工程岩体物理模拟研究中实验材料的选择与应用

工程岩体物理模拟实验是岩体工程问题研究的重要方法,其中物理模型材料的选择对于实验成功与否至关重要。为了提高岩体物理模拟的选材效率及实验准确性,在总结前人大量工程岩体(边坡工程、地下工程和地基工程)物理模拟研究进展的基础上,对不同类型的物理模拟模型材料应用情况进行综合分析。结果表明：传统相似材料模拟软岩骨料最常用的是河砂和石英砂,模拟硬岩骨料则是在河砂和石英砂的基础上进一步掺入重晶石粉用以调节级配及强度,胶结剂通常都是水泥、石膏或者两者混合的复合材料;新型相似材料的选用更多是根据所需解决的问题进行设计,常采用铁粉、熔融石英砂及陶瓷等作为骨料,高分子聚合物、酒精和松香等作为胶结剂。整体而言物理模拟实验材料的骨料粒径越大,强度也越大,但是相似模拟中不能使用粒径过大的骨料;材料的强度随着砂胶比的增大而减小。研究不同工程对象时还需根据其自身特点进行实验设计,在研究显著节理裂隙等对岩体破坏机制的影响时,需掺加煤粉、云母碎、珍珠岩以及发泡剂等辅助材料,以控制试样的节理、微裂隙、结构面和孔洞等。笔者等对工程岩体物理模拟实验材料的分析综述可为相关工程岩体物理模拟研究提供实验参考。     

工程岩体物理模拟研究中实验材料的选择与应用

工程岩体物理模拟实验是岩体工程问题研究的重要方法,其中物理模型材料的选择对于实验成功与否至关重要。为了提高岩体物理模拟的选材效率及实验准确性,在总结前人大量工程岩体（边坡工程、地下工程和地基工程）物理模拟研究进展的基础上,对不同类型的物理模拟模型材料应用情况进行综合分析。结果表明：传统相似材料模拟软岩骨料最常用的是河砂和石英砂,模拟硬岩骨料则是在河砂和石英砂的基础上进一步掺入重晶石粉用以调节级配及强度,胶结剂通常都是水泥、石膏或者两者混合的复合材料;新型相似材料的选用更多是根据所需解决的问题进行设计,常采用铁粉、熔融石英砂及陶瓷等作为骨料,高分子聚合物、酒精和松香等作为胶结剂。整体而言物理模拟实验材料的骨料粒径越大,强度也越大,但是相似模拟中不能使用粒径过大的骨料;材料的强度随着砂胶比的增大而减小。研究不同工程对象时还需根据其自身特点进行实验设计,在研究显著节理裂隙等对岩体破坏机制的影响时,需掺加煤粉、云母碎、珍珠岩以及发泡剂等辅助材料,以控制试样的节理、微裂隙、结构面和孔洞等。笔者等对工程岩体物理模拟实验材料的分析综述可为相关工程岩体物理模拟研究提供实验参考。     

软岩流变相似材料的研制及物理模型试验应用

目前能合理模拟软岩流变效应的相似材料很少,而采用模型试验法研究软岩工程的长期流变效应也处于探索阶段。为给软岩流变模型试验提供合适的相似材料,研制出一种以铁粉、重晶石粉和石英砂为骨料,松香酒精溶液为胶结剂,液压油为黏滞剂的软岩流变相似材料。该相似材料强度低,流变性强,不仅可模拟软岩的瞬时弹塑性性质,也能较好模拟软岩的流变特性。假定骨料比例恒定,调节松香酒精溶液浓度m和液压油含量w,开展了一系列梯度配比试验。研究表明：（1）该相似材料的主要瞬时强度变形参数和西原模型流变参数均受m和w两因素的双重影响;（2）松香酒精溶液浓度越大,试样强度越大,流变性越小;（3）液压油含量越大,试样强度越小,流变性越明显;（4）相比松香酒精溶液浓度m,液压油含量w对西原模型各参数的影响更大,起主控作用。最终,将该相似材料应用于神华新街软弱砂质泥岩煤矿盾构斜井的长期流变模型试验中,试验结果表明：该材料瞬时力学性能和流变特性均达到试验要求,为试验取得良好结果提供了材料保证。     

物理模拟实验理想材料--塑化松香和有关物理参数测定

通过对塑化松香性质的介绍,结合已有的模拟实验结果,认为塑化松香是理想的模拟实验塑性材料。为了便于定量模拟,采用蠕变法和落球法测定了１４－２２℃时不同配比下的粘度,并把蠕变法测定的结果利用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ曲线内推和外推到１５－２５℃内任意温下的粘度。测定结果表是,蠕变法得到的粘度值比落球法得到的粘度值更接近实际情况。通过上述两种方法测定的粘度值,基本满足定量模拟要求,可用于岩石圈多层构造变形的模拟实验     

M150模拟井筒介绍

我们研制的M150模拟井筒，用来模拟孔底状况和孔底参数，从而解决了野外试验研制工作周期长，费用高，检测手段欠缺的诸问题。     

铁晶砂胶结新型岩土相似材料的研制及其应用

根据地质力学模型试验的相似原理,经过大量力学试验,研制出一种新型铁晶砂胶结岩土相似材料。该材料由铁矿粉、重晶石粉、石英砂、石膏粉和松香酒精溶液按规定配比均匀拌和压实而成,其中铁矿粉、重晶石粉和石英砂作为主料,松香酒精溶液作为胶结剂,石膏粉作为调节剂。材料力学参数测试表明：该材料具有重度高、力学参数变化范围广、性能稳定、价格低廉、干燥快速、制作工艺简单、无毒无害等显著优点,可用来模拟从软岩到硬岩的大部分岩体材料。将铁晶砂胶结岩土相似材料应用于沪―蓉―西高速公路大型分岔隧道三维地质力学模型试验研究,有效地揭示了分岔隧道围岩的力学变形特性。     

钻进取样试验用模拟月壤

[摘 要]钻具在月壤中进行钻进取样,是一个钻具与月壤相互作用的过程。为获得可靠的月壤钻具,在其研制过程中应在月壤里进行钻进试验。但地球上的真实月壤很珍贵,难以满足钻进试验的需要。采用能够较好地模拟真实月壤主要物理力学特性的模拟月壤,代替真实月壤进行钻进取样试验,是月壤钻具研制的一个必要手段。国外已对月壤进行了大量的研究,并取得了丰富的成果。本文在对真实月壤以及模拟月壤研究进行总结的基础上,对月壤钻具研制中所需的模拟月壤进行了简要的阐述,可供月壤钻具研制参考。     

非冻结合成模型冰物理模拟冰作用力的试验技术

基于渤海海冰的物理和力学特性、海冰物理模型试验的相似理论以及国际上已有模型冰的经验, 研制了一种用于模拟我国渤海海冰的非冻结可破碎功能材料, 被命名为DUT-1模型冰.该模型冰采用聚丙烯粉、塑料微珠、水泥等材料加入一定量的水由特制的搅拌机搅拌均匀倒入模具后成型制成.通过实验室常温波流水槽中进行的冰排对直桩、锥体及斜面墙结构作用的物模实验的现象观察、结果综合分析、相关理论及经验公式计算结果比较, 验证了DUT-1模型冰试验技术的可靠性.在此基础上, 进行了冰排对半圆型防波堤结构的作用、冰排与锥体结构动力相互作用的物理模型试验研究, 展现了DUT-1模型冰的应用前景.     

大相似比模型试验用超高强相似材料配比试验研究

物理材料相似模拟试验是岩土工程领域中一种常用的研究手段,选择合适的相似材料并确定其配比是成功模拟原型工程的关键。现有相似材料多是针对几何相似比较小(1∶250～1∶25)的相似模拟试验研制,其强度普遍较小(0.2～7.6 MPa),难以满足较大相似比模型试验的需求。因此,为配制出强度在10 MPa以上的适合较大相似比模型试验的超高强相似材料,选择河砂、重晶石、石膏及不同强度等级的水泥作为模型试验的相似材料原料,以骨胶比、水泥石膏比、重晶石含量及水泥强度等级为正交试验的4个因素,共设计25组不同材料配比方案。根据试验要求制备各类相似模拟试件并开展相应的岩石力学试验,获得不同配比相似材料的基本物理力学参数。结果表明：试验所得相似材料力学参数变化区间较大,抗压强度为3.017～48.179 MPa,能满足较大相似比下超高强度相似模拟试验的需求;通过直观分析法分析各因素对相似材料物理力学参数的敏感性和影响规律,发现重晶石含量对相似材料密度起主要控制作用,骨胶比对相似材料抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、内摩擦角起主要控制作用,水泥石膏比对相似材料黏聚力起主要控制作用;运用SPSS软件对相似材料配比...     

上横山多层页岩矿床低强度相似材料试验模型研究

通过相似配比试验,研制不同砂胶比的低强度相似材料,分析了砂胶比和胶结材料中水泥含量对其物理和力学性质的影响及其变化规律。根据上横山多层页岩矿床赋存条件和相似模拟试验要求,确定了3个可行的、有效的相似材料配比,结合相似模拟条件构筑了多层页岩矿床相似材料模型。试验结果表明,相同砂胶比的低强度相似材料的密度、抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比均随胶结材料中水泥含量的增加而增大;密度、孔隙率、弹性模量和泊松比在低砂胶比条件下具有更小的波动性。进一步研究发现,选择的低强度页岩相似材料实际相似常数与设计相似常数误差≤1.77%;利用数值模拟回采矿床矿柱的变形特征与相似模拟试验基本相似,应变变化幅度≤8.76%,试验模型在多层页岩矿床模型试验研究上具有一定的合理性。研究结果为有效的进行多层页岩矿床地下开采研究提供科学依据和试验基础。     

Are polymers suitable rock analogs?

To evaluate if a polymer is suitable for analog modeling, it is essential to know the rheological properties of the material. Polymers used in analog modeling exhibit a complex rheological behavior; only part of which has been taken into account in most modeling studies. The mechanical behavior is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature, and is characterized by specific dependencies of the storage and loss moduli, related to the elasticity and viscosity, on the deformation rate (frequency).We have measured the storage and loss moduli at a broad range of strain rates and strains, using an oscillatory parallel-disk rheometer. Investigated materials are polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), mixtures of PDMS and BaSO₄ (filler), Rhodorsil Gomme and mixtures of Rhodorsil Gomme and plastilina, all commonly used in analog experiments.Our measurements show that the rheological properties of mixtures of plastilina and Rhodorsil Gomme depend on its deformation history. Therefore, these mixtures are problematic for analog modeling. For mixtures of PDMS and BaSO₄, the significance of the elastic component increases with increasing filler content, and accordingly, these mixtures have a limited application for modeling of viscous deformation. Pure PDMS and Rhodorsil Gomme exhibit Newtonian flow behavior at strain rates commonly used in analog modeling.     

AMT静态效应和对导电薄层分辨能力的正演模拟

静态效应是AMT法在山区找水中不可回避的问题,第四系地下水勘查中人们有时更多关注隔水层黏土层的空间分布。针对这两个问题,利用二维有限单元数值模拟方法来讨论静态效应对TE、TM极化方式视电阻率曲线的影响以及对导电薄层的垂向分辨能力。研究表明：TM模式视电阻率受静态影响严重,TE模式视电阻率对深部地质体的反映优于TM模式;TM极化模式放大了横向上不同电性体的电性差别,在山区找水中对断层反映敏感;AMT对导电薄层的垂向分辨力与围岩的电阻率比值有关,加密点距,并不能提高垂向分辨率。     

Rheological and physical characteristics of crustal-scaled materials for centrifuge analogue modelling

We characterize a set of analogue materials used for centrifuge analogue modelling simulating deformation at different levels in the crust simultaneously. Specifically, we improve the rheological characterization in the linear viscoelastic region of materials for the lower and middle crust, and cohesive synthetic sands without petroleum-binding agents for the upper crust. Viscoelastic materials used in centrifuge analogue modelling demonstrate complex dynamic behaviour, so viscosity alone is insufficient to determine if a material will be an effective analogue. Two series of experiments were conducted using an oscillating bi-conical plate rheometer to measure the storage and loss moduli and complex viscosities of several modelling clays and silicone putties. Tested materials exhibited viscoelastic and shear-thinning behaviour. The silicone putties and some modelling clays demonstrated viscous-dominant behaviour and reached Newtonian plateaus at strain rates < 0.5 × 10⁻² s⁻¹, while other modelling clays demonstrated elastic-dominant power-law relationships. Based on these results, the elastic-dominant modelling clay is recommended as an analogue for basement cratons. Inherently cohesive synthetic sands produce fine-detailed fault and fracture patterns, and developed thrust, strike-slip, and extensional faults in simple centrifuge test models. These synthetic sands are recommended as analogues for the brittle upper crust. These new results increase the accuracy of scaling analogue models to prototype. Additionally, with the characterization of three new materials, we propose a complete lithospheric profile of analogue materials for centrifuge modelling, allowing future studies to replicate a broader range of crustal deformation behaviours.     

Modified Darcy''s law, Terzaghi''s effective stress principle and Fick''s law for swelling clay soils

Governing equations often used in soil mechanics and hydrology include the classical Darcy's law, Terzaghi's effective stress principle, and the classical Fick's first law. It is known that the classical forms of these relations apply only to non-swelling, granular materials. In this paper, we summarize recent generalizations of these results for swelling porous media obtained using hybrid mixture theory (HMT) by the authors. HMT is a methodical procedure for obtaining macroscopic constitutive restrictions which are thermodynamically admissible by exploiting the entropy inequality for spatially-averaged properties. HMT applied to the modeling of swelling clay particles, viewed as clusters of adsorbed water and clay minerals, produces additional terms necessary to account for the physico-chemical forces between the adsorbed water and clay minerals or, more generally, for swelling colloids. New directions for modeling consolidation of swelling clays are proposed based on our view of clay particles as a two-phase system.     

Method of Numerical Modeling for Constitutive Relations of Clay

INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde…     

THE LATE CRETACEOUS SHOSHONITIC ASSEMBLAGE OF CENTRAL KAMCHATKA

Soil materials used to construct the impervious core of the Camligöze dam consist of clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. Smectite and chlorite + kaolinite appear to be the dominant clay minerals. Illite-smectite and illite also are present. The soils are predominantly of the CL (inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays of low plasticity) type, and to a lesser extent of the MH (inorganic silts of high plasticity) type and gravelly, sandy, and silty clay. The study-area soils are not active, provide low to medium swelling potential, and are impervious when compacted. According to the undrained shear strength when compacted, materials can be regarded as “soft.” Evaluation based on specific gravity, maximum dry unit weight, optimum water content, liquid limit, and the plasticity index results in an assessment rating of the relative desirability of the tested soils for core as 3 (very high level of desirability). For a small quantity (20%) of the soils that are of the MH type, the desirability is 9 (very low level of desirability). The materials are generally usable as impervious material for the clay core.     

磁性源瞬变电磁测量中激电效应作用规律的探讨

在瞬变电磁(TEM)响应中,由于地电体的频散特性,常常叠入感应激发极化(IIP)效应。IIP效应常常使TEM响应发生畸变,甚至给TEM数据解释带来困扰。本文采用理论计算、土槽物理模拟实验、野外试验等方法,对IIP效应的影响及其作用规律以及分离方法作了探讨,得到了许多规律性的认识及有意义的结果。     

ATLAS III in situ heating test in boom clay: Field data,observation and interpretation

The ATLAS III small scale in situ heating test aimed at assessing the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) effects on the Boom clay of the significant temperature gradients generated in this host rock as a consequence of the geological disposal of radioactive, heat-emitting wastes. This paper presents data on temperature, pore water pressure and total stress measured during the experiment and highlights several interesting observations regarding the thermal anisotropy and THM coupling in the Boom clay. The test has a simple geometry and well defined boundary conditions, which facilitates the comparison between measurement and numerical modeling studies. These studies included three dimensional coupled THM modeling of the test. The good agreement between measurement and numerical modeling of temperature and pore water pressure yields a set of THM parameters and confirms the thermo-mechanical anisotropy of the Boom clay.     

WINSURF二次开发在瑞雷波频散曲线正演模拟中的应用

WINSURF二次开发是物化探数据处理的一种强有力工具,以其在瑞雷波频散曲线正演模拟中的应用为例,阐述了WINSURF二次开发的基本原理、方法和技巧,并给出了源代码。正演模拟试算结果表明,该程序稳定性好、通用性强,可直接作为工具来使用,从而大大缩短了程序开发周期,避免了重复缟程和资源浪费,提高了科研和工作效率。     

Using lithologic modeling techniques for aquifer characterization and groundwater flow modeling of the Sohag area, Egypt

Three dimensional lithologic modeling techniques have been used for detailed characterization and groundwater flow modeling of the Quaternary aquifer system of the Sohag area, Egypt. Well log data were used for building the lithologic model using RockWorks. A groundwater flow model, facilitated by MODFLOW 2000, was built using results of the lithologic model. The obtained lithologic model honored the well log data and revealed a complex sedimentary system, which is mainly composed of six lithologic categories: clay, clay and sand, fine sand, coarse sand, sand and gravel, and gravel. Inter-fingering and presence of lenses are the main characteristics of the sedimentary basin in the study area. A wide range of hydraulic conductivities is present, which vary spatially and control the groundwater flow. Heterogeneity of the aquifer system is spatially represented where different hydraulic conductivities are found in the different directions. Sandy layers tend to be connected. Hydraulic continuity is represented by inter-fingering and connection of sandy materials within the aquifer system.