一种铅玻璃充填红宝石中的包裹体特征

采用宝石显微镜、电子探针及其背散射电子成像技术研究了目前市场上的一种铅玻璃充填红宝石样品,重点分析了其固体包裹体的成分、形态、分布等特征以及铅玻璃充填物。该红宝石原石样品为暗红色-浅红色,透明-半透明,以六方柱状为主,未见或少见桶状或腰鼓状。研究结果显示,样品经过了铅玻璃充填与热处理,但处理温度较低,其矿物包裹体没有明显的热熔现象。其矿物包裹体有金红石、锆石、磷灰石、云母以及尖晶石等。其中,金红石包裹体可分为先成与同生两种,先成金红石包裹体可见破损现象,同生金红石包裹体主要呈短柱状,部分为长柱状。最后,对该红宝石样品中包裹体的成因及其可能产地进行了讨论。     

碧玺的充填处理

利用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪、紫外-可见光谱仪等测试方法对一件充填处理的黄绿色碧玺样品进行测试研究,宝石显微镜下可见糖浆状流动构造,有时可见蓝色闪光;红外光谱见3056cm~(-1)处苯环的特征吸收峰,以及2965cm~(-1)、2925cm~(-1)CH_3、CH_2的反对称伸缩振动致和2872cm~(-1)附近CH_3、CH_2的对称伸缩振动,显示样品进行了环氧树脂的充填处理;紫外-可见光谱仪测试见绿色碧玺的红区普遍吸收。     

常见绿松石品种特征及充填处理的鉴定

总结了我国市场上大量常见的不同产地的天然绿松石的特征,同时对比我国市场常见的充填处理绿松石的特征,研究了天然与充填处理绿松石的一般鉴别特征,发现处理绿松石的颜色深浅、颜色分布、包裹体、外观与天然绿松石均有较大的区别。还利用红外光谱对天然的和充填处理的绿松石进行了测试,发现充填处理绿松石在1 735、1 600、1 500 cm^-1附近可见吸收峰,表明绿松石内部充填了人工类树脂,可作为鉴定充填处理绿松石的有力证据。     

碧玺充填处理鉴定与充填程度分级研究

采用实验室常规检测方法和大型仪器测试技术(DiamondView~(TM)、红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、电子探针、扫描电镜等),对充填处理碧玺的鉴定特征进行了深入的分析和研究。测试结果表明,市场上销售的经人工充填的碧玺中充填物主要为环氧树脂等高分子聚合物。经充填处理的碧玺,显微放大检查常可见充填物残余、气泡、流动构造等现象,裂隙出露表面处可见充填物与主体存在光泽差异。紫外荧光灯及DiamondView~(TM)下,充填物常沿裂隙或坑洞发出明显蓝白色荧光。红外光谱仪测试显示3 057cm~(-1),3 038cm~(-1),2 957cm~(-1),2 947cm~(-1),2 874cm~(-1),5 985cm~(-1),5 922cm~(-1),5 885cm~(-1)附近环氧树脂吸收峰。激光拉曼光谱仪测试显示1 112cm~(-1),1 185cm~(-1),1 608cm~(-1)组合的特征拉曼位移。扫描电镜测试中,充填物高分子聚合物在背散射电子像中为深灰色,面扫描测试显示充填处主要元素为碳(C),可指示有机充填物的存在。本文将充填处理单粒碧玺、珠串及群镶碧玺的充填程度与市场价值关系的研究成果及分级原则和方法进行了阐述。单粒碧玺中以充填裂隙的大小、形状、位置、数量、充填程度以及充填裂隙总和面积与样品最大截面积的占比,将其充填程度共划分为T0,T1,T2,T34个等级;珠串及群镶碧玺中以每一粒碧玺的充填等级,结合不同充填程度颗粒数量占整个样品颗粒数量的比例,将珠串及群镶碧玺共划分为TS0,TS1,TS2,TS34个等级。首次提出充填处理碧玺合格判定原则和定名表述形式。     

优化处理红宝石中轻微玻璃态物质的清理实验

针对目前市场上出现的一些因优化处理而产生轻微玻璃残余物的天然红宝石,经适当浓度的氢氟酸(浓度23%)浸泡后,位于红宝石内裂隙和表面凹坑中的轻微玻璃态残余物被溶解,达到清理玻璃态残余物的目的,并利用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分析含玻璃材料的溶液中Si和Al的浓度分别为28.60μg/mL和2.795μg/mL,进而估算玻璃态残留物的损失量以判定热处理过程中非人为加入的玻璃态物质在红宝石中的充填程度。利用红外光谱仪对玻璃残留物清理前后的红宝石红外光谱进行对比研究得出:清理前,红外光谱显示在1 100~1 000 cm-1内有1个单峰宽谱带,谱峰为1 050 cm-1,是由νas(Si—O—Si)非对称伸缩振动引起的,表明残留物为非晶质体,750~600 cm-1之间位于744 cm-1的吸收峰为νs(Si—O—Si)对称伸缩振动引起;清理后,未检测到玻璃残余物特征的Si—O振动峰,仅具950~600 cm-1范围内的宽谱带,为刚玉Al—O基频振动谱带736、622 cm-1,体现晶质金属氧化物的特征,表明样品中玻璃态物质已被清除,实验后红宝石可被划归为经人工优化范畴。宝石显微镜下观察到清理实验后红宝石中原先被玻璃残余物所掩盖的显著内裂隙及表面凹坑。     

碧玺充填探讨

采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪和荧光能谱仪对广州市荔湾广场的105件碧玺样品进行了测试分析。结果表明,绝大多数碧玺样品都存在充填处理的现象,其内部充填物为黄色与白色絮状物,并具有蓝色闪光、流动构造等特征;其中,充填现象不明显的碧玺样品在红外吸收光谱仪和荧光能谱仪下也可检测到有机物及Pb。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部石盒子组层序充填样式及过程分析

本文根据野外露头、测井及钻井岩心等资料,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东北部石盒子组的层序充填样式和演化规律.于陆内坳陷盆地发展阶段的高潮期以充填辫状河三角洲为特征,相对稳定期以充填曲流河三角洲为特征;陆内坳陷盆地的成熟阶段以充填网结河三角洲为特征.各时期的三角洲具有"大平原、小前缘"的特点,这为河道的形成演化和砂体富集提供了空间.提出研究区内最有利储集相带为辫状河三角洲的分流河道(A1型)、水下分流河道(A2型);曲流河三角洲的分流河道(A2型)、水下分流河道(A2型)和网结河三角洲分流河道的结点(C1型)亦是较有利储集体.总之,基准面的旋回控制的古地理面貌和层序充填规律对鄂尔多斯盆地岩性油气藏的形成具有重要意义.     

循环剪切荷载作用下充填物对结构面剪切特性影响试验研究

利用相似材料复制劈裂结构面,进行常法向应力下循环剪切试验,研究无充填、充填黄泥3mm、充填石膏3mm和充填岩屑3 mm条件下结构面循环剪切强度、变形和形貌演化特性。结果表明:(1)循环剪切中占主导地位的破坏模式会发生改变,无充填时由剪断破坏向磨损破坏转化,充填黄泥时主要为滑移破坏,充填石膏时由剪断破坏向滑移破坏再向磨损破坏转化,充填岩屑时由剪断破坏向磨损破坏转化。(2)随着循环剪切次数增加,无充填和充填黄泥时峰值剪应力以减速率减小,充填石膏和岩屑时峰值剪应力先减小再以减速率增大,充填物会弱化结构面循环剪切强度,其中以黄泥的弱化影响最大。(3)不同充填材料条件下,结构面循环剪切中平均剪胀角均以减速率减小,有充填时循环剪切中剪缩现象更明显,其中充填黄泥时剪缩幅度最小,充填石膏时剪缩幅度最大。(4)有充填物条件下,循环剪切后结构面磨损程度比无充填条件下要小,其中以充填黄泥时磨损程度最小,充填石膏时磨损程度相对最大。     

成岩作用对豫西北马家沟组三段遗迹化石充填物孔隙发育的影响

豫西北奥陶系马家沟组三段碳酸盐岩的野外露头观察和室内测试分析结果表明,马家沟组三段的岩性以泥晶灰岩为主,岩石中具有典型的遗迹化石充填特征。遗迹化石充填物经历了白云石化、胶结、溶蚀、压实/压溶、去白云石化等成岩作用,其中溶蚀作用对充填物孔隙发育具有建设性,压实作用和去白云石化作用具有破坏性,而白云石化作用、胶结作用和压溶作用则具有建设性和破坏性的双重影响。潜穴充填物的孔隙类型主要以白云石晶间孔、晶间次生溶孔和晶内次生溶孔为主。随着成岩环境的变化,孔隙度经历了降低—升高—降低—升高的反复演化过程。早成岩阶段的白云石化作用对于潜穴充填物孔隙的发育贡献最大,此后充填物孔隙度的提升主要依赖于表生环境下大气淡水的淋滤溶蚀,而遗迹化石充填物经成岩改造后对提高宿主岩层的储层物性具有促进作用。     

循环剪切荷载作用下充填物对结构面剪切特性影响试验研究

利用相似材料复制劈裂结构面,进行常法向应力下循环剪切试验,研究无充填、充填黄泥3mm、充填石膏3mm和充填岩屑3mm条件下结构面循环剪切强度、变形和形貌演化特性。结果表明:(1)循环剪切中占主导地位的破坏模式会发生改变,无充填时由剪断破坏向磨损破坏转化,充填黄泥时主要为滑移破坏,充填石膏时由剪断破坏向滑移破坏再向磨损破坏转化,充填岩屑时由剪断破坏向磨损破坏转化。(2)随着循环剪切次数增加,无充填和充填黄泥时峰值剪应力以减速率减小,充填石膏和岩屑时峰值剪应力先减小再以减速率增大,充填物会弱化结构面循环剪切强度,其中以黄泥的弱化影响最大。(3)不同充填材料条件下,结构面循环剪切中平均剪胀角均以减速率减小,有充填时循环剪切中剪缩现象更明显,其中充填黄泥时剪缩幅度最小,充填石膏时剪缩幅度最大。(3)有充填物条件下,循环剪切后结构面磨损程度比无充填条件下要小,其中以充填黄泥时磨损程度最小,充填石膏时磨损程度相对最大。     

Vanadium-rich ruby and sapphire within Mogok Gemfield,Myanmar: implications for gem color and genesis

Rubies and sapphires are of both scientific and commercial interest. These gemstones are corundum colored by transition elements within the alumina crystal lattice: Cr³⁺ yields red in ruby and Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ti⁴⁺ ionic interactions color sapphires. A minor ion, V³⁺ induces slate to purple colors and color change in some sapphires, but its role in coloring rubies remains enigmatic. Trace element and oxygen isotope composition provide genetic signatures for natural corundum and assist geographic typing. Here, we show that V can dominate chromophore contents in Mogok ruby suites. This raises implications for their color quality, enhancement treatments, geographic origin, exploration and exploitation and their comparison with rubies elsewhere. Precise LA-ICP-MS analysis of ruby and sapphire from Mogok placer and in situ deposits reveal that V can exceed 5,000 ppm, giving V/Cr, V/Fe and V/Ti ratios up to 26, 78, and 97 respectively. Such values significantly exceed those found elsewhere suggesting a localized geological control on V-rich ruby distribution. Our results demonstrate that detailed geochemical studies of ruby suites reveal that V is a potential ruby tracer, encourage comparisons of V/Cr-variation between ruby suites and widen the scope for geographic typing and genesis of ruby. This will allow more precise comparison of Asian and other ruby fields and assist confirmation of Mogok sources for rubies in historical and contemporary gems and jewelry.     

红外光谱-显微共焦激光拉曼光谱研究天然红宝石和蓝宝石中含水矿物包裹体特征

天然红宝石和蓝宝石的包裹体中常见典型的含水矿物包裹体,这些含水矿物包裹体容易受外界环境升温而发生改变。微量含水矿物包裹体变化会对红宝石和蓝宝石的物理和化学性质产生明显影响,该性质为宝石热处理的鉴定提供了检测思路。本文采集了天然红宝石和蓝宝石样品,用显微镜放大观察包裹体特征,结合红外光谱与显微共焦激光拉曼光谱测试研究了含水矿物包裹体的特征。结果表明:天然红宝石和蓝宝石样品中含水矿物包裹体的外观轮廓清晰,晶形完整;红外光谱在2000～3700cm~(-1)附近显示出2105～2110cm~(-1)和1977～1985cm~(-1)硬水铝石和3619cm~(-1)和3696cm~(-1)高岭石等水(H_2O或—OH等)的特征吸收峰;拉曼光谱中可见角闪石、云母、磷灰石和长石等结晶度较好的典型含水矿物包裹体的特征拉曼位移。该系列特征揭示了红宝石和蓝宝石样品中含有水的特征,可作为红宝石和蓝宝石天然成因且未经过热处理的鉴定依据。     

充填处理红宝石的鉴定

对红宝石的天然、合成、优化处理成因已有许多研究,其中有不少争议［１］。争议的焦点在于对其内含物（包裹体）的认识。因此,在鉴定工作中思路要宽,对内含物的一切可能成因要作全方位推断,然后一一甄别。１　测试样品及其一般宝石学特征１－１　测试样品本文测试样品为一条红宝石伴钻石手链,来自于广州市对一家有信誉的国营大公司的市场抽查。样品重７－５４ｇ,由１０粒规格为５－１×４－２ｍｍ的椭圆形刻面红宝石及１８粒圆形钻石组成,工艺精美,商家称为“镶嵌红宝石手链”。１－２　一般宝石学特征１０粒红宝石颜色统一,为较均…     

Ruby–sapphire–spinel mineralization in marble of the middle and southern Urals: Geology,mineralogy, and genesis

Ruby and spinel occurrences hosted in marble on the eastern slope of the Urals are considered. Ruby- and spinel-bearing marble is a specific rock in granite-gneiss complexes of the East Ural Megazone, which formed at the Late Paleozoic collision stage of the evolution of the Urals. Organogenic marine limestone is the protolith of the marble. No relict sedimentary bedding has been retained in the marble. The observed banding is a secondary phenomenon related to crystallization and is controlled by flow cleavage. Magnesian metasomatism of limestone with the formation of fine-grained dolomite enriched in Cr, V, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, and REE took place at the prograde stage of metamorphism. Dedolomitization of rocks with the formation of background calcite marble also developed at the prograde stage. Mg-calcite marble with spinel and ruby of the first type formed in the metamorphic fluid circulation zone. Magnesian metasomatism with the formation of bicarbonate marble with ruby, pink sapphire, and spinel of the second type developed at the early retrograde stage. The formation of mica-bearing mineralized zones with corundum and spinel of the third type controlled by cleavage fractures is related to the pneumatolytic–hydrothermal stage. The data on ruby-bearing marble in the Urals may be used for forecasting and prospecting of ruby and sapphire deposits hosted in marble worldwide.     

Zachery处理绿松石的探讨

现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K⁺元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据.     

The strength of ruby from X-ray diffraction under non-hydrostatic compression to 68 GPa

Polycrystalline ruby (α-Al₂O₃:Cr³⁺), a widely used pressure calibrant in high-pressure experiments, was compressed to 68.1 GPa at room temperature under non-hydrostatic conditions in a diamond anvil cell. Angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments in a radial geometry were conducted at beamline X17C of the National Synchrotron Light Source. The stress state of ruby at high pressure and room temperature was analyzed based on the measured lattice strain. The differential stress of ruby increases with pressure from ~3.4 % of the shear modulus at 18.5 GPa to ~6.5 % at 68.1 GPa. The polycrystalline ruby sample can support a maximum differential stress of ~16 GPa at 68.1 GPa under non-hydrostatic compression. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the mechanical properties of this important material for high-pressure science. From a synthesis of existing data for strong ceramic materials, we find that the high-pressure yield strength correlates well with the ambient pressure Vickers hardness.     

Ruby Occurrences in Turkey: Principle Characteristics

The G ksun Ophiolites in Do an ehir area (Malatya-Southern Turkey) contain corundum mineralizations with significant gem-quality (ruby). Modal mineralogical composition of ruby-bearing rocks consists of hornblende (65%-70 %), plagioclase (20%-25%), green garnet (4%-5 %), ruby (2%-3%), and opaque minerals (<1%). Although ruby shows varying colors in the groundmass, it is generally colorless and rarely very pale pink and has high relief. It has no cleavage but rotund fractures. It has highest interference colors and twinning in some poly-prismatic crystals under the microscope. Crystal sizes range from 2x10 mm up to 30x50 mm. The most remarkable properties are red to pink in color, low to medium transparency, medium to big crystal sizes, lamellar and deformation twinning, secondary liquid feathers, hollow tubes, mineral inclusions, asterism, high birefringence and refractive indices and specific gravity. Rubies show crimson red cathodoluminescence colors activated by Cr3+ in the crystal structure, which is confirmed by the Electron Probe Microanalyses (EPMA). Tectonic setting, geological environment, petrographical, mineralogical, geochemical and gemological characteristics of rubies suggest that the Do an ehir ruby mineralization can be classified into the amphibolite-hosted type of corundum deposits of Tanzania.     

Diagenetic effects on the distribution of uranium in live and Holocene corals from the Gulf of Aqaba

We investigated the effects of diagenetic alteration (dissolution, secondary aragonite precipitation and pore filling) on the distribution of U in live and Holocene coral skeletons. For this, we drilled into large Porites lutea coral-heads growing in the Nature Reserve Reef (NRR), northern Gulf of Aqaba, a site close to the Marine Biology Laboratory, Elat, Israel, and sampled the core material and porewater from the drill-hole. In addition, we sampled Holocene corals and beachrock aragonite cements from a pit opened in a reef buried under the laboratory grounds. We measured the concentration and isotopic composition of U in the coral skeletal aragonite, aragonite cements, coral porewater and open NRR and Gulf of Aqaba waters.Uranium concentration in secondary aragonite filling the skeletal pores is significantly higher than in primary biogenic aragonite (17.3 ± 0.6 compared to 11.9 ± 0.3 nmol · g⁻¹, respectively). This concentration difference reflects the closed system incorporation of uranyl tri-carbonate into biogenic aragonite with a U/Ca bulk distribution coefficient (K_D) of unity, versus the open system incorporation into secondary aragonite with K_D of 2.4. The implication of this result is that continuous precipitation of secondary aragonite over ∼1000 yr of reef submergence would reduce the coral porosity by 5% and can produce an apparent lowering of the calculated U/Ca - SST by ∼1°C and apparent age rejuvenation effect of 7%, with no measurable effect on the calculated initial U isotopic composition.All modern and some Holocene corals (with and without aragonite cement) from Elat yielded uniform δ²³⁴U = 144 ± 5, similar to the Gulf of Aqaba and modern ocean values. Elevated δ²³⁴U values of ∼180 were measured only in mid-Holocene corals (∼5000 yr) from the buried reef. The values can reflect the interaction of the coral skeleton with ²³⁴U-enriched ground-seawater that washes the adjacent granitic basement rocks.We conclude that pore filling by secondary aragonite during reef submergence can produce small but measurable effects on the U/Ca thermometry and the U-Th ages. This emphasizes the critical importance of using pristine corals where the original mineralogy and porosity are preserved in paleooceanographic tracing and dating.