岩石学组成及其成岩演化过程对致密砂岩储集质量与产能的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界盒8天然气储层为例

在岩心观察基础上,通过常规、铸体与荧光薄片镜下观察与定量统计,图像粒度与图像孔喉、毛细管压力、孔隙度与渗透率、流体包裹体均一温度测定,结合LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石微区U-Pb定年等物源示踪成果,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界盒8段致密砂岩的类型与岩石学组成及其成岩演化过程对各砂岩孔隙结构、储集性能与产能的影响.结果显示:砂岩类型、岩石学组分及其原始物性特征主要受源区母岩性质的控制,其经历的成岩演化过程存在一定差异,后者决定了各砂岩孔隙发育特征、储集性能的优劣及产能的大小.石英砂岩与岩屑石英砂岩经历了复杂的多期成岩作用过程,前者的粒间溶孔和高岭石晶间微孔与微溶孔发育,其储集性能及含气性最好;后者较发育的绿泥石薄膜保存了较多的原生粒间孔,加之粘土矿物与凝灰质填隙物中大量晶间微孔与微溶孔较发育,其储集性能与含气性次之.高塑性岩屑砂岩与钙质胶结砂岩经历的成岩演化过程相对较简单,前者经历早成岩阶段强烈压实作用后大部分已成为低孔低渗、部分成为致密储层;碳酸盐胶结物是导致钙质胶结砂岩低孔、低渗-致密储层的主要胶结物,此类砂岩经历中成岩阶段A期之后,基本成为致密的非储层.研究成果对于深入理解致密砂岩成岩-烃类充注演化序列及致密化过程与机理,寻找天然气储层“甜点”均具有重要的理论意义与实际意义.      

辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段古近系沙河街组致密砂岩特征与成因机制*

渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段古近系沙河街组中发现了低产油气流和工业油气流,储集层具有低—特低孔隙度、特低—超低渗透率、低压的特征,属于典型的致密砂岩储集层。应用大量的薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞和物性等测试资料,研究了致密砂岩的微观特征,探讨了致密砂岩的形成机理。研究结果表明,致密砂岩(孔隙度小于10.0%)大多发育在凹陷区;矿物成分、粒度、分选、磨圆等沉积学参数与致密砂岩的形成关系不大;致密砂岩的孔隙类型主要为次生孔隙,孔隙结构整体上具有中孔径、微细喉以及喉道分选不均匀等特征;机械压实作用和胶结作用导致了致密砂岩的形成,该致密砂岩属于次生型致密砂岩。     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

中国致密砂岩储层流体可动性及其影响因素

致密砂岩储层流体可动性对油气开发、预测和评价具有重要意义。查阅国内近十年相关成果，对致密储层流体可动性的相关参数、测试方法、分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析。发现致密砂岩储层的弛豫时间T₂谱截止值为0.540~41.600 ms，可动流体孔隙度为0.12%~14.35%，可动流体饱和度为2.16%~90.30%，Ⅲ—Ⅳ类储层是致密砂岩储层的主要类型，致密储层可动流体的孔喉半径下限为0.013~0.110 μm，高压压汞、核磁共振、恒速压汞识别的孔喉半径下限分别为0.037 5、0.070 0~0.200 0、0.120 0 μm，水膜厚度为0.05~1.00 μm。统计分析显示，核磁共振、恒速压汞测得致密储层可动流体饱和度偏低；水膜厚度是影响致密砂岩储层流体渗流的主要因素；低煤阶煤层可动流体饱和度最高，致密砂岩储层次之，页岩储层最低；致密砂岩储层约是页岩储层、低煤阶煤层可动流体孔隙度的10倍；砂岩储层可动流体赋存于孔隙和喉道中，受孔隙和喉道共同控制；致密砂岩具有喉道分布集中，有效孔隙发育差，孔隙大部分为喉道半径小于1.000 μm的微细孔；喉道半径越集中、孔喉半径比越小、有效喉道半径越大，越有利于储层流体的渗流；砂岩渗透率（<2×10^-3 μm²）越低，可动流体参数衰减越快；渗透率（>2×10^-3 μm²）越高，可动流体参数升高越缓慢；喉道半径是控制致密砂岩储层流体可动性的主要因素。     

川东北元坝地区须家河组储层特征与超致密成因探讨

元坝地区须家河组砂岩的致密化程度极高,以超低孔、超低渗储层为主,属于超致密砂岩。本文基于铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜和物性等资料,在对砂岩的岩石组分、孔隙类型及物性特征分析的基础上,通过与国内外典型致密砂岩对比,揭示研究区砂岩较其他砂岩致密化程度高的原因,分析超致密砂岩的勘探潜能。结果表明,研究区砂岩具有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量;填隙物以黏土杂基和钙质胶结物为主,较强的硅质胶结作用仅发育于石英砂岩中。孔隙多为黏土杂基晶间微孔,喉道呈窄缝状或不发育,孔喉分选差,偏细歪度。砂岩致密化程度高主要有两方面的原因:一是原始组构差,成分成熟度低,含有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量,导致砂岩在早成岩阶段既已经历了很强的压实作用和钙质胶结作用,致密化时间早,溶蚀作用不发育;二是成岩演化阶段高,砂岩经历了中成岩阶段的压溶及进一步的钙质/硅质胶结,使得砂岩超致密化。与国内外典型致密砂岩气藏对比表明,超致密砂岩有效孔隙少,对天然气的富集能力有限。元坝地区须家河组只有孔隙度近于8%(如长石岩屑砂岩)的砂岩才可成为有利的致密气储层。     

Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Controls of Reservoir Quality: A Case Study of He 8 Sandstones in the Linxing Area,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Determining the process of densification and tectonic evolution of tight sandstone can help to understand the distribution of reservoirs and find relatively high-permeability areas. Based on integrated approaches of thin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM), cathode luminescence(CL), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), N_2 porosity and permeability, micro-resistivity imaging log(MIL) and three-dimensional seismic data analysis, this work discussed the reservoir characteristics of the member 8 of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation(He 8 sandstones) in the Linxing area of eastern Ordos Basin, determined the factors affecting reservoir quality, and revealed the formation mechanism of relatively high-permeability areas. The results show that the He 8 sandstones in the Linxing area are mainly composed of feldspathic litharenites, and are typical tight sandstones(with porosity 10% and permeability 1 mD accounting for 80.3% of the total samples). Rapid burial is the main reason for reservoir densification, which resulted in61% loss of the primary porosity. In this process, quartz protected the original porosity by resisting compaction. The cementation(including carbonate, clay mineral and siliceous cementation) further densified the sandstone reservoirs,reducing the primary porosity with an average value of 28%. The calcite formed in the eodiagenesis occupied intergranular pores and affected the formation of the secondary pores by preventing the later fluid intrusion, and the Fe-calcite formed in the mesodiagenetic stage densified the sandstones further by filling the residual intergranular pores. The clay minerals show negative effects on reservoir quality, however, the chlorite coatings protected the original porosity by preventing the overgrowth of quartz. The dissolution of feldspars provides extensive intergranular pores which constitute the main pore type, and improves the reservoir quality. The tectonic movements play an important role in improving the reservoir quality.The current tectonic traces of the study area are mainly controlled by the Himalayan movement, and the high-permeability reservoirs are mainly distributed in the anticline areas. Additionally, the improvement degree(by tectonic movements) of reservoir quality is partly controlled by the original composition of the sandstones. Thus, the selection of potential tight gas well locations in the study area should be focused on the anticline areas with relatively good original reservoir quality. And the phenomena can be referenced for other fluvial tight sandstone basins worldwide.     

沾化凹陷渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段致密储层成因机理

渤南洼陷是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷重要的油气富集区,其中渤南洼陷北带发育的深层砂砾岩致密油藏是沙河街组沙四上亚段油气增产的关键,其储层成因机理研究是该区实现未开发储量动用的基础。通过对钻井、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、储层物性、压汞、核磁共振等相关资料分析,认为致密储层分布于2类扇三角洲沉积物中,受沉积体系差异影响。早期形成的扇三角洲规模较大,沉积物延伸距离长,机械分异作用强,颗粒粗细分明,孔渗具有良好的正相关对应关系;后期形成的扇三角洲规模较小,沉积物近源、快速堆积,机械分异作用弱,颗粒混杂堆积,孔渗对应关系不明显。刚性、易溶的岩屑能够有效提高砂砾岩储层物性,其在原始沉积物中的含量不能过低。储层岩性以岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低;孔隙类型以次生孔隙和原生孔隙为主,喉道类型以片状和弯片状为主,孔隙连通性差;孔隙结构包括5类,储层非均质性强。压实作用和胶结作用是破坏渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层物性的重要因素,胶结作用多类型、多期次、强破坏,其中伊利石胶结的强弱对储层性能影响显著。溶蚀作用、破裂作用和超压作用有助于储层物性的改善,但建设性成岩作用总体影响有限。综合分析渤南洼陷北带沙四段致密储层形成机制,认为石英、长石和岩屑相对含量近似,伊利石相对含量更低的粗砂岩储层为研究区有利储层。孔喉大小和孔喉比与孔隙度和渗透率一样,是评价致密储层的关键参数,孔隙度、渗透率越高,孔喉半径越大,孔喉比越小,则储层物性越好。     

同沉积期火山作用对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂岩储层形成的意义

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界主要为一套陆源碎屑沉积体系，其中广泛发育河流-三角洲相砂岩储集体，是该区上古生界天然气聚集成藏的主要场所。但由于陆源杂基的充填以及成岩压实作用、胶结作用的改造，大部分砂层储集性能都较差而无工业性储集意义。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂岩储层孔隙成因的分析，提出在局部层段集中分布的孔隙性砂岩，其孔隙主要为次生溶蚀成因。进一步的研究表明，由同沉积期火山作用形成的、分布于砂岩层中的火山碎屑组分的成岩溶蚀是次生溶孔形成的主要原因。因此，同沉积期火山作用控制了该区上古生界主要砂岩储层的发育和分布。中基性火山作用由于能提供较多的“易溶组分”，从而控制了次生溶孔发育的较高渗透性砂岩储层的分布； 而影响更为广泛的酸性火山作用则主要形成以蚀变高岭石晶间孔为主的低渗透性储层。     

准噶尔盆地中央坳陷莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组深层致密砂岩气储集层特征及成因*

综合利用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜以及测井资料,对准噶尔盆地中央坳陷莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组一段致密砂岩气储集层特征及致密化成因进行研究。结果表明: (1)三工河组一段储集层平均埋深超过4500 m,具低—特低孔、低—特低渗特征,属于典型深层致密砂岩气储集层;(2)沉积类型为浅水三角洲—湖泊相沉积,三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩为主要储集层;(3)岩石类型以细砂岩、粉—细砂岩为主,主要为低成分成熟度的岩屑砂岩,具有岩屑和塑性岩屑含量高及胶结物含量低的“两高一低”特征;(4)储集层孔隙类型以混合孔为主,孔隙-孔喉组合类型以中细孔-细喉型为主,孔喉分选性、连通性和渗流能力相对较差,微观孔隙结构总体较差;物质成分、压实作用及胶结物充填是3个导致储集层致密化的因素,从而形成三工河组一段深层致密砂岩气储集层。     

基于核磁共振标定的高压压汞孔喉分布定量评价方法

孔喉分布是控制低渗-致密砂岩储层物性的关键因素,其评价依托于各种储层微观特征测试方法,需要综合多方法各自优势进行孔喉分布定量表征。本文提出基于核磁共振标定的高压压汞孔喉分布定量评价的方法,即通过核磁共振离心前后横向弛豫时间T_2谱图对比,依据流体赋存状态重新划分三孔隙度组分百分比法的T_2值界限T_(21)和T_(22),对应将孔喉划分为束缚流体孔喉、过渡流体孔喉和可动流体孔喉,再结合T_2值与孔喉半径的关系将T_2值界限转化为孔喉半径界限r_1和r_2,最终依据高压压汞统计的不同流体赋存状态的孔喉含量S_1、S_2和S_3进行孔喉分布定量评价。该方法综合了核磁共振有效表征孔喉流体赋存状态和高压压汞有效表征孔喉大小的优势。将此方法应用于西湖凹陷花港组低渗-致密砂岩储层孔喉分布评价,建立了T_2值与孔喉半径平均转化系数C为0.0079,求取r_1和r_2为60 nm和160 nm,依据各类孔喉含量及其相互关系将孔喉分布划分为四类,从而为储层评价提供新的参数和思路。     

高邮凹陷永安地区戴南组一段储层特征及主控因素

通过岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析和孔隙图像分析等资料,对高邮凹陷永安地区戴南组一段砂岩储层特征进行了系统分析,从沉积和成岩两方面对储层物性主控因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:岩石类型为长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度较低,粒度偏细,分选中等偏差; 储层物性以低孔低渗为主中孔中渗为辅,孔隙类型有粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和铸模孔,平均孔径为37.53 μm,喉道主要为可变端面的收缩部分,其次为片状和弯片状喉道,平均喉道半径为10.25 μm,孔喉配位数主要为3,分选性好。沉积作用是高邮凹陷永安地区戴南组一段砂岩储层物性主控因素之一,水动力强分选程度高的沉积环境形成的砂岩粒度大分选好,储层物性好; 不同的成岩作用类型对储层物性具有不同的控制作用,压实和胶结作用导致储层孔隙空间变小,物性变差,而溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙空间,储层物性得到改善,在2 500～2 700 m和2 850～2 950 m处形成了明显的次生孔隙发育带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块延长组长8油层组砂岩储层特征

延长组长8 油层组是鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块的主力油层之一,岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,为典型的 特低孔特低渗储层。储集空间以次生溶蚀粒间孔为主,喉道以缩颈型、片状和弯片状为主,孔喉结构发育3 种类型,以II 型为主。长8 砂岩储层特征主要受沉积作用、成岩作用、裂缝发育程度和油气充注4 个因素控制。最有利于储层发育的沉积 微相为水下分流河道,且中砂岩的储集物性好于细砂岩,富含石英、长石和变质岩岩屑的砂岩的储集物性好于火成岩岩屑、 沉积岩岩屑和云母含量高的砂岩。成岩作用对储集物性的影响具有双重性,建设性成岩作用包括溶解和孔隙衬里绿泥石胶 结作用2 种,两者均很发育的层段是油气储集的最有利地带;破坏性成岩作用主要包括机械压实作用和晚期亮晶方解石胶 结作用。裂缝以白垩纪末- 古近纪的构造裂缝为主,其使长8 储层渗透率急剧增大,储层非均值性增强。油气充注对储集 物性的影响主要表现为促进溶解作用的发生以及次生孔隙的形成和保存。     

障壁坝砂体储层特征与成岩孔隙定量演化模式 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区本溪组为例

为明确海陆变迁背景下障壁坝砂体成岩孔隙演化规律,运用岩石薄片、扫描电镜及配套能谱、阴极发光等资料,对延长探区石炭系本溪组障壁成因砂体储集特征与成岩作用进行综合分析,并结合砂岩初始孔隙度恢复模型与薄片孔隙定量分析技术,开展基于埋藏热演化历程的储层孔隙演化参数定量评价,建立该区本溪组障壁坝砂岩孔隙定量演化模式。结果表明:储层砂岩以石英砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩及岩屑砂岩为主;孔隙度、渗透率平均值分别为4.72%和1.22×10^(-3 )μm^2;储集空间以溶蚀扩大孔、粒内孔、晶间孔为主;现今储层主体已达到晚成岩阶段;砂岩初始孔隙度平均值为38.1%,埋藏至今共经历了四个典型的成岩增/减孔阶段,即P_1～T_2(285～208 Ma)"低地温、快埋藏"的大幅减孔阶段(-30.7%)、T_2～J_3(208～153 Ma)"高地温、缓沉降"的溶蚀增孔阶段(+3.9%)、J_3～K_1(153～96 Ma)"高地温、稳埋深"的减孔定型阶段(-6.6%)、K_1至今(96 Ma～)"低地温、晚隆升"的弱改造阶段。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区山西组山2段储层可动流体赋存影响因素分析

山2段是鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区致密砂岩气生产的重要层段,目前对其流体赋存规律认识明显不足。因此在铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、高压压汞、恒速压汞、核磁共振测试的基础上,分析该储层可动流体的赋存特征及其影响因素。结果表明:山2储层主要为岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,溶蚀孔和晶间孔为主要储集空间,粒间溶孔显著发育。山2储层可动流体饱和度为34.74%～91.83%,平均为69.94%,T2谱多为双峰态,呈左低右高型。储层孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙类型、孔喉特征及胶结物影响可动流体饱和度。孔隙为可动流体提供主要空间,平均孔隙半径越大,平均喉道半径越大,孔喉比越小,可动流体饱和度越高。硅质含量越高,粒间孔保存越好,可动流体饱和度越高。铁方解石含量越高,孔隙破坏越明显,可动流体饱和越低。高岭石含量较高,长石溶孔及晶间孔发育较好,有利于流体流动,可动流体饱和度也较高。     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

神府解家堡区上古生界致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素

神府解家堡区构造上位于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晋西挠褶带,上古生界自下而上发育本1段、太2段、山2段和千5段等多套致密砂岩储集层.储层岩石类型以石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,自下而上储层石英含量呈递减、岩屑和长石含量呈递增趋势.储集空间类型以粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔和微裂缝为主,储层最大孔隙半径总体偏小,孔隙中值半径较小,排驱压力中等,储层孔隙以小孔—微孔为主.本溪组海相障壁—潮坪沉积、太原组浅水三角洲沉积、山西组三角洲沉积和石千峰组陆相辫状河沉积演化序列下,岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度自下而上降低,储层空间展布呈层多而薄、砂—泥—煤岩交互特征.成岩作用类型以压实、胶结、溶蚀作用为主,局部发育高岭石化和微裂缝.以沉积相带、岩石类型和成岩作用类型作为3个控制端元,以孔隙度和渗透率为标准,上古生界致密砂岩储层可划分为4个大类和10个亚类,优势相和强溶蚀、弱胶结作用下的Ⅰ类储层孔隙度大于8%,渗透率大于0.5 mD,是最优质储层.     

湘中坳陷晚古生界储层成岩演化与天然气成藏

湘中坳陷是晚古生代南华陆表海盆在湘中的一个负向构造单元, 先天成油气地质条件优厚, 目前发生气喷井18口, 岩心检测储层物性整体表现为低孔低渗, 属于物性较差的致密储层。本文通过铸体薄片、电镜扫描、粒度图像、粒度孔隙等资料开展成岩组构镜下详细观察及孔隙演化特征分析。结果表明: 该区储层类型主要是孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙-裂隙型, 其中次生溶蚀孔和后期构造产生的破裂缝为主要储集空间。下石炭统致密储层在距今约290 Ma时形成, 成岩作用对储层孔隙影响较大, 压实作用是使碎屑岩孔隙变差的主要控制因素, 压溶作用、溶蚀作用、破裂作用对储层物性有所改善, 后期的胶结作用使储层致密性加强。结合流体包裹体测温资料及区域地质背景与地层埋藏史、油气充注期, 指出该区天然气藏为先致密后成藏的天然气成藏模式, 深盆气为勘探主要潜力目标。     

孔隙结构对低渗-特低渗砂岩储层渗流特征的影响段储层为例——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段储层为例

通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察、孔喉图像、毛细管压力、恒速压汞、气水相对渗透率、核磁共振等多种分析实验手段,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储层的微观孔隙结构和渗流特征,探讨了孔隙结构对储层渗流特征的影响。结果表明,孔隙结构特征是影响低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的主要因素。而砂岩的孔隙结构特征主要受砂岩原生矿物组合与成岩演化过程及其产物的控制,盒8段各砂岩类型由于其矿物成分不同导致孔隙结构的差异,也是各砂岩类型储集性能与渗流能力存在差别的直接原因。在孔隙结构参数中,喉道的大小、有效孔隙与喉道的体积及其连通性是决定储层储集与渗流能力的关键。大孔喉对储层渗流能力的贡献更大,中-小孔喉则对储集能力的贡献相对较高。微裂缝是除孔隙结构以外影响砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的重要因素。     

Diagenetic differences in tight sandstone reservoirs in two delta fronts: an example from the Chang 4 and 5 members of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area,Ordos Basin,China

With the intensification of oil and gas exploration, tight sandstone reservoirs have received an increasing amount of attention, particularly with regard to the genesis of tight reservoir rock. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin has developed a typical tight, oil-bearing, clastic reservoir (lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite, grain size is mainly 0.1~0.3 mm in diameter). During the depositional period of the Chang 4 and 5 members, the two provenance systems of the southwest and northeast developed in the study area. In the southwest, sandstones in the lower part of distributary channels are coarser with fewer quartz overgrowth and ankerite and better reservoir quality (porosity about 12%, permeability about 1 mD). In the northeast, chlorite coating is thicker (>?4 vol%) in the underwater channel sandstones (porosity is about 14%, permeability is about 2 mD) than in the mouth bar sandstones. Sandstones in the upper part of distributary channels are finer with lower permeability (about 0.1 mD). Authigenic ankerite mainly appears around detrital dolomite as an overgrowth. The SiO₂ in the quartz overgrowth most likely came from the transformation of smectite to illite and the dissolution of feldspar. In the northeast, only 2 vol% of chlorite rims significantly inhibited quartz overgrowth, but they probably blocked and delayed the dissolution of feldspars by acids. We present results here that show the diagenetic differences in sand bodies in delta fronts are influenced by sediment size, maturity, and the composition of framework grain; the materials that compose authigenic minerals mainly come from the alteration of sandstones. As a whole, the formation of tight reservoir rocks in the study area is closely related to sedimentary facies, composition of framework grain, cement type and content, and development of dissolution.