焦作矿区煤层底板注浆加固工作面突水原因与防治

焦作矿区水文地质条件极为复杂,煤层底板受到承压水的严重威胁,为此对工作面煤层底板进行了注浆加固改造。但近几年底板注浆加固工作面仍发生突水事故,严重影响了矿井的正常生产,并构成了安全隐患。通过对焦作矿区近年来8起底板注浆加固工作面突水事故进行调研,详细分析了突水工作面主要充水水源、注浆加固改造情况、突水情况及原因,总结归纳了注浆加固工作面突水影响因素,利用实例计算验证了易突水位置,并进一步提出了水害防治措施。      

煤层底板超前注浆加固定向孔注浆工艺技术

煤层底板突水是矿山建设与生产过程中的主要灾害之一。底板注浆加固技术是目前我国防治底板突水的重要措施和方法。利用定向孔进行煤层底板超前注浆加固,对注浆的层位与注浆材料选取、注浆工艺制定、注浆方法和浆液配置进行了系统研究;针对定向孔的特点对注浆效果检查与评价进行了完善,并通过赵固一矿11151工作面现场进行了验证。试验表明,所采取的注浆工艺技术很好的保障了注浆和钻进施工,注浆加固效果明显,实现了工作面超前区域注浆加固的目的。      

煤层底板隐伏断层分类及突水防治措施

矿井底板突水系数介于0.06~0.1 MPa/m区域内发育的隐伏断层，是煤矿生产过程中发生突水的关键因素之一，对其进行科学分类有利于制定底板突水防治针对性措施。通过煤层底板隐伏断层特征分析，根据隐伏断层顶界面位置与"下三带"垂向关系，从底板水害防治角度，将煤层底板隐伏断层分为高位、中位及低位3种类型。借助理论与突水案例分析手段，指出存在突水威胁的高位隐伏断层具有全贯通、突发性、水量大及危害程度高等特点；中位隐伏断层具有突水时间难以判断、突水后难以治理的特点。针对高位隐伏断层，提出工作面回采前对煤层底板进行注浆加固等防治措施；针对低位隐伏断层，提出在突水灾害前后采取不同思路的注浆治理措施。研究成果对于煤矿企业应对隐伏断层引起的底板突水灾害提供了重要参考。      

基于水平取心的煤层底板注浆加固检验方法研究及应用

地面多分支水平井钻井煤层底板注浆加固技术的研发和推广应用,有效消除了奥灰水灾害性突水通道,实现了奥灰水害区超前带压开采。目前一些对加固效果的检验方法,虽然可在一定程度上验证注浆改造效果,但对于加固后阻水能力的评价方面稍显不足。基于底板注浆加固检验需要,研发了适用性的水平井取心工具,并进行了取心试验,岩石力学测试结果表明,底板注浆后抗压能力显著提高。将本方法与已有方法相互结合,优势互补,可形成较为完整系统的煤层底板注浆加固检验技术体系,保障煤矿生产安全。     

煤层底板破坏的断层效应模拟及其在防治水中的应用

梁北煤矿已发生5 次寒武系灰岩底板突水事故,造成重大经济损失。根据矿井的水文地质条件,建立了煤层开采的FLAC 数值模型,利用岩石力学及渗流力学理论,分别模拟了无断层和有断层条件下煤层底板采动破坏带的演化规律,重点讨论了断裂深度及断层空间位置对底板破坏深度的影响。结果表明,断层的存在可使底板采动破坏深度增加20%~33%,断层是突水重点防范区域,遇断层前10 m 直到过断层15 m 须加强防治水工作。根据模拟结果设计了梁北矿11041, 11151,11111 三个工作面底板的注浆加固工程,重点注浆层位分别为底板破坏范围和寒武系顶部裂隙发育带,注浆工程增强了底板的阻水能力,实现了工作面的安全回采。     

淮北袁店煤矿101、102采区煤层底板突水危险性综合评价

为有效控制煤层底板带压开采突水发生,同时解决突水系数法评价底板突水的局限性,引入灰色模糊聚类法综合评价煤层底板突水危险性。以袁店煤矿101、102采区为例,通过对10煤层水文地质条件、底板充水水源和充水通道深入分析,提取评价煤层底板突水危险性关键指标,综合考虑岩溶裂隙发育、地质构造、隔水层厚度、裂隙含水层富水性、灰岩含水层厚度5个突水主控因素,并进行底板突水危险性分区。结果表明：101采区底板突水危险性较小,102采区危险性较大。建议对102采区局部富水地段进行注浆加固,以达到防治突水的目的。     

临—祁井田底板岩溶突水频率高的原因分析

临-祁井田蕴藏着近3亿t的煤炭,但占总储量69.5%的下组煤深受奥灰水威胁,突水频率高,给生产带来很大影响.通过分析,井田奥灰岩溶富水性好、正断层发育和突水系数高是突水频率高的主要原因,应当通过勘探、注浆加固等手段预防底板突水.     

马兰煤矿主斜井底水仓底板加固防治水方法

山西太原古交矿区马兰煤矿主斜井底水仓布置在奥陶系顶部隔水关键层内,其底板为奥陶系峰峰组灰岩,隔水层厚度4.17 m,受到底板奥灰承压含水层的严重威胁。为了消除突水隐患,在水仓底板岩石变形破坏机理模拟研究的基础上,同时考虑到研究区奥灰含水层距离近、水量大的特殊情况,探索出一种新型注浆加固方法对水仓底板进行注浆加固,并取得了良好效果。设计为一钢筋混凝土盖先覆于水仓底板上,同时用加强筋与围岩连接,之后再采用浅孔低压与深孔高压交替注浆充填的方法进行加固。此方法使水仓底板与围岩成为一个整体,对浆液起到封闭作用,使底板更加稳固。      

底板注浆加固技术在河南汝州煤田朝川矿的应用

朝川矿断裂构造及裂隙发育,水文地质条件复杂。主采煤层二1煤底板隔水层薄、分布不稳定,再加上该区底板灰岩承压含水层富水性强、水头压力高、补给来源丰富,从而给煤层开采带来了一定的风险。针对矿区的水文地质特点,提出在受水害威胁严重且不适宜疏水降压的区域,采用底板注浆加固的方法实现矿井的安全开采,并对该矿在二1煤层井下巷道打钻成功,实现底板注浆加固,从而使含水层变为隔水层的实施过程进行了较为详细的介绍。结果表明,底板加固技术是预防煤矿突水的有效途径,具有极大的优越性和实用性。     

煤矿底板注浆堵水工程实践

微震波蕴含了大量的震源和传播介质的信息,包括震源位置、类型、能量、岩层密度、裂隙等。微震监测的过程就是对微震波的反演分析过程。微震监测能够对煤矿突水通道进行时空定位,通过对定位结果的三维展示和分析,实时监测突水通道的形成扩展过程。以某矿煤层底板注浆成功治理4301工作面底板突水工程实践为例,认为采用微震监测技术可有效分析判断工作面出水水源;在注浆治理工程中利用微震事件监测可有效指导钻孔注浆量及压力;治理工程完成后通过对比分析含水层水位与突水水质数据,可以对注浆堵水进行效果评价。     

Electromagnetometry at the sea floor

Electromagnetometry at the sea floor has been developed over the last two decades taking advantage of the progress of positioning and acoustic technology in marine region. In spite of its risks and costs, electromagnetometry at the sea floor has significantly contributed to the study of conductivity anomalies through direct observations of electromagnetic variations at the sea floor. Some of the fruitful results of the ocean bottom observations around Japan as well as data processing of sea floor electromagnetic measurements are reviewed. Future problems in electromagnetometry at the sea floor are also discussed. In conclusion, the importance of establishing semipermanent electromagnetic observatories at the sea floor is emphasized.     

Is the ocean floor a fractal?

The topographic structure of the ocean bottom is investigated at different scales of resolution to answer the question: Can the seafloor be described as a fractal process? Methods from geostatistics, the theory of regionalized variables, are used to analyze the spatial structure of the ocean floor at different scales of resolution. The key to the analysis is the variogram criterion: Self-similarity of a stochastic process implies self-similarity of its variogram. The criterion is derived and proved here: it also is valid for special cases of self-affinity (in a sense adequate for topography). It has been proposed that seafloor topography can be simulated as a fractal (an object of Hausdorff dimension strictly larger than its topological dimension), having scaling properties (self-similarity or self-affinity). The objective of this study is to compare the implications of these concepts with observations of the seafloor. The analyses are based on SEABEAM bathymetric data from the East Pacific Rise at 13°N/104°W and at 9°N/104°W and use tracks that run both across the ridge crest and along the ridge flank. In the geostatistical evaluation, the data are considered as a stochastic process. The spatial continuity of this process is described by variograms that are calculated for different scales and directions. Applications of the variogram criterion to scale-dependent variogram models yields the following results: Although the seafloor may be a fractal in the sense of the definition involving the Hausdorff dimension, it is not self-similar, nor self-affine (in the given sense). Mathematical models of scale-dependent spatial structures are presented, and their relationship to geologic processes such as ridge evolution, crust formation, and sedimentation is discussed.     

现浇混凝土空心楼盖结构新技术在工程中的应用

现浇混凝土空心楼盖技术是我国建筑结构领域的一项重大创新,它为21世纪建筑现代化提供了技术支承,是一种性能价格比较为优越的高技术水平的结构体系,具有颇高的社会经济价值。     

Is the ocean floor a fractal?

The topographic structure of the ocean bottom is investigated at different scales of resolution to answer the question: Can the seafloor be described as a fractal process? Methods from geostatistics, the theory of regionalized variables, are used to analyze the spatial structure of the ocean floor at different scales of resolution. The key to the analysis is the variogram criterion: Self-similarity of a stochastic process implies self-similarity of its variogram. The criterion is derived and proved here: it also is valid for special cases of self-affinity (in a sense adequate for topography). It has been proposed that seafloor topography can be simulated as a fractal (an object of Hausdorff dimension strictly larger than its topological dimension), having scaling properties (self-similarity or self-affinity). The objective of this study is to compare the implications of these concepts with observations of the seafloor. The analyses are based on SEABEAM bathymetric data from the East Pacific Rise at 13°N/104°W and at 9°N/104°W and use tracks that run both across the ridge crest and along the ridge flank. In the geostatistical evaluation, the data are considered as a stochastic process. The spatial continuity of this process is described by variograms that are calculated for different scales and directions. Applications of the variogram criterion to scale-dependent variogram models yields the following results: Although the seafloor may be a fractal in the sense of the definition involving the Hausdorff dimension, it is not self-similar, nor self-affine (in the given sense). Mathematical models of scale-dependent spatial structures are presented, and their relationship to geologic processes such as ridge evolution, crust formation, and sedimentation is discussed.     

Asymmetric damage mechanism of floor roadway based on zonal damage characteristics of longwall panel floor: a case study

Natural Hazards - By means of field observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, etc., the zonal failure characteristics of longwall panel floor and the asymmetric failure mechanism of...     

利用神经网络预测煤层底板突水

本文利用神经网络对已知样本进行学习。旨在预测煤层底板突水，取得了较好效果，为煤层底板突水预测提供了一条新途径。     

云岭隧道底鼓机理分析

结合十漫高速公路云岭隧道建设,分析了隧道底鼓的形式和发展过程,研究了影响隧道底鼓的多个因素,在分析隧道仰拱稳定性的基础上,推导了隧道底鼓的表达式,并通过现场监测对其进行了验证。通过对隧道底鼓机制进行分析,正确认识了围岩的变形破坏机制,提出了隧道底鼓的治理措施。其研究结果不仅为优化隧道的支护体系提供了依据,同时对指导隧道现场施工,确保施工安全具有重要意义。     

煤层底板破坏流固耦合数值模拟

根据煤层底板含水层具有不均一性的特点,建立了底板含水层非均布水压力学模型和流固耦合模型,并根据"下三带"理论和弹塑性理论求得了底板保护带突水极限压力的弹性解和塑性解。利用FLAC3D软件对工作面采动底板进行了流固耦合数值模拟,并对煤层采动底板的应力破坏特征以及渗流特征进行了研究。综合采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法对煤层底板进行了突水预测。研究表明:非均布水压模型更符合工程实际,数值模拟方法可以快捷、准确的对煤层底板突水进行预测,对水害防治具有重要意义。      

倾斜煤层底板破坏特征的微震监测

带压开采是承压水上采煤的主要方法,底板采动破坏深度的确定是实现带压开采的关键和前提。针对底板采动破坏深度现场测量方法的局限性,特别是倾斜煤层（煤层倾角在25°～45°之间）底板采动破坏深度的现场测量。以桃园煤矿1066工作面为例,利用高精度微震监测技术,对承压水上倾斜煤层底板的采动破坏特征进行了连续的、动态监测。监测结果表明：（1）工作面运输巷（下顺槽）附近的底板比工作面回风巷（上顺槽）附近的底板破坏深度更深,破坏范围更大;（2）倾斜煤层工作面底板破坏形态整体呈现为一个下大上小的非对称形态。根据微震监测结果,确定了1066工作面回风巷和运输巷附近底板的最大破坏深度,划分了倾斜煤层工作面底板突水危险区域。将微震监测的倾斜煤层底板破坏深度与经验公式计算的底板破坏深度进行了对比,指出了经验公式存在的不足