M agmatic Gold Mineralization in the Western Qinling Orogenic Belt: Geology and Metallogenesis of the Baguamiao,Liba and Xiaogouli Gold Deposits

The superlarge Baguamiao, large Liba and Xiaogouli gold deposits represent three typical gold deposits different from the Carlin type in the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. Based on Ar-Ar dating of quartz from ores, U-Pb dating of single zircon from granite, tracing of H and O isotopes and studies on the mineralogy and texture of spots and bleached alteration developed in wall rocks, this paper focuses the relations between gold deposits and granite to clarify the origin of gold deposits and the metallogenesis in the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. The comprehensive studies show that the age of the granite (148.1-244 Ma) is identical with that of the gold deposits (131.91-232.56 Ma). It is suggested that the granite has close temporal, spatial and genetic relationship with the gold deposits. The granite provides a heat source, water source and considerable amount of ore-forming material. Finally, it is concluded that the orogeny by collision, emplacement of the granite and positioning of     

Ore-forming and Exploration Models of the Baguamiao Gold Deposit, Shaanxi Province

The Baguamiao superlarge gold deposit in Shaanxi Province is one of the typical cases in China that are hosted by sedimentary rocks. Explorers and researchers have discussed the gold mineralization enrichment conditions by studying sulphur, oxygen, carbon, silicon stable isotopes and mineralizing fluid features of the Baguamiao gold deposit and proposed a hydrothermal sedimentation-magmatic reconstructing gold mineralization model featuring multi-sources of ore-forming materials and multistage mineralizations. In addition, prospecting for "Baguamiao-type" gold deposits was started in the Fengtai Basin and a great number of important prospecting targets such as Tonglinggou, Simaoling, Guoansi and Dachaigou were discovered.     

The Effects of Applying the Association of Al, K, and Sn in Stream Sediments for Gold Exploration in Different Landscapes

Geochemical data of altered wall rocks are important for the metallogenic prognosis of hydrothermal gold deposits. Indicator elements of altered wall rocks such as K, Al, As, Sb, and Hg have been successfully used to assess gold anomalies in lithogeochemical survey. However, such researches have rarely been done in stream sediment survey for the exploration of gold from various landscapes. On the basis of the geochemical analysis of altered wall rocks of gold deposits in the cold desert areas of Gansu (甘肃) Province in Northwest China, it is found that the combination of Al, K, and Sn could serve as an important indicator of hydrothermal gold deposits and can be used to evaluate the metallogenic prospective of gold anomalies in stream sediments. More studies performed in the cold grassland areas and the moderate-low relief mountainous areas showed that, both weak and strong geochemical anomalies can be extracted, if strictly abiding by the ways of calculation and addition of the binary values of the indicator elements with equal weight, and this provides the sound delineation of metallogenic perspective areas.     

Geochemical Tracing of Ore-forming Material Sources of Carlin-type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle Area --A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis

This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodolumines-cence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin-type ore deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks andsecondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope composi-tions of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic tothe "Dachang" host bed, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0‰-0.3‰, while that of primary ore-forming silici-fied fluids from -0.1‰ to -0.4‰, in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabasehost beds, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks is from -0.1‰ to -0.2‰ and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3‰-0.5‰. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process: primary ore-forming sili-ceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep-seated faults from mantle to crust and en-tered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of thesiliceous ore-forming fluids into different ore-bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore-forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows goodprospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.     

Geochemistry of main types of gold deposits in shear zones, China

Shear zone-hosted gold deposits in China can be divided into four types:ductile,brittle-ductile,ductile-brittle and brittle,of which the ductile and brittle types are the basic ones.All these types of gold deposits have their own geochemical characteristics.The Hetai gold deposit in Guangdong Province,for example,is a mylonite-type gold deposit in a ductile shear zone.With increasing mylonitization,obvious changes took place in trace elements in minerals and rocks,enriching gold and mineralizing elements.The S and Pb isotope data indicated that the ore-forming materials were derived from the strata.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic and fluid inclusion studies also implied that the ore-forming fluid was much closer to meteoric water from the early to the late ore-forming stage.The Linglong gold deposit,Shangdong Province,is a quartz-type gold deposit in a brittle shear zone.Changes in rocks,minerals and trace elements occurred in the process of f ormation of gold quartz veins,and the analytical results of S,Pb ,Hand O isotopes showed that ore deposition is connected not only with the Jiaodong Group,but also with anatexic granites.     

Genetic Types, Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ore Deposits and Sources of Ore-forming Materials in the Xuancheng Area, Anhui Province

In recent years, several large and medium-sized ore deposits have been discovered in the shallow cover of Xuancheng, Anhui Province, indicating that this area has a productive metallogenic geological background and may be a potential prospecting region. Based on systematic investigation, the geological and mineralization characteristics of porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn Cu-Mo-W deposits in this region have been summarized. Zircon U-Pb dating (LA-ICP-MS) of the Chating quartz-diorite porphyry and the Kunshan biotite pyroxene diorite yield concordia ages of 145.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 131.8 ± 2.1 Ma, respectively. Meanwhile, the Re-Os dating analyses for molybdenite from the Shizishan and Magushan skarn Cu-Mo deposits yielded 133.81 ± 0.86 Ma and 143.8 ± 1.4 Ma ages, respectively. When viewed in conjunction with previous studies, it is suggested that twostage (the early stage of 145–135 Ma and the late stage of 134–125 Ma) magmatism may have occurred during the Mesozoic in Xuancheng region. Early stage intrusive rocks are distributed along both sides of the Jiangnan deep fault (JDF).The intrusive rocks to the north of the JDF are mainly quartz-diorite porphyry and granodiorite (porphyry) rocks, related to porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn-type Cu-Mo-W deposits. These deposits belong to the first stage of the porphyry-skarn copper gold metallogenic belt of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt (MLYB), associated with the high potassium calc-alkaline intermediate-acid intrusions. The magmatic and ore-forming materials are mainly derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle. South of the JDF, the Magushan granodiorite is a representative intrusive rock of the first stage I-type granite, which hosts the Magushan Cu-Mo skarn deposit, similar to the W-Mo-Cu skarn deposits in the Eastern Segment of the Jiangnan Uplift Metallogenic Belt (ESJUB). The magmatic and metallogenic materials mainly came from the Neoproterozoic basement, with the possible participation of a small amount of mantle components. The late stage magmatism was dominated by volcanic rocks with a small amount of intrusive rocks, which were consistent with the limited volcanic-intrusive activities in the second stage of the MLYB. The H-O stable isotopes of ore deposits in the region indicate that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids of the porphyry and skarn deposits were mostly of magmatic water for the ore-forming stage, the percentage of meteoric water obviously increasing during the late ore-forming stage. The ore-forming materials of the deposits are mainly from the deep magma with a few sedimentary wall rocks, according to the stable carbon isotopes of the carbonates in the ore deposits. Additionally, according to previous research, the molybdenite from the MLYB has a higher Re content than that of the ESJUB. The higher content of Re in the molybdenite from the Shizishan deposit is identical to that of MLYB rather than ESJUB, whereas Re characteristics in molybdenite of Magushan deposit are similar to that of ESJUB. The differences in Re characteristics indicate the different deep processes and ore-forming material sources (mainly mantle composition for the former and crustal materials for the latter) of these ore deposits on opposite sides of the JDF.     

A New Genetic Type of Gold Deposits-Meso-Epithermal Carbonate-Type Gold Deposits as Exemplified by the Baguamiao Suprlarge Gold Deposit

Gold deposits of the meso-epithermal carbonate type were first proposed based on the study of the Baguamiao gold deposit.This new type of gold deposits has many unique characteristics as follows:(1)Obviously strata-bound.The gold deposits are hosted in Middle Devonian turbidite formations;(2)Structrually controlled.Struc-ture is an important factor leading to metallogenesis of this type of gold deposits.The shape and distribution of orebodies are controlled by byittle-ductile shear zones;(3)Multi-stage wall-rock alteration.According to the characteristics of mineral assemblage,gold mineralization can be classified into three stages in association with various wall-rock al-terations.Wall-rock alterations closely genetically related to the gold mineralization are ankerization ,silicification,pyrrhotization and pyritization ;(4)Mineral compositions of the orebodies are mainly pyrrhotite,pyrite,marcasitolite,chalcopyrite,quartz,ankerite,and sericite.Gold mineralization is associated closely in space and time with iron sulfides;(5)Rare elements and REE in ores are low in contents relative to those of the crust.Au content varies from 1.91g/t to 11.15g/t ,averaging 5.5g/t;(6)Studies of sulfur,hydrogen,oxygen and carbon isotopes in main gangue minerals (quartz and ankerite)indicate that fluids and ore-forming materials came from deep-seated sources;(7)Three types of inclusions are recognized in terms of their composition and the vapor amounts of inclusions.The homogenization temperatures of inclusions range from 210℃to 310℃,averaging 230℃,showing that this type of gold deposits belongs to the meso-epithermal type;(8)Metallogenic age of this type of gold deposits is similar to that of the collision between the Yangtze Plate and the North China Plate,indicating that gold deposits of this type are genetically related to continental-margin plate activity.     

The petrographical and isotope geochemical tracers for deep ore-forming fluids from the Laowangzhai gold depoist in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains

Based on the petrological studies of wall rocks, mineralized rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that with the development of silification, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultracrystalline material runs through the space between grains and amphibole cleavages, which is the product of fast condensing consolidation with magma mantle fluids turning into hydrothermal crustal fluids in the process of mineralization and alteration. It is thought that the water in ore-forming fluids mainly derived from magmatic water through research on H-O isotopes, and C as well as S isotopic compositions, has clear mantle-derived characteristics, and rock (mine) stones contain high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios, low 143Nd/144 Nd ratios and high 206Pb/204 Pb ratios, which also reflects the ore-forming fluids were derived from the metasomatically enriched mantle. In combination with the features of H-O-C-S isotopes and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes described above, the ore-forming fluids of the Laowangzhai gold deposit in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains were derived mainly from the deep interior of the mantle, and their properties were transformed from magma fluids to hydrothermal fluids in the course of metasomatism and alteration, which initiated crust-mantle contamination simultaneously to be in favor of mineralization.     

A Study on the Relations Between Ultrabasic Dikes and Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province as Exemplified by Zimudang Large—Sized Gold Deposit

The relations between ultrabasic rocks and gold deposits in time,space and genesis are discussed in this paper,the research results show that the ore-forming materials of the gold deposits is characteristic of crust-mantle mixing,The formation of the gold deposits is related with the activity of juvenile fluids along with the intrusion of ultrabasic dikes.The ascending juvenile fluids not only offered part of the gold.water and mineralizers for gold mineralization but also promoted the remobilization,deposition and enrichment of gold in crustal sediments.     

Application of Lead Isotopes to Geochemical Exploration of Gold Deposits in Baoban , Hainan Province, China

Lead isotopes have been widely applied in geochemical exploration and evaluation of ore deposits, as well as in ascertaining the age of mineralization and the source of ore fluids.Long-term practice showed that the method of lead isotope targeting is somewhat efficient for macroscopic evaluation of forecasting areas, but not powerful enough for for ecasting concealed orebodies. As the contents of U and the variation of U/Pb ratio sharply decrease with depth in the lithosphere, U-Th-Pb isotopic differentiation must have occurred during the crust-mantle e-volution. Lead isotopic ratios show a wide variation range, varying in the front of mineralizationand shallow-derived ores, but maintaining very stable in the major orebody and being usuallyclose to the average isotopic composition of the crust and mantle of the continent block fromwhich the ores were derived. Therefore, the lead isotopic composition can serve as a measure for identifying the position of mineralization. The lead isotope geochemistry was applied to the ex-ploration and evaluation of the Baoban gold deposits of Hainan Province, China. The an alyticalresults of ore veins and adjacent rocks showed that there is a correlation between the lead isotopedata and the position of orebody. Based on the experience from the Baoban gold deposits and other ore deposits in Yunnan Province, an exploration principle has been established, that is,positive anomalies of lead isotope eigenvectors for prospecting deep-seated orebodies and nega-tive anomalies of eigenvectors for enlarging lateral exploration surrounding the known deposit.The ore beds in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts should be as signed to the deep part of the orebody and those in the Tuwaishan mining district should be the shallow part, so ore beds cor-responding to those in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts may be found in the Tuwaishan min-ing district.     

微细浸染型金矿的硅质阴极发光与成矿物源分析——以黔西南和桂西北金矿为例

应用阴极发光技术研究了微细浸染型金矿中赋矿围岩和矿石中硅质以及成矿期和表生期石英脉的阴极发光特征。结果表明 :围岩(包括石英斑岩和辉绿岩墙)中的硅质和石英及次生硅化石英均表现不同的发光特征 ,而与原生矿化有关的原生硅化石英不发光 ;其中 ,氧化矿石中的硅化石英和表生梳状石英脉在阴极发光下呈棕色 ,与赋矿围岩中碎屑石英的次生溶解加大边表现的发光特征一致。这表明氧化和表生石英的硅质来源与溶解围岩和改造原生矿石有关 ,而原生硅化石英的硅质来源与围岩(包括岩浆岩)无关 ,进而表明成矿物质并非围岩提供。结合其它方面的系列研究 ,为该类型金矿属深源流体成矿作用产物的新观点 ,即成矿物质和流体可能直接来源于深部或上地幔提供了进一步的证据。这表明 ,阴极发光技术是一种简便、可靠和实用的矿床成因研究手段。     

微细浸染型金矿深源成矿流体的硅同位素地球化学示踪

对黔西南和桂西北微细浸染型金矿床围岩,矿石和热液硅化石英的硅同位素组成及硅质阴极发光特征的研究发现,原生硅化石英不发光,而围岩中的石英和次生硅化石英明显发光、与对对应,围岩中石英的硅同位素组成与矿石的热液硅化石英的硅同位素组成也可以明显分开。     

An Interesting Element Association of Au—Sb—As—W and Its Geochemical Interpretation—A Review

The occurrences and characteristics of the association of Au-Sb-As-W are summarized.An interpretation of the association is given according to the fact that the content of reduced sulfur in the ore-forming solution is much high relative to Cl in this kind of ore deposits especially for the Au-Sb-As with W,using the data on their complexes and solubility,The high dfineness of gold and the separation of gold from the base metals Cu,Pb,Zn,and sometimes from Ag in this kind of ore deposits are also interpreted.     

Rb—Sr Isotopic Chronology of the Au—Bearing Quartz Veins in Gold Depostits in the Eastern Part of North China Platform

In the eastern part of Chian there had occurred large-scale gold mineralization during the Mesozoic,resulting in a large number of inprotant gold ore-concentrated areas.In this paper we have selected some isotope data(including four gold deposits previously studied and two gold deposis in this work)of Au-bearing quartz veins of the representative gold deposits in six impor-tant gold ore-concentrated areas in the periphery of the North China Platform and calculated their metallogenic ages using the method of Ludwig(2.90 version).The results show that the repre-sentative gold deposits in the six gold ore-concentrated areas were formed during the Mesozoic.     

黔东南锦屏金矿成矿模式的模拟实验

利用中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学国家重点实验室的实验设备对黔东南锦屏金矿进行了成矿模式的模拟实验。通过剪切实验,变形、破裂实验,成矿物质活化、迁移实验,成矿模式模拟实验和多次应力实验,获得了成矿物质以碎粒流和塑性流动的方式顺层及穿层充填并在褶曲核部富集的结果,多次应力实验使成矿物质叠加富集。实验结果初步证实了锦屏石英脉金矿的成矿模式,为该区构造控制金矿提供了重要的实验资料,也为今后研究该区金矿的成矿规律和找矿提供了有益的信息。     

The Material Sourece of a New Type of Copper Deposits—Evidence from Stable Isotopes

The new type of copper deposits concerned with in this paper are vein copper deposits found in the Lanping-Simao Rift Basin, Yunnan,China. As is indicated by H,O,C,S,Pb and Sr isotopes, water and mineralizers in the ore-forming fluids were derived from heated meteoric water and mantle, respectively.The metallic elements(Cu,Ag,Pb,Zn,As,Sb,Fe,REE,etc.)are characterized by a mixed source from the crust and the mantle.     

The Constraints on the Differential Enrichment of Au and As During Hydrothermal Mineralization,Southwest Guizhou,China

The differential enrichment of gold and arsenic observed in As-bearing hydrothermal gold deposits in Southwest Gizhou is induced by vapor-liquid separation in response to changing physico-chemical conditions during the hydrothermal evolution and is a reflection of the geochemical behavior of the two elements.     

Physicochemical Conditions of Differential Mineralization of Au and As in Gold Deposits,Southwest Guizhou Province,China

The conditions under which gold and arsenic are enriched separately during mineralization in gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province were described and the thermodynamic calculations gave: 200–150°C at 400 × 10⁻⁶ -300 × 10⁶ Pa (corresponding to a depth between 1.6 km and 1.2 km); lgf o₂,−40 to -35 Pa; lgf s₂, -20 to−16 Pa; pH 5.0 -4.2 and Eh -0.53 V. This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Open Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.