花岗质岩浆起源和多次岩浆混合的标志：包体：—以北京周口店岩体为例

北京周口店岩株,主要由两次侵入的石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩组成,其中包体广泛分布。在岩体南缘的关坻变质岩中,零星出露了一种块状的闪长质岩石。关坻闪长岩与主岩体同期侵入的岩浆结晶产物,角闪石质包体的形成是二长辉长岩浆结晶—再平衡的结果,富云包体系花岗闪长岩浆源区的耐熔残余。通过二长辉长岩与花岗闪长岩两种岩浆简单混合可形成细粒石英二长质包体,由二长辉长岩、关坻闪长岩和花岗闪长岩3种岩浆混合形成了微粒闪长质包体。主岩体的成分变异,也与岩浆混合有关。     

桂东北大宁岩体中镁铁质微粒包体的混合成因——来自野外分形特征的制约

大宁岩体是一个多期次侵入的复式岩体,主要由石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩等花岗质岩石组成,其中富含镁铁质微粒包体（MME）,MME主要出露在花岗闪长岩中。花岗闪长岩中部和边部MME个数与单位测量面积的特征值（直径）之间均存在对数线性关系（p〉0．75）,表明MME一花岗质侵入岩体系为分形体。结合MME的形态、结构特征,认为大宁岩体中MME为岩浆混合成因。花岗闪长岩中部和边部MME的分维数分别是1．293和0．991,表明混合程度在空间上具有不均一性。MME长轴展布方向与寄主岩体的原生流动线理方向一致,暗示着在镁铁质岩浆注入之前,长英质岩浆已部分结晶。对流作用可能是MME分布、变形和岩浆混合程度差异的主要驱动力。     

新疆富蕴希力库都克地区岩浆混合作用及其成矿意义

新疆北部希力库都克地区为-斑岩型铜钼金矿区,含矿的花岗闪长岩体中广泛发育4种暗色岩微粒包体似隐晶状安山玄武岩、细粒闪长岩、少斑状安山(玢)岩和安山玢岩,矿区还产有安山玢岩、英安斑岩、正长岩等脉岩.花岗闪长岩及其包体的岩相学、矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征表明该区发生了岩浆混合作用,其中酸性的花岗闪长质与基性的闪长质岩浆混合,形成了过渡相岩石--安山玢岩质岩浆混合岩.本区矿化与暗色微粒包体有关矿化较好的地段暗色微粒包体较多,有些包体中磁铁矿微粒普遍发育,有时甚至含少量黄铁矿和黄铜矿等硫化物.研究发现,本区岩浆混合岩--安山玢岩,与蚀变矿化的花岗闪长岩虽然在野外产状和岩石结构上截然有别,但二者的化学成分相当接近在哈克图上二者的投影点靠近;稀土元素和微量元素上,标准化曲线型式相似(或相同),表明二者具有相似的成因,换言之,岩浆混合作用可能伴随了热液蚀变和矿化的发生.推测本区岩浆混合作用可能是幔源基性岩浆与陆壳花岗质岩浆的混合,由此产生的中酸性岩浆经过分异和流体作用造就了本区的铜钼金矿化.     

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩的混合成因：来自成因矿物学证据

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩地处冈底斯构造-岩浆带中部,呈东西向平行雅鲁藏布缝合带分布.该岩体以花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩为主,其次为石英二长闪长岩.岩体内普遍发育微粒镁铁质包体.对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩及微粒镁铁质包体的成因矿物学研究结果显示：（1）斜长石发育环带且边缘和核部偏基性,幔部酸性;（2）斜长石斑晶边缘常含有角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物包体;（3）钾长石X射线结构分析显示自核部向边缘温度呈现逐渐升高的特点;（4）长石矿物中普遍含有较高的Cr、Ni、Co元素,明显不同于壳熔花岗岩;（5）角闪石、黑云母矿物MgO含量高于典型壳熔花岗岩;（6）包体中发育针状磷灰石和角闪石,显示为岩浆淬冷的结果.上述特征不可能用正常岩浆分异作用来解释,而更可能是壳-幔岩浆混合作用的结果.采用矿物温压计所得到的结果也符合混合后的岩浆演化特征.     

川西稻城岩体岩浆混合作用：矿物学特征的证据

义敦岛弧形成于晚三叠世大规模俯冲造山作用过程中,位于松潘甘孜地体和羌塘地体之间。稻城边部岩体是义敦岛弧带内规模巨大的复式花岗质岩体,由花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩组成。大量暗色镁铁质微粒包体发育于花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩中,且其与寄主岩石的接触界线明显。暗色镁铁质微粒包体具有细粒结构,发育石英眼构造、针状磷灰石和具环带结构的斜长石斑晶。文中以稻城岩体寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中斜长石、黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,开展岩相学和电子探针原位化学成分分析,厘定了矿物形成的物理化学条件,探讨了岩浆混合作用过程及其形成的构造环境。研究表明：花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体中的斜长石主要为中长石,其核部呈浑圆状;前者核部的An值(21~50)显著高于幔部(21~34);后者则发育典型的突变环带,An值(29~44)呈波状变化且相对集中。暗色微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩中斜长石的An值部分重叠表明二者形成过程中存在含量的岩浆混合作用。斜长石环带中的An值随Al2O3、FeO、MgO和CaO含量的升高而升高,但随SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量的升高而降低。寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中角闪石富镁铁,阳离子特征为：CaB=1.56~1.75,Ti=0.08~0.13,属于钙质角闪石,具壳源特征,其结晶温度分别为697~725 ℃和680~705 ℃。花岗闪长岩中黑云母的Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)为0.37~0.45,显示出富Fe贫Ca、Mg,属于典型的岩浆成因黑云母。黑云母TiO2含量变化范围为3.54%~4.62%,Al2O3含量变化范围为13.89%~15.15%;黑云母的氧化系数为0.08~0.11,Mg#为0.39~0.46,MF值为0.36~0.44,单位分子中阳离子数AlⅥ为0.03~0.11,以单位分子中Ti和Al阳离子数计算的黑云母结晶温度为584~624 ℃,表明其结晶温度较高,具壳幔混源特征。稻城岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔混源成因的I型花岗岩,暗色微粒包体是由镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆不同程度的混合作用形成的。     

北京房山岩体黑云母矿物化学特征及其对岩石成因的指示意义

房山岩体位于华北克拉通燕山构造带内,在平面上为不对称环状分布的复式侵入体.其主要由多期侵入的花岗闪长质岩石组成,被划分为中央相、过渡相和边缘相3个岩相带,岩体内部分布大量的暗色镁铁质微粒包体.黑云母作为中酸性火成岩中重要的镁铁质矿物,其矿物化学特征可以记录岩浆属性以及岩石形成时的物理化学条件.本研究对房山花岗岩体和暗色镁铁质微粒包体中的黑云母进行了系统的岩相学观察,并通过电子探针分析对黑云母的化学组成进行了详细研究,从而探讨房山花岗岩体的岩浆来源以及岩浆混合作用过程.结果表明,花岗岩体和暗色镁铁质微粒包体中的黑云母具有相似的矿物化学成分.花岗岩体中的黑云母富Mg,贫Fe,属于镁质黑云母.从外向内3个相带的花岗岩中黑云母的含铁系数[（Fe3++Fe2+）/（Fe3++Fe2++Mg2+）]分别为0.42~0.47,0.45~0.47,0.41~0.46.FeOT/MgO均接近0.60.MF值[2×Mg/（Fe2++Mg+Mn）]分别为1.05~1.21,1.06~1.15,1.12~1.23,指示3个相带的花岗岩的物质来源均发生了壳幔混染.从外向内3个相带中的暗色镁铁质微粒包体中的黑云母富Mg,贫Fe,属于镁质黑云母,含铁系数[（Fe3++Fe2+）/（Fe3++Fe2++Mg2+）]分别为0.44~0.48,0.45~0.50,0.44~0.52.FeOT/MgO均接近0.60.MF值[2×Mg/（Fe2++Mg+Mn）]分别为1.00~1.16,1.03~1.15,1.10~1.18,说明包体的岩浆受到了中酸性岩浆的影响,发生了岩浆混合.花岗岩体与暗色镁铁质微粒包体中的黑云母矿物化学特征相似,但不同岩相带之间存在差异,推测该区域发生了一个多阶段的岩浆相互作用过程,可能为幔源基性岩浆注入壳源酸性岩浆,在岩浆房内以不同程度进行了岩浆混合.      

新疆希勒库都克铜钼矿区岩浆混合作用: 来自锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

新疆北部富蕴县内希勒库都克铜钼矿区的花岗闪长岩及其包体岩相学、矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征及野外地质特征显示其为岩浆混合作用的结果。本文获得花岗闪长岩及其中暗色微粒包体玄武安山玢岩、细粒辉长闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为326.8±2.1Ma、327.6±2.4Ma、329.3±2.3Ma,年龄值基本一致,这一结果从年代学角度为花岗闪长岩及其中暗色微粒包体的岩浆混合作用成因提供证据。偏酸性的花岗闪长质与偏基性玄武安山质岩浆混合作用形成了331.9±2.1Ma的安山玢岩脉。     

新疆西准噶尔夏尔莆岩体中微粒镁铁质包体特征及意义

夏尔莆岩体寄主岩石为闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合,其中镁铁质微粒包体十分发育.包体个体大小悬殊.多密集成群、成带状分布,具明显塑性变形特征.包体与寄主岩石或界线截然或渐变过渡.包体中发育斜长石异常环带、针状磷灰石和来自寄主岩石中的长石捕虏晶,包体中不平衡矿物间的共生现象普遍.岩相学特征表明为基性岩浆和酸性岩浆经岩浆混合作用而成.这一新认识为探讨夏尔莆岩体及达尔布特花岗岩带成因提供新佐证.     

南秦岭新院岩体及其包体的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年和意义

南秦岭新院岩体位于略阳县城以北约35 km处,呈椭圆形,出露面积约200 km2,主要岩性为花岗闪长岩,岩体中含有大量的铁镁质微粒包体和细晶岩脉.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄为219.6±4.6 Ma,其中的铁镁质微粒包体的结晶年龄为2 21.5±4.2 Ma,晚于勉县—略阳洋盆闭合时期...     

青海南山构造带西段黑马河花岗杂岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文对青海南山构造带西段黑马河花岗杂岩体中的石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩以及花岗闪长岩中的暗色微粒包体进行了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩及暗色微粒包体的结晶年龄分别为244.4±1.1 Ma和243.0±1.2 Ma,表明岩体形成于中三叠世早期。石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,暗色微粒包体为高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列,稀土元素配分曲线均具有轻重稀土明显分异的右倾特征,具弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.65~0.83),富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Th、K)和Pb,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Ba负异常。岩相学和岩石地球化学特征指示黑马河花岗杂岩体具壳幔岩浆混合特征,形成于活动大陆边缘的俯冲环境,石英闪长岩为受俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融产生的基性岩浆演化的产物,花岗闪长岩则源自壳源岩浆与少量幔源岩浆的混合。黑马河花岗杂岩体是中三叠世早期宗务隆洋向南俯冲消减的岩浆记录。     

Geochemistry of granitic rocks from the Hercynian Sardinia-Corsica batholith: Implication for magma genesis

The Sardinia-Corsica batholith was structured in the late stage of the Hercynian orogenesis. The granitoids intrude mainly metamorphic complexes grading from zeolite up to amphibolite facies. The batholith is heterogeneous consisting of complexes with different affinity, chemical composition, age and degree of deformation. The present paper reports major-and trace-element data for selected samples coming only from Sardinian outcrops.

The rocks range from gabbro-diorite to tonalite, monzogranite and leucogranite. The two latter lithologies are the most abundant, gabbrodiorites and tonalites occurring in minor amounts and mainly in northern-central Sardinia. Over 75% of the granitoids contain microgranular enclaves of magmatic origin. The age of the rocks falls in the interval between 307 and 281 Ma. Sr isotope initial ratios are high, ranging between 0.7083 and 0.7107.

REE, Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr, Th, Ta, Hf, Co and Sc abundances were determined on selected samples. All elements follow three types of trends vs. CaO, which is used as differentiation index. Two trends show positive and negative correlations while the third one shows a bell-shaped pattern. LREE have different degrees of enrichment (La = 20−120× ch) and HREE show variable fractionation with prevailing (Tb/Yb)_n<1. The two peraluminous samples have very different geochemical characteristics.

From the geochemical point of view all the rocks coming from the Sardinian segment of the batholith display a typical calc-alkaline chemical character showing the imprint of both “normal and mature” continental arc geodynamic environments.

Geochemical trends suggest some petrogenetic constraints. The complete sequence of differentiation can be neither the product of crystal/liquid fractionation processes starting from a single basic parent magma nor the product of an AFC process. On the contrary, a two-stage model can be proposed. In the first stage a mafic melt of subcrustal origin interacted with monzogranitic magmas derived from 25–35% degree of melting of a crustal biotite amphibolitic source. Such a mixing process acted together with a crystal/liquid fractionation process to give tonalites and granodiorites. In the second stage lesser degrees of melting of the same crustal source could give the late-stage leucogranitic masses.

A possible scenario, able to take into account field and geochemical data, can be suggested for the genesis of this suite and we propose it as a working model for future investigations.     

Bildungsbedingungen von Al-Fe (III)-Epidoten

Relations between the composition of Al-Fe(III)-epidotes and the Fe content and oxidation ratio of a series of metamorphic rocks from the Hohen Tauern area, Tyrol (Austria), were investigated. The Fe(III) content of the epidotes depends on the oxidation ratio Fe(III)×100/(Fe(III)+ Fe(II)) of the rocks. The Fe(III) content of the epidotes as well as the oxidation ratio decreases within the series from greenschist to almandin-amphibolite facies. The relation between epidote composition and oxidation ratio can be explained by the following redox reactions: 6 Fe(III) Al₂ Ep+6 Mu+6 Qz+6 Hä+n Ab ? (1a) (12 An+n Ab) Plag+6 Bio+3 H₂O+4 1/2O₂. 6 Fe(III) Al₂ Ep+6 Mu+6 Qz+n Ab ? (1b) (12 An+n Ab) Plag+2 Bio+4 Kf+7 H₂O+1 1/2O₂. These reactions are in good agreement with the observed mineral assemblages and may explain the increase of the An content of coexisting plagioclase with increasing metamorphic grade.     

Exposure of a late cretaceous layered mafic-felsic magma system in the central Sierra Nevada batholith,California

New U-Pb zircon ages for the Lamarck Granodiorite, associated synplutonic gabbro and diorite plutons, and two large mafic intrusive complexes that underlie them in the Sierra Nevada batholith are 92±1 Ma. These ages establish the Late Cretaceous as a period of extensive mafic-felsic magmatism in the central part of the batholith, and confirm the significance of mafic magmatism in the evolution of the voluminous silicic plutions in the Sierran arc. The lack of significant zircon inheritance in any of the units analyzed supports isotopic evidence that the Lamarck and other Late Cretaceous Sierran plutons were derived predominantly from young crust. Recognition of an extensive mafic-felsic magma system in the Sierra Nevada batholith emphasizes the importance of basaltic liquids in the evolution of continental crust in arc settings.     

海南岛晚中生代花岗闪长岩及其包体的锆石U-Pb定年及构造意义

海南岛晚中生代的岩浆活动十分强烈,代表性的岩体有千家岩体、屯昌岩体和保城岩体,岩体岩性为花岗闪长岩,其中包含大量的闪长岩包体。系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗闪长岩及包体均形成于101 Ma,为双峰式侵入岩,由来自地幔的高温基性岩浆注入下地壳较酸性的长英质岩浆,两种岩浆同时上侵冷却形成。它们形成的构造环境为板内拉张环境,指示了海南岛于101 Ma处于强烈的岩石圈减薄阶段,这与晚中生代太平洋板块俯冲引起的弧后拉张有关。     

云蒙山变质核杂岩抬升过程中伸展拆离和岩浆底辟联合作用的证据

北京地区云蒙山变质核杂岩在白垩纪阶段抬升的早期,伴随着沿四合堂剪切带由北向南的拆离滑脱和大型花岗闪长岩的垂向侵位,晚期变形发生在花岗闪长岩岩基周边及其邻近围岩中,形成云蒙山剪切带,并伴随大量同构造的花岗岩和伟晶岩岩脉灌入。剪切带中所有的岩脉都随时间发生了不同程度的变形,较老的岩脉形成紧闭的圆柱状褶皱,枢纽与剪切带的线理和面理接近平行。岩脉与剪切带中L-S组构的平行化作用主要是由于这种转动的结果。岩脉的成分和长英指数随它们的变形程度发生变化,说明持续的岩浆分异作用与韧性剪切变形是同时发生的。云蒙山剪切带由岩浆底辟引起的上盘岩石重力所驱动,并不断得到同构造侵位岩脉的补充,起到存储和不断改造侵位岩脉的作用。早期伸展体制下形成的四合堂剪切带局部遭受云蒙山剪切带的改造或复合。该地区的岩石、构造和同构造岩脉的变形几何学和运动学证据表明,太古宙结晶基底的抬升是下部岩浆底辟与上部地壳伸展拆离共同作用的结果。     

Petrogenesis of the granitic Donkerhuk batholith in the Damara Belt of Namibia: protracted,syntectonic, short-range,crustal magma transfer

The areally extensive (>5000 km²), syn-tectonic, ca. 520 Ma, mainly S-type Donkerhuk batholith was constructed through injection of thousands of mainly sheet-like magma pulses over 20–25 Myr. It intruded schists of the Southern Zone accretionary prism in the Damara Belt of Namibia. Each magma pulse had at least partly crystallised prior to the arrival of the following batch. However, much of the batholith may have remained partially molten for long periods, close to the H₂O-saturated granite solidus. The batholith shows extreme variation in chemistry, while having limited mineralogical variation, and seems to be the world’s most heterogeneous granitic mass. The Nd model ages of ~2 Ga suggest that Eburnean rocks of the former magmatic arc, structurally overlain by the accretionary wedge, are the most probable magma sources. Crustal melting was initiated by mantle heat flux, probably introduced by thermal diffusion rather than magma advection. The granitic magmas were transferred from source to sink, with minimal intermediate storage; the whole process having occurred in the middle crust, resulting in feeble crustal differentiation despite the huge volume of silicic magma generated. Source heterogeneity controlled variation in the magmas and neither mixing nor fractionation was prominent. However, due to the transpressional emplacement régime, local filter pressing formed highly silicic liquids, as well as felsic cumulate rocks. The case of the Donkerhuk batholith demonstrates that emplacement-level tectonics can significantly influence compositional evolution of very large syn-tectonic magma bodies.     

Pumpellyite-bearing rocks in central Sweden and extent of host rock alteration as a control of pumpellyite composition

Metamorphic assemblages and mineral compositions in basic to intermediate volcanic rocks of two Precambrian units (the sub-Jotnian and Jotnian) in the Dala region, central Sweden, reveal a history comprising two metamorphic episodes. The sub-Jotnian rocks were metamorphosed during a first episode: the metamorphic grade ranges from prehnite-pumpellyite facies (in a displaced block with sub-Jotnian (?) lava occurring in the border zone of a major impact structure), to pumpellyite-actinolite facies, and to greenschist facies in the lower part of the unit. The unconformably overlying Jotnian rocks were metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite facies during a subsequent episode, which also left its imprint in the sub-Jotnian basement. Two other Jotnian sequences in central Sweden are in the same facies. There are systematic chemical differences in some of the secondary minerals. Sphenes contain more Al, and epidotes and pumpellyites are more Fe-rich in Jotnian (prehnite-pumpellyite facies) rocks compared with sub-Jotnian rocks of pumpellyite-actinolite facies. Most epidotes in Jotnian lavas are remarkably rich in Fe, with a replacement of Al by Fe³⁺ up to 1.5 atoms per formula unit (Ps₅₀). Compositions of epidote and pumpellyite in pervasively altered rocks vary sympathetically. Pumpellyite composition is partly controlled by the extent of alteration in its host rock. There is a trend for the compositional field of pumpellyite to shrink and shift away from the Al corner of the Al-Fe*-Mg triangle with increasing extent of host rock alteration. This trend is most evident in Jotnian rocks. Since the fields in the Al-Fe*-Mg triangle given in the literature as representative of pumpellyites from different metamorphic fades are partly based on analyses of samples containing relicts, these fields should be adjusted if future investigations show that the trend is of general validity.     

The Ackley City Batholith,southeastern Newfoundland: Evidence for crystal versus liquid-state fractionation

The 345 ± 10 Ma old composite Ackley City Batholith of southeastern Newfoundland, consists largely of very felsic K-feldspar megacrystic granite and alaskite. Spatially related to the southeast contact of the alaskite are younger aplites and pegmatite, intrusive phases which are interpreted to be pan of a tilted, high level roof zone complex to the batholith. The compositions of the alaskite and roof zone complex define major and trace element gradients similar to those in voluminous high-silica eruptive suites; i.e., the alaskite is more chemically evolved (higher in Rb, lower in Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, P, Sr, Ba and LREE) toward the roof. Apparently these chemical gradients in the batholith are restricted to the top 2 to 3 kms of the former magma chamber. Fractional crystallization is a plausible process for generating the chemical dispersion in the granites, although very high feldspar partition coefficients for Ba, Sr and Eu are required to generate the observed chemical gradients by a reasonable degree of fractional crystallization. Restriction of crystal fractionation to near the roof of the batholith may reflect a decreased viscosity which would facilitate crystal-liquid separation by processes such as filter pressing, flow differentiation or convective fractionation.The chemical gradients in these granites closely resemble those attributed in high-silica volcanics to the process of thermogravitational diffusion (TGD). Compositional gradients in the upper portion of a magma chamber are consistent with the TGD model. This model, although still poorly understood, is, like fractional crystallization, a plausible mechanism to generate the chemical features of the Ackley City granites.     

Ring complexes in the Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Mexico and the USA: magma plumbing systems in the middle and upper crust

Subvolcanic ring complexes are unusual in that they preserve a rapidly frozen record of intrusive events. This sequential history is generally lost or complicated in plutons owing to mixing and mingling in a dynamic state. Thus, subvolcanic ring complexes are more like erupted rocks in their preservation of instantaneous events, but the self-contained nature of the complexes allows detailed structural and chemical work to be conducted in environments where the relative timing between individual magmatic events is commonly well preserved.

We suggest that development of subvolcanic ring complexes in the western Peninsular Ranges Batholith (PRB) involved the following three-stage generalized sequence: (1) fracturing of the roof above a buoyant or overpressured magma chamber, which resulted in moderately inward-dipping conical fractures that locally hosted cone sheets; (2) subsequent loss of magma from the chamber, combined with degassing of the melt, which facilitated collapse of the roof along near-vertical ring faults that locally hosted ring dikes; and (3) resurgence of the chamber, and/or intrusion of a broadly cogenetic nested pluton, which locally destroyed evidence for the earlier history of the system. This sequence has been repeated twice in one of the ring complexes that we have identified, which resulted in nested intrusive centers.

Calderas, subvolcanic ring complexes and plutons may represent progressively deeper sections through linked magma plumbing systems, and the systematic occurrences of these features in the western PRB are consistent with progressively deeper along-strike exposures of the batholith from south to north over a distance greater than 250 km.

In addition to subvolcanic complexes in the western PRB, deeper crustal levels exposed in the transition zone between eastern and western parts of the batholith preserve ring complexes emplaced at depths of up to 18 km. Occurrence of these deeper-level complexes suggests either that caldera subsidence can extend to mid-crustal levels or that other processes can produce ring complexes.     

陕甘川交界区碧口群的绿帘石及其岩石学意义

绿帘石广泛分布于碧口群的各类变质岩石中,但以变质基性岩(绿片岩和蓝片岩)为主。绿片岩中绿帘石X_(?s)=0.23—0.37,但多为0.30—0.32,在不同样品中绿帘石成分变化很大,但同一样品中绿帘石变化不明显,说明其成分与全岩成分有关。蓝片岩中绿帘石X_(?s)=0.22—0.36,其成分在同一样品中也有很大变化,一般细粒者ps分子少,而粗粒者ps分子多,且常发育环带结构,向中心ps分子减少,说明蓝片岩可能经历了一个以降压为特征的变质过程。此外,该群也偶见绿纤石,但它们均被绿帘石包裹,不能构成独立变质相。