south in the east; strata to the east of the lateral ramp are telescoped in ENE-trending detachment folds, fault-propagation folds and pop-up structures above a thick basal detachment (Salt Range Formation), in contrast to translated but less-deformed strata with E–W-trending Salt-Range structures to the west. The models are consistent with Salt Range–Potwar Plateau structural style contrasts being due to basement fault geometry and variation in detachment thickness.     

Structural style and deformation mechanism of the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt, central China

The Daba Mountains define the southern margin of the East Qinling orogenic belt, and form the boundary of the Sichuan basin in the north and northeast. The Daba Mountains can be divided into two structural belts by the NW-striking Chengkou fault, namely the northern Dabashan thrust-nappe belt and the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt. The southern Dabashan fold-and-thrust belt is a southwestward extruding thin-skinned thrust wedge, showing obvious belted change in deformation style and deformation intensity along the dip direction, and can be divided further into three sub-belts, i.e. the imbricate thrust sub-belt characterized by imbricate stepped-thrust sheets, the thrust-fold sub-belt characterized by the combination of the equally-developed thrusts and related folds, and the detachment-fold sub-belt characterized by box folds and closed overturned-isoclinal folds on the outcrops. Several kinds of structures have been recognized or inferred, including imbricate thrust system, passive-roof duplex (triangle zone), fault-related folds, back-thrust system and pop-up structure. The NE-SW compressive stress from the Qinling orogenic belt and detachment layers in the covering strata are the two most important determinants of deformation style. After the collision between the North China block and Yangtze block at the end of the Middle Triassic, the northward intracontinental subduction along the southern edge of the Qinling orogenic belt was initiated, which led to the corresponding southward thrusting in the upper crust. The thrusting propagated towards the foreland through the Jurassic and extended to the southernmost part of the southern Daba Mountains around the end of the Early Cretaceous, with thrusting deformation to be preferentially developed along major detachment layers and progressing upwards from the Lower Sinian through the Lower Cambrian and Silurian to Middle-Lower Triassic. Translated from Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 2006, 30(3): 294–304 [译自: 大地构造与成矿学]