四川省九龙县黑牛洞铜锌矿的矿床地质特征、成因及其成矿时代

通过野外填图、坑探和钻探以及室内测试、研究认为:黑牛洞铜锌矿床原来可能是一个形成于中元古代大陆被动边缘裂谷的大型甚至特大型海相火山块状硫化物矿床;含矿围岩是糜棱岩、千糜岩、糜棱片岩、变晶糜棱岩、变粒岩、浅粒岩和构造蚀变岩,剪切型矿化和蚀变带包裹了矿体,原岩是石英砂岩、泥质石英粉砂岩、泥质岩和硅质岩夹基性火山岩、少量中—酸性、酸性火山岩,经过变质达到高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相.以块状、角砾状和准块状矿石为主的矿床是富铜矿,矿石的铜平均品位为1.68％,锌品位平均为1.53％;矿化与褪色带、硅化关系密切.矿化类型以广泛发育韧性剪切带型浸染状矿化岩或矿石(分别简称剪切型矿化岩或矿石)为特色,具有与糜棱岩、千糜岩相同的变形特征,可见两期以上的金属矿物透镜体、变形条带和不协调微褶皱.矿床具有原地韧性变形改造、变质再生矿床的特点;矿石、矿体的围岩和氢、氧、硫、铅、硅同位素特征显示,块状、准块状和角砾状矿石的矿质基本来源于剪切型矿化岩或矿石,是变质生成矿床,也是原矿石的再生矿床,而剪切型矿化岩或矿石可能是中元古代海底火山-裂谷作用形成的火山块状硫化物矿床经过多期韧性变形、变质改造形成的,是溶解为主的化学再活化的残余.构造改造、再生矿床的成矿时代为134.26±0.5Ma.,形成于燕山晚期.     

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区主期韧性剪切带

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区的韧性剪切带，根据其与变形变质的关系可分为（１）早期主变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称主期韧性剪切带；（２）晚期叠加变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称叠加韧性剪切带。主期韧性剪切带糜棱岩，退变质和新生面理等标志，其高应变特征主要通过岩石中片理和线理发育程度，矿物定向程度，矿的粒度及应变大小表现出来。由于主期声望生剪切带内的片理和线理及矿物组合与围岩中的相同，因此相同岩石的     

一些与韧性剪切带有关的金矿地质特征

目前,在世界范围内已发现越来越多的金矿赋存于韧性剪切带中,根据其主成矿期与韧性剪切带形成时间的关系可分为同韧性剪切型金矿和韧性剪切后型金矿。同韧性剪切型金矿主成矿时代同容矿韧性剪切带的发生、形成是同步的,韧性剪切活动不仅为成矿提供了空间,而且与成矿直接有关,容矿围岩为超糜棱岩、糜棱岩、初糜棱岩等,靠化学品位圈定矿体,矿石类型以浸染状为主;韧性剪切后型金矿成矿时代明显晚于韧性变形期,二者间隔时间较长,剪切活动仅为成矿提供空间,矿石类型完全取决于成矿前之容矿带的变形特征。     

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区主期韧性剪切带

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区的韧性剪切带，根据其与变形变质的关系可分为（１）早期主变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称主期韧性剪切带；（２）晚期叠加变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称叠加韧性剪切带。主期韧性剪切带不发育糜棱岩、退变质和新生面理等标志，其高应变特征主要通过岩石中片理和线理发育程度、矿物定向程度、矿物粒度及应变大小表现出来。由于主期韧性剪切带内的片理和线理及矿物组合与围岩中的相同，因此相同岩石的应变强度比较是识别它的有效途径。比较拟引入反映岩石变形强度的物理参数ｎ（ＸＺ面上平行Ｘ和垂直Ｘ两个方向上单位长度矿物颗粒数之比）、Ｓ（单位体积内矿物颗粒表面积）和Ｒ＿ｓ（矿物形态应变）作为比较参数。     

江西大背坞地区韧性剪切带中岩石变形与矿物变化的关系

浅变质碎屑岩中韧性剪切变形往往引起进变质作用,并导致矿物变化,其主要表同为同构造变斑晶,绢云母重结晶和形成动力分异条带,从剪切带外侧到剪切带中心,同构造变斑晶由小变大,重结晶须云母含量逐渐增高,动力分异条带仅发育于剪切带中心强变形区,在一定变形范围内,重结晶绢云母含量与应变强度呈线性正相关。     

论五台山区五台晚期“之”字型韧性剪切带特征

五台山区五台晚期韧性剪切带主要发育在五台山花岗绿岩带内,为区内规模最大、影响广泛的区域性构造。总体呈北东-北东东向展布于五台岩群与花岗质片麻岩的接触带上或变质地层的接触带上,延伸长达200km以上。受吕粱期褶皱叠加改造呈“之”字型展布,是五台山花岗绿岩带南北向两个巨型岩片的分界构造;变形以花岗质岩石强烈片理化、糜棱岩化、绿泥石化为特征,发育糜棱岩、糜棱片岩、角砾状糜棱岩;剪切带内矿物拉伸线理及各类旋转应变标志指示上盘相对由北西向南东逆冲推覆;从剪切带所涉及的地质体为五台岩群及北台片麻岩,王家会岩体,并被吕梁期褶皱叠加,说明其形成于新太古代五台运动末期的造山过程。     

韧性剪切带的变形变质与同构造熔融作用——以中祁连地块宝库河韧性走滑剪切带为例

宝库河韧性剪切带是发育在中祁连地块北缘上的一条向北陡倾,走向近东西,宽约6 km的右行平移型韧性剪切带.剪切带内岩石原岩为泥质岩、基性岩和花岗岩,变质程度达角闪岩相,变形变质温度在685～763±46℃之间,压力在0.62～0.83±0.13 GPa范围内.其内长英质条带非常发育,规模变化较大,分布局部相对集中且受剪切带控制,走向与剪切带一致,平行于叶理,孤立无根,并在后期递进变形过程中发生不同程度的糜棱岩化、布丁化和褶皱,主要成分为长石和石英,明显不同于韧性剪切前或后侵入的花岗岩脉或岩体.长英质条带特征、REE配分模式及剪切带内岩石的变形变质温度说明剪切带内发育的长英质条带与基体是同源的,是在剪切应变过程中剪切热使围岩内部分物质发生动态熔融形成的,是同构造熔融作用的产物.     

新疆胜利达坂金矿区金矿化特征

胜利达坂金矿区,发育近EW向的韧性剪切带。该剪切带是区内金矿的主要控矿构造,控制了矿床、矿体及矿化体的分布。矿体主要沿韧性剪切带糜棱面理分布。矿石的主要类型是浸染糜棱岩型和变形石英脉型。成矿的最有利部位是剪切带内应力梯度大的地带。区内乳白色变形石英脉具有很大的找金潜力。该区金矿属韧性剪切带型金矿。     

辽西兴城—台里韧性剪切带北段变形特征

辽西兴城—台里地区发育系列花岗质岩石,强烈构造变形特征均显示其具有韧性剪切带的特点。对剪切带北段进行详细宏微观构造解析,结合岩石变形强度差异性分析、有限应变测量、石英C轴EBSD测试以及古差异应力值估算等研究,结果表明剪切带内花岗质片麻岩和眼球状花岗质片麻岩具有NEE向左行剪切变形特征,变形岩石为S-L构造岩,应变类型属于平面应变,古差异应力值介于30~40 MPa之间。长石-石英矿物温度计以及石英C轴EBSD组构指示剪切带以中低温变形为主,温度在400℃~500℃,属绿片岩相变质,具中-低温韧性剪切带特征。韧性剪切带内普遍存在变形分解现象,弱变形带内岩石残斑含量较高,眼球状构造和S-C组构较为发育;强变形带岩石残斑含量较低,剪切面理较为发育,糜棱面理发育较弱或者不发育。     

滇西韧性变形变质岩分类命名意见

糜棱岩是韧性剪切带的重要岩石类型，但不是唯一类型。大型韧性剪切带剪切作用，包括机械作用和热作用。由于变形条件（包括围压、应力、应变速率和温度）所决定的变形阶段及原岩性质差异，韧性变形变质岩石可以划分为糜棱岩、千糜岩及片糜岩三个类型。糜棱岩和千糜岩同处于变形初期阶段，大致相当于绿片岩相变质条件，但两者原岩性质不同，糜棱岩原岩主要为中粗粒长英质岩类；千糜岩原岩则为火山岩及泥砂质岩类。片糜岩是变形晚期阶段产物，是伴随有静态及动态重结晶作用的具有明显片状构造的变形变质岩石。滇西各韧性剪切带中三种岩石类型均相伴产出，均发育各种剪切变形。按照原岩性质、矿物成分、结构等特征还可以划分为若干亚类和过渡类型。这样的分类将有利于韧性剪切带研究的深化和地质制图。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.