桐柏山老湾金矿带右行走滑断裂控矿体系的构建及其意义

以老湾金矿带上上河-彭家老庄、老湾-盛老庄金矿床为研究对象,通过野外地表和坑道观察,进行断裂产状统计、配套分析及构造性质与矿化类型耦合关系的研究,确立了老湾金矿带控矿构造体系性质及组合型式。上上河-彭家老庄金矿床以石英脉型矿化较为发育为特点,控矿断裂属走滑构造体系中的R型张扭性裂隙带,向北陡倾,走向(290°~310°)与主剪切带方向(286°)交角约为15°,具右行剪切特征,滑距约10 m。老湾-盛老庄矿床以蚀变岩型矿化为特征,充填脉型矿化不发育,其金矿控矿断裂属P型压扭性裂隙,向南缓倾,其总体走向近东西(约92°),与主剪切带方向的另一端交角约15°。3条规模较大的断裂蚀变带平面上右型侧列特点反映其滑移方向与上上河-彭家老庄控矿断裂滑移方向一致。综合整个矿带断裂产状及矿化信息,认为老湾金矿带控矿构造总体为以老湾和松扒断裂为边界断裂,由里德尔剪切体系中的P型和R型剪切带连结形成的辫状右行走滑剪切带。结合桐柏造山带区域地质演化历史,分析认为该脆性断裂构造带是早期韧性剪切带继承性演化的结果,反映桐柏造山带不同构造块体间斜向碰撞及随后地壳抬升作用的动力学演化过程。老湾金矿带右行走滑构造体系与成矿作用的耦合关系对矿床成因提供重要地质约束。     

桐柏老湾金矿带成矿构造体系演化研究及其地质意义

通过对老湾成矿带各期构造作用、区域变质作用、岩浆作用、矿化富集作用研究,将老湾成矿带成矿构造体系演化分为三个阶段:加里东-华力西期深层次韧性剪切作用,形成的NNW向构造控矿因素深远,起初始富集作用;从印支晚期(236～214 Ma)开始,在燕山期或期前(132.5Ma)为脆-韧性剪切-右行走滑体系,矿液再次充填控矿形成现在的富矿体;燕山末期后发生了浅层次脆、韧性构造和构造推覆。并建立了老湾金矿带"早期老湾韧性剪切成矿构造系统"与"中期高角度右型走滑脆韧性断裂构造系统叠加"和"晚期构造掩盖或破坏"三期成矿构造演化体系。三期成矿构造演化体系的建立和"晚期老湾岩体推覆于龟山岩组上"的认识,极大地拓展了赋矿地层空间,为取得找矿突破提供重要理论依据。     

滇中小水井金矿床控矿构造与矿化富集规律

构造控矿是小水井金矿床的主要特点,本文通过对矿床控矿构造空间形态、构造岩分带、活动期次、力学性质、矿床构造类型的研究,认为小水井金矿床受控于区域三级断裂(F3),其内更次级的断层、剪切裂隙破碎带、层间破碎带控制了矿体的空间产出位置;矿床控矿构造类型为脆-韧性剪切断裂构造,构造破碎带起码经历了三期应力作用的改造,早期为压扭性韧性剪切变形,中、晚期为张扭性脆-韧性剪切变形,后期为脆性剪切作用—形成碎裂状岩石;矿床金矿化作用主要与中、晚期的脆-韧性剪切变形作用有关,发生在脆-韧性剪切变形阶段或稍晚。进而总结了金矿化富集规律,指出在断裂产状变化地段、不同方向断层交切附近、破碎带的膨大部位,是厚大透镜状矿体富集的有利空间;破碎带变窄地段,矿体变薄、尖灭,形成脉状矿体。     

桐柏山老湾金矿带与燕山期岩浆作用有关的岩浆热液金多金属矿床成矿作用——来自地球化学、年代学证据及控矿构造地质约束

老湾金矿带为桐柏山北麓一条重要的金多金属成矿带,其内的老湾和上上河金矿床的控矿构造,分属脆性右行走滑断裂体系中压扭性P型和张扭性R型断裂。老湾金矿床的矿脉呈右形侧列、向南相对缓倾,以浸染状、条带状、网脉状的蚀变岩型矿化为特征。上上河金矿床的矿脉平行展布,向北陡倾,除浸染状蚀变岩型矿化外,石英脉型矿化较发育。该矿带的金矿化类型与断裂构造性质具有明显的耦合关系。右行断裂控矿体系晚于韧性剪切带形成,更晚于区域峰期变质作用,这排除了热液成矿作用与早期区域变质和韧性剪切变形之间的成因联系。矿带矿化元素显示,以松扒花岗斑岩脉带为中心的Mo→Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag→Au空间分带特征。矿石硫同位素较窄的变化范围和较均一的组成（δ³⁴S值多变化在1.69‰~5.99‰）,显示单一深源岩浆硫特征。矿石与燕山期花岗岩的铅同位素的相似性,表明它们可能源自相同的源区。含金石英脉石英流体的氢、氧同位素（δ¹⁸O_流体值为3.2‰~5.4‰,δD值为-86.3‰~-53.5‰）显示了成矿流体的岩浆来源。花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为（138.9±3.3） Ma,与前人测得的矿脉中热液云母（³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar法）的成矿年龄基本一致。综合分析认为,老湾金矿带金多金属成矿作用与燕山期浅成岩浆作用具有密切的时空关系和成因联系。     

新疆鄯善县康古尔金矿带小尖山金矿地质特征及找矿标志

新疆鄯善县康古尔金矿带小尖山金矿位于星星峡谷带—旱山微板块中的雅满苏-红石山-黑鹰山晚古生代陆内裂谷带内康古尔金矿带的东部,产于苦水大断裂南侧的巨型韧性剪切带内,具有明显韧性剪切带控矿作用。矿体分为2类:蚀变岩型金矿、石英脉型金矿。矿区初步圈定了3条较具规模的蚀变岩型金矿体和2条石英脉型金矿体。其中,蚀变岩型金矿是主要矿床类型,赋存于安山质凝灰岩与英安质凝灰岩的接触带上安山质凝灰岩一侧,整个矿带受苦水断裂之次级韧性剪切带控制。通过综合分析,初步认为该区金矿属于与韧性剪切带有关的中—低温热液型金矿床,并总结了控矿构造、容矿岩石、岩浆岩、地球化学、热液蚀变等5个方面的找矿标志。     

胶东半岛金矿床控矿构造特点浅析

胶东半岛金矿床的矿体(脉)均严格受断裂构造控制,这种控矿的脆/韧性叠加构造的显著特点是多期(次)活动的叠加,经过了早期的韧性剪切、后期的脆性压扭性碎裂岩化、晚期的脆性张性断裂叠加3个阶段.脆/韧型叠加构造与按"构造相"划分的脆-韧性剪切带是不同的概念,它们是性质和演化历史完全各异的两类断裂构造.金矿往往直接产于张性断裂之中,但是在同空间中更早形成的韧性剪切带和压扭性碎裂岩则对金矿化的规模具有明显的控制作用.     

北淮阳构造带老湾金矿区构造与成矿作用的关系

通过对北淮阳构造带内老湾金矿区构造变形过程中的物质迁移、流体变化及其与成矿关系的初步研究,提出老湾金矿是一受韧性剪切带控制、与岩浆作用有关的构造蚀变岩(-岩浆热液)型金矿床。在龟山—梅山断裂带的韧性推覆、右行走滑、脆性变形3阶段过程中,金元素随差应力和流体变化存在不同的变化。在韧性变形阶段,水/岩比值相对较低的变质热液作用使金元素发生初步富集;在脆性变形阶段,岩浆活动和强烈的水 岩相互作用使金元素富集成矿。因此老湾金矿区构造蚀变岩型金矿床是一经历了早期韧性变形(低水/岩比值)和晚期脆性变形(伴随岩浆活动、高水/岩比值)两阶段金元素富集的成矿过程的产物。     

胶东金矿成矿构造──地球化学动力学研究

通过对胶东区域断裂构造时空演化的分析，提出郯庐大断裂的次级断裂为胶东金矿的控矿构造，并为导矿构造。晚燕山期区域右行走滑断裂活动产生的浅部张剪裂隙为容矿构造，其张裂变形产生的扩容作用是“泵吸”深部矿液上侵充填的驱动力。张剪断裂以脉动方式释放构造应力，实测差应力值为１２０～４０ＭＰａ；从早到晚有衰减趋势。容矿断裂脉动活动可划分为脆性破裂和脆韧性扩张两种动力学状态或阶段，并制约着热液反应体系中成矿和控制反应进行的方向和强度，从而控制成矿元素的富集和分散。热液成矿反应体系的热力学演化与构造动力学条件的耦合是金富矿石形成的机制。     

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田长沟金矿区控矿构造解析

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田含矿岩系主要是志留系梅子垭岩组中浅变质岩层，该套地层经历了中生代的构造变形，复杂多样，其中发育的脆-韧性剪切带成为梅子垭岩组发育蚀变岩型金矿富集的良好场所。通过对汉阴北部金矿田近年新发现的长沟金矿区及周邻区带成矿地质背景、控矿构造特征等进行解析研究，结合以往资料，总结汉阴北部金矿田该类型金矿床的控矿构造特征和成矿规律，初步探讨长沟金矿床的热液成因类型。研究发现汉阴北部金矿田区发育有五条脆-韧性剪切带，其构造样式、变质作用具多样性和多期性，其中第二期变形与金成矿作用关系密切；长沟金矿区受区域DSZ3(≈RF5)脆-韧性剪切带及多期构造置换中的S₂面理控制，控矿构造样式具有斜列排布特征。含矿流体包裹体研究认为其在低—中温热液环境形成，主要是在退变质作用下易于在局部两种岩性差异界面附近、片理面之间薄弱变形带、密集剪切节理带或劈理化带等有利构造部位含金热液发生富集成矿。因此，脆-韧性剪切带及其多期面理置换与密集片理、剪切节理带及热液蚀变岩是主要的控矿构造类型。进一步的找矿预测工作主要应该紧抓其脆-韧性剪切带的走向延伸和倾向延深，更应重视侧向斜列富集规律。      

老挝帕奔金矿地质-构造地球化学特征及成矿机理

老挝帕奔金矿是一种独特的矿床类型,矿体产在下二叠统灰岩中,构造控矿明显,矿体受韧-脆性剪切带和断裂控制。有蚀变岩型、方解石脉型和角砾岩型三种矿化类型。蚀变类型单一,为碳酸盐化。矿石中没有硫化物,脉石矿物几乎只有方解石。岩石变形特征研究表明,从造山早期开始一直到造山后存在一系列韧性-脆韧性-韧脆性-脆性递进变形,在剪切递进变形过程中普遍存在压溶现象。不同期次剪切变形构造岩地质地球化学及含矿性研究表明,金富集成矿主要发生在造山晚期递进变形中韧性-脆性转换期与造山后压扭性-张性力学转换期,剪切压溶是帕奔金矿主要控矿因素。大地构造演化与成矿地质特征表明,帕奔金矿成矿与华力西晚期造山过程递进变形有一系列的联系,三种类型的金矿化与韧性、脆韧性剪切、断裂活动构造发展有关。根据剪切和压溶的发育特点和不同时期方解石脉体及矿化类型,将成矿机理概括为:剪切压溶活化,剪切扩容与交代,构造扩张与液压致裂。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.