盐溶液饱和高庙子膨润土膨胀特性及预测

甘肃北山被首选为修建高放废物处置库的地区。考虑到该地区地下水中含有总溶解固体（TDS）,选择NaCl-Na2SO4作为溶解固体。以高庙子钠基膨润土为试验材料,利用单向固结仪,进行不同TDS浓度盐溶液和蒸馏水饱和的膨胀试验。根据蒙脱石孔隙比的概念,统一整理了饱和高庙子膨润土在盐溶液和蒸馏水饱和下的膨胀特性。结果表明,当TDS浓度为12.3 g/L（预选处置库区的最高离子浓度）时,在双对数坐标中蒙脱石孔隙比与膨胀力关系和干密度与膨胀力关系均呈直线且平行于蒸馏水的试验结果;对于给定干密度试样,膨胀力的对数与TDS浓度呈线性关系。根据以上试验结果,给出了由高庙子钠基膨润土的设计干密度和离子浓度计算相应膨胀力和膨胀变形的表达式。     

蒙脱石晶体反常膨胀的电解质浓度效应

用不同浓度电解质溶液调制蒙脱石试样进行X射线衍射试验，发现蒙脱石晶体的d001晶面间距在试样失水至极低含水量过程中，存在着反向膨胀的现象，这种反常膨胀与制样时所用电解质溶液浓度有关，但不是因晶层间隔离子的代换造成的，也不是温度变化引起。     

深层龙马溪组页岩气藏黏土矿物水岩作用微观机制

水岩作用对页岩气藏的地球化学特性和高效开采研究具有重要的意义。为研究我国西南龙马溪组深层页岩气藏水岩作用的微观机制,针对龙马溪组深层页岩组构特征,建立了深层页岩典型黏土矿物(镁蒙脱石、铁蒙脱石和伊利石)水岩作用的分子动力学模型,分析含水量、温度和矿物特征变化对晶胞层间距和水分子扩散系数的影响,通过实验验证水岩作用对典型矿物微观结构的影响程度。研究表明,随着层间水分子数量增加,蒙脱石和伊利石晶胞层间距增大;随着温度增加,蒙脱石和伊利石晶胞层间距变化不明显,层间水分子扩散系数增加;含水量和温度一定,蒙脱石晶胞层间距远大于伊利石,而伊利石的晶胞层间水分子扩散系数远大于蒙脱石,且镁蒙脱石大于铁蒙脱石晶胞层间距,而铁蒙脱石的水分子扩散系数大于镁蒙脱石。上述研究表明,水含量增加会加剧典型黏土矿物晶层破坏的程度,而温度升高会引起典型矿物晶层破坏速度的增快。与浅层页岩相比,温度升高可能导致深部页岩水岩作用更加剧烈。     

碳酸盐岩红土中1．4nm间层矿物及其环境意义

碳酸盐岩红土中１．４ｎｍ间层矿物及其环境意义朱立军（贵州工学院，贵阳５５０００３）关键词红土，间层矿物，土壤环境１．４ｎｍ间层矿物是指由绿泥石晶层与２：１型含水膨胀层交互连生所构成的不规划间层粘土矿物，其中２：１型含水晶层可以是蒙脱石层，也可以是蛭石...     

蒙脱石红移、蓝移及水化特征的谱学分析

对提纯蒙脱石、钠化蒙脱石、有机插层蒙脱石进行紫外-可见光学吸收谱分析、红外光谱分析,发现蒙脱石随着粒度的变化产生红移和蓝移现象。1631插层样品较钠化样品红移20 nm以上,而提纯的胶体粒子样品较1631插层样品SM G-1631红移80 nm;由于提纯蒙脱石样品粒度变细羟基伸缩振动吸收峰向高波数移动了1.69 cm-1,即蓝移了1.69cm-1。蒙脱石水化性能的XRD分析表明,蒙脱石吸水后晶层发生膨胀、剥离,脱水时分散后的晶层发生凝聚作用,即面-面结合作用,形成蒙脱石“定向性层状集合体”衍射峰的d值产生了相应的变化,这种凝聚作用是蒙脱石分散剥离的逆作用,但凝聚后形成的凝聚蒙脱石的衍射谱特征与原始蒙脱石的大不相同。蒙脱石红移、蓝移及水化特征的谱学分析研究丰富了天然纳米蒙脱石矿物材料晶体化学研究的内容,具有重要的理论意义。     

蒙脱石膨胀特性的分子力学模拟

运用分子力学(molecular mechanics;MM)方法分别研究了15种不同水含量的Li-、Na-、K-蒙脱石结构的最优构型和遇水膨胀性能.计算结果表明,在蒙脱石的稳定构型中,起主要作用的是非价键作用的库仑作用能和价键作用的角弯曲作用能.分子力学的计算结果还表明,在一系列Li-、Na-、K-蒙脱石的最优构型中,层间距随着水含量的增加而增大,而密度则随着层间距的增大逐步减小,再现了自然中蒙脱石吸水逐步膨胀的特性.     

盐溶液中膨润土膨胀变形的分形模型

当压实膨润土在蒸馏水中膨胀后,施加于膨润土颗粒上的有效应力通常被认为是外部施加的荷载,而当膨润土在盐溶液中膨胀时,膨润土颗粒所承受的有效应力还包括由孔隙水渗透吸力所引起的渗透应力。而压缩膨润土的蒙脱石孔隙比e_m与膨润土颗粒承受的有效应力p之间满足分形关系,该关系可用来计算膨润土的膨胀变形。通过对压实膨润土在盐溶液中颗粒的分散情况以及颗粒表面的分形特性,推导出该渗透应力的表达式,进而得出膨润土颗粒所承受的有效应力。将所提出的有效应力代入分形模型中,计算GMZ01和MX-80膨润土在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的膨胀变形,将现有的两种膨润土膨胀试验结果与模型计算结果对比,发现具有较好的吻合度,在蒸馏水以及各浓度的盐溶液中膨润土的膨胀变形都可采用统一的e_m-p曲线表示,表明提出的有效应力符合膨润土颗粒在盐溶液中的实际受力情况。分形模型为研究膨润土在盐溶液中的膨胀性质提供了有效的计算方法。     

外加直流电场下粘土矿物的膨胀特性研究

实验研究了外加直流电场作用下粘土膨胀率的变化。结果表明,在电场作用下,粘土膨胀率降低,电解膨率大小与粘土性质、电场强度、体相溶液矿化度及施加电场时机等有关。在相同电场强度条件下,膨胀性强的蒙脱石的电解膨率最大,而伊利石、高岭石的电解膨率较小。蒙脱石的电解膨率随着电场强度的增加而增加,当电场强度高于临界值(本实验中为2 V/m)时,电解膨率值基本不变。随着NaCl浓度的增加,蒙脱石的电解膨率以指数规律降低。施加电场时机对电场降低粘土膨胀率的效果有较大影响:在注入蒸馏水的同时施加电场可以有效防止粘土膨胀;在注入蒸馏水之后施加电场可以有效降低粘土膨胀率;先施加低强度电场(EFS=2 V/m)然后再注入蒸馏水,可以造成粘土的膨胀,即使提高电场强度,粘土膨胀率仍然很大。     

甘肃金昌红泉镁基膨润土属型分类

膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为主要成分的粘土类矿物。确定膨润土的属型,实质上是依据蒙脱石晶层间吸附阳离子的种类及其丰度。 (一) 蒙脱石吸附阳离子的主要原因 1.蒙脱石是属于一种2:1层状结构,即由二个硅氧四面体片夹一个铝氧八面体片构成的层状体。蒙脱石因四面体中Al~(3+)置换Si~(4+)和八面体中Mg~(2+)置换Al~(3+),使蒙脱石晶层间产生永久性负电荷,为了保持晶格电荷平衡,因而晶层间具有吸附阳离子和交换性阳离子的性能。     

聚苯胺／蒙脱石纳米复合材料的实验制备研究

对聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备方法与制备产物进行了研究。将新疆某地蒙脱石在钠化改型后进行了季铵盐改性处理。以苯胺作为客体物质 ,利用季铵盐 /蒙脱石插层复合物与有机物良好的相容性 ,将季铵盐 /蒙脱石插层复合物分散在苯胺单体中后 ,苯胺单体进入了蒙脱石层间域 ,通过原位聚合法制备了聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料。XRD、SEM、TG_DTA分析结果表明 ,苯胺单体的进入使蒙脱石的层间距大大增加 ,经聚合后聚苯胺 /蒙脱石复合物中蒙脱石及其插层复合物的X射线衍射特征、形态特征和热学性质特征完全消失 ,表明蒙脱石晶层已被剥离分散在聚苯胺中形成聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料。     

Crystalline and Osmotic Swelling of an Expansive Clay Inundated with Sodium Chloride Solutions

Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling reduces with increase in solute concentration in bulk solution. This study examines the consequence of increase in solute concentration in bulk solution on the relative magnitudes of the two swelling modes. The objective is achieved by inundating compacted expansive clay specimens with distilled water and sodium chloride solutions in free-swell oedometer tests and comparing the experimental swell with predictions from Van’t Hoff equation. The results of the study indicate that swell potential of compacted expansive clay specimens wetted with relatively saline (0.4, 1 and 4 M sodium chloride) solutions are satisfied by crystalline swelling alone. Comparatively, compacted clay specimens inundated with less saline solutions (0.005–0.1 M sodium chloride) require both crystalline and osmotic swelling to satiate the swell potential.     

Experimental research on expansion characteristics of Mengzi expansive soil with water,salt and acid immersion

Swelling tests of Mengzi remolded expansive soil inundated with different types of wetting fluids (distilled water, saline water and acidic water) were carried out using advanced consolidometer. Swelling characteristics of expansive soil under different initial conditions were studied. The dose–response model was used to fit the rules of swelling time interval for expansive soil with water immersion. The quantitative relationships between the swelling deformation and initial conditions (initial water content, initial dry density and overburden pressure) were attained using 3D regression analyses. The differences in deformation rules of expansive soil with water immersion in each region are bigger for the differences of genetic types, mineral compositions, chemical characteristics of soils and sample preparation techniques and instrument error. The expansion deformation rules of soil immersed in salt and acid solution are the same as the rules of soaked soil. The important indices obtained can be provided to the engineering design, construction and stability evaluation of expansive soil slopes.     

Ferric chloride treatment to control alakli induced heave in weathered red earth

A detailed experimental investigation has been carried out to study the use of ferric chloride salt to control the undesirable volume changes induced by high concentrated alkali contamination on kaolinitic red earth. X-Ray diffraction studies have revealed that soil alkali interactions produce mineralogical changes and formation of new mineral such as zeolite, which are responsible for observed swelling in non-swelling kaolinitic soil. Loss of ferric oxide, which are known cementing agents has been attributed as one of the reasons for swelling in alkali contaminated soils. The consolidation behaviour of soil compacted with 5% ferric chloride solution by weight of solutions and inundated with alkali solutions as well as soil compacted with alkali and inundated with 5% ferric chloride by weight of solutions has been studied. To study the effect of amount of ferric chloride, the volume change behaviour of soil compacted with different weight percentages of ferric salts by weight of soil (1%, 3%, and 5%) and inundated with alkali solutions has also been studied. The swelling of soil compacted with alkali has been checked by inundating with 5% ferric chloride solutions due to neutralization of alkali and is not controlled when soil compacted with 5% ferric chloride solutions is inundated continuously with alkali solutions. Further, even when the soil is treated with higher amounts of ferric chloride, in the range of 1–5% by weight of soil, the swelling is not controlled. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the formation of zeolite is not inhibited in the presence of ferric salts.This study clearly shows that ferric chloride treatment can overcome the effects of small concentrations of alkali; it is ineffective to overcome the large and continued exposure of soils with alkali contamination.     

Swelling characteristics of compacted lateritic soil–bentonite mixtures subjected to municipal waste leachate contamination

Compacted soil–bentonite mixtures are finding wide application as buffer material for waste repositories for their favorable self-sealing qualities. The swelling properties of such materials which serve as a measure of their self-sealing capabilities and, thus, the efficiency of the repository in sealing off their contents from the environment are closely related to the chemistry of the leachate that emanate from the wastes. For this reason, the swelling parameters (namely swelling potential and pressure) of compacted lateritic soil–bentonite mixtures under consideration for use as barrier in municipal waste landfill were evaluated. Series of swelling potential and pressure tests were performed using variable content (0–10 %) of bentonite at predetermined optimum moisture content. Soil mixtures were compacted with British Standard Heavy compactive effort and saturated with processed tap water as well as three leachate solutions of varying ionic strength that were generated in active open dump landfills. Experimental results showed that swelling potential based on the free swell together with the maximum swell pressures of compacted soil mixtures measured at equilibrium increased approximately linearly with increase in the amount of bentonite when inundated with processed tap water and the three leachate solutions. On the other hand, these swelling parameters decreased as the ionic strength of the leachate solutions measured by their electrical conductivity increased for the various soil mixtures. These results provide an insight into the swelling behavior and the possible degradation in the efficiency of the proposed lateritic soil–bentonite mixtures in relation to their use as buffer material in waste landfills.     

Effects of Post-compaction Residual Lateral Stress and Electrolyte Concentration on Swelling Pressures of a Compacted Bentonite

The effects of post-compaction residual lateral stress and salt concentration in the hydrating fluid on swelling pressures of compacted MX80 bentonite is brought out in this paper. In order to release the residual lateral stresses, following the static compaction process during preparation of specimens, compacted bentonite specimens were extruded from the specimen rings and then inserted back prior to testing them for swelling pressures in isochoric condition. The swelling pressure tests were carried out at several dry densities of the bentonite with distilled water and solutions of NaCl (0.1 and 1.0 M) as the hydrating fluids. With water, the test results showed that specimens that underwent extrusion and insertion processes exhibited about 10–15 % greater swelling pressures as compared to the specimens those that were compacted and tested. The influence of saline solutions was found to reduce the swelling pressure of the bentonite, but their impact was less significant at high compaction dry densities.     

渤海湾西部风暴潮漫滩数值模拟

基于ROMS海洋模式,结合近年的地质实测资料,建立了渤海湾西部地区风暴潮漫滩的数值模型。对模型进行验证后,对渤海湾西部区域重现期为50a、100a、200a及500a的风暴潮漫滩进行了数值模拟,分析了不同重现期风暴潮漫滩发展的动态过程及最大漫滩淹水范围。结果表明,数值模型基本能反映风暴潮的增水趋势,能够模拟风暴潮漫滩发生发展的动态过程。随着风暴潮强度的增加,渤海湾西部地区淹水范围具有从东海岸向西部内陆区域扩展的趋势。通过曲线拟合发现,风暴潮最大漫滩面积比值与高水位之间基本呈线性关系。     

基于改进填洼模型的城市洪涝灾害计算方法

城市水文模型广泛应用于城市雨洪管理研究中,但由于它无法直接给出流域的淹没情况,制约了其在城市洪涝灾害评价中的应用,因此,有必要对其进行改进。本研究开发了考虑下游影响的填洼模型,并将其与较为成熟的城市水文模型相耦合,使改进后的模型可以模拟流域的淹没状况,并在北京市天堂河流域进行了试验研究。结果表明:改进后的模型可以快速模拟流域的淹没水深及淹没范围,其淹没水深结果与相关水动力学方法模拟结果较为一致。天堂河流域河道行洪能力低于20年一遇设计标准,流域洪水风险较大的区域集中在天堂河下游区域和田营沟与永北干渠的交汇处。若在下游区域进行开发,洪水风险还可能会继续增加。     

Modeling disruptions causing domino effects in urban guided transport systems faced by flood hazards

Coastal cities are more vulnerable to floods due to the joint impact of rainfall and tide level. Quantitative risk assessment of disaster-causing factors is critical to urban flood management. This paper presents an integrated method to quantify the hazard degree of disaster-causing factors, rainfall and tide level, and to investigate the optimal management of flooding risk in different disaster-causing factor areas. First, an urban flood inundation model is used to simulate inundated extents in different drainage districts. Then, formulas are put forward to calculate the hazard degree of rainfall and tide level based on inundated extents in different combinations of rainfall and tide level. According to the hazard degree, the main disaster-causing factor could be identified in each drainage district. Finally, the optimal management of flooding risk in different disaster-causing factor areas is selected by disaster reduction analysis and cost–benefit analysis. Furthermore, the coastal city, Haikou of China, is taken as a case study. The results indicate that the hazard degree increases with the increasing distance between the drainage district and the Qiongzhou Strait or the Nandu River in the eastern of Haikou. Heavy rain is the main disaster-causing factor in inland areas, while high tide level is the main disaster-causing factor in island areas. For the area whose main disaster-causing factor is heavy rain, water storage projects could effectively reduce flooding. Meanwhile, pumps are economical choices for the area where tide level is the main disaster-causing factor. The results can provide reference for drainage planning in other coastal areas.     

The association of organic molecules with clay minerals in aqueous solutions

The uptake of dissolved organic molecules by kaolinite and montomorillonite clay minerals was measured in distilled water and saltwater solutions. Glucose and valine exhibited low affinities for both clay minerals over a wide range of concentrations in distilled water and seawater solutions. Stearic acid was efficiently removed by both clay minerals from all solutions over the concentration range 10–1000 ppb. These experiments suggest that some dissolved organic molecules may be preferentially removed by clay minerals in natural waters. It is unlikely, however, that the partitioning of simple organic molecules between natural waters and suspended clay minerals could produce the high concentrations of organic matter that occur in most fine-grained sediments.