400余套监测设备覆盖九寨沟景区

正九寨沟景区地质灾害专业监测预警体系是针对九寨沟景区内滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害致灾特点,构建地质灾害监测、分析、预报、预警和应急服务一体的信息化、智能化、可视化服务平台,为全面提升九寨沟景区防灾能力、加强安全管理提供技术保障。平台布设了地表位移、裂缝变形、泥位、雨量等多种预报、预警和应急服务一体化体系,确保灾害发生后,第一时间传递预警信息,让受威胁的人群快速转移撤离。     

钻孔倾斜仪监测在塘角村1^#滑坡预警监测中的作用

塘角村1^#滑坡是三峡库区地质灾害防治监测预警工程Ⅲ期专业监测点。监测方法为滑体深部位移监测、地表位移监测,同时开展地表宏观变形调查。2007年4月滑坡开始出现变形;其中滑体深部位移由钻孔倾斜仪监测,最早发现滑体变形,随后地表位移GPS监测滑体出现变形,同时滑体地表出现裂缝,滑体局部产生溜滑现象;文章通过滑体深部位移实测监测数据纵向分析,结合与其它监测方法（GPS）监测数据进行横向对比分析印证,判断钻孔倾斜仪监测数据的有效性、准确性;阐述钻孔倾斜仪监测在塘角村1号滑坡预警监测中的重要作用。     

基于虚拟参考站技术的滑坡高精度位移监测系统设计与实践

采用北斗卫星定位技术对滑坡地表位移进行实时监测是构建"人防+技防"地质灾害监测预警体系的有效技术手段。本文梳理了目前北斗位移监测系统的应用现状,分析了"一点一基站"模式在规模化应用中存在的问题,提出了基于虚拟参考站（Virtual Reference Station,VRS）技术的滑坡高精度位移监测系统设计方案,并结合黄土地区滑坡监测预警工作实际需求在陕西省榆林市佳县开展了示范应用,总结出"虚拟基站+自适应解算"的技术路线,为北斗卫星定位技术在地质灾害监测预警中规模化应用提供了实践经验。     

关键致灾因子对滑坡稳定性的影响——以三峡库区黄莲树、曾家棚滑坡为例

以三峡库区奉节县黄莲树滑坡和曾家棚滑坡的成功临滑预报为例,以地表位移、降雨、地下水、库水位的监测为依据,综合分析研究了监测参数的变动和致灾因子相互作用对滑坡稳定性的影响关系,总结形成了初步的研究成果。本研究成果对滑坡的监测预警预报技术具有重要的理论意义,并且对其它以库水位涨落和降雨为主要致滑因子的滑坡的监测临滑预报具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

危岩滑坡简易监测预警研究——以重庆市及邻近地区为例

目前我国群测群防监测手段已广泛应用到地质灾害预警研究领域,采集的众多原始数据和简单清晰的动态曲线资料,为地质灾害的评价、预测、预警提供了极大的空间分析基础.针对群测群防专业基础薄弱特点,本文主要从简易监测方法入手,利用各种监测手段采集的监测数据,分析已成功预警的危岩滑坡预报曲线及其变化规律,进而寻求变形破坏临界信号,初步给出了由位移-时间曲线形态的变化作为预报尺度的简易确定方法及稳定性判断准则,以最大限度的保障社会安定.     

重庆市万州区付家岩滑坡监测与变形分析

付家岩滑坡是三峡库区地质灾害专业监测预警工程二期专业监测点,监测方法有地表位移监测和钻孔深部位移监测。通过对3年的监测资料进行对比分析,结果表明各GPS变形监测点在水平向和垂向均有明显变形,其中纵Ⅱ、纵Ⅲ剖面GPS监测点变形尤为突出;各钻孔监测点变形明显,监测主纵剖面中下部钻孔变形突出。目前滑坡处于匀速变形阶段,为不稳定状态。     

黄莲树滑坡破坏变形机理浅析

以三峡库区奉节县黄莲树滑坡的破坏变形为例,以地表位移、降雨、地下水、库水位的监测为依据,综合分析研究了监测参数的变动和致灾因子相互作用对滑坡稳定性的影响关系,开展破坏变形机理探讨研究,总结形成了初步的研究成果。该研究成果对滑坡的监测预警预报技术具有重要的理论意义,并且对其它以库水位涨落和降雨为主要致滑因子的滑坡的监测临滑预报具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

有限元法分析降雨条件下斜坡稳定性——以邻水县马鞍坪滑坡为例

通过对华蓥市马鞍坪滑坡现有变形监测情况表明,斜坡变形位移与降雨的关系十分密切,马鞍坪滑坡的后部强变形区,斜坡位移与50mm以上持续降雨几乎呈对应关系。研究人员采用工程地质条件分析与有限元分析法相结合,对马鞍坪滑坡进行了滑坡体在降雨条件下饱和一非饱和渗流分析与坡体稳定性分析。分析结果表明,降雨量是华蓥山地区斜坡失稳下滑的主要引发因素,不同雨量决定斜坡演化成滑坡的不同阶段,其影响作用也不近相同。计算结果表明,当日降雨量达到150mm左右且累积降雨量超过300mm的情况下,斜坡土体将出现变形,出现滑坡可能性大。该分析结果为今后华蓥山地区地质灾害监测预警示范中的地质灾害单体预警预报,提供了可靠预警参数。     

三峡库区塘角村1号滑坡变形特征分析

塘角村1号滑坡是三峡库区地质灾害防治监测预警工程Ⅲ期应急专业监测点。监测方法为滑体深部位移监测、地表位移监测等。本文通过滑坡变形、库区降雨、库区水位变化等资料的相关分析,总结分析了该滑坡在空间和时间域内的变形特征。降雨强度和降雨量的大小是影响滑体变形速率的因素之一,下部滑体变形对于库区水位下降敏感,当水位在一段时期内按一定速率持续下降时,滑体变形速率明显加大。     

贵州兴义滑坡特征及过程预警研究

由于滑坡岩土体结构的复杂性和破坏机制的多样性,滑坡预警一直以来都是全球性难题,极具挑战性。本文论述了贵州省兴义滑坡特征及其成功预警,并分析了滑坡成功预警的关键因素。在对滑坡现场进行地质调查的基础上,综合应用卫星遥感、无人机航拍、LiDAR、地表位移监测等技术手段,初步分析结果认为,兴义滑坡属于典型的含软弱夹层的顺层岩质滑坡,滑源区坡体为2014年首次滑动后形成的不稳定斜坡,在不利的坡体结构加之与软弱夹层组合的地质条件下,受到长期重力及地下水作用,最终演变成滑坡地质灾害。兴义滑坡至2014年第一次滑动后,后缘山体对前缘公路和居民就产生了威胁,2019年2月17日凌晨5时53分,贵州省兴义市马岭镇龙井村兴-马大道旁约96×104 m3的山体再次发生顺层滑动。在滑坡发生前,研究人员就在滑坡体上安装了全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)和自适应性裂缝计两种位移监测传感器,对滑坡变形进行持续监控。现场监测数据实时传输到研究人员自主研发的“地质灾害监测预警系统”中,系统通过多种阈值综合预警模型自动计算监测数据并发布预警结果,在滑坡进入临滑阶段后,系统提前53 min发出了红色预警,完全避免了人员和经济损失。该滑坡的成功预警体现了自主研发的地质灾害监测预警系统、预警模型、监测仪器三者的适用性,可为今后类似滑坡的监测预警研究及应用提供借鉴。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.