深部三维地应力实测与巷道稳定性研究

原始地应力是地下工程围岩稳定与支护结构设计的一个基本参数。在唐口煤矿井下回风石门、西翼辅助运输石门等不同构造部位的3个测点采用空心包体应力解除法进行了现场地应力的实测工作,测点的埋深达1 024～1 030 m。详细介绍了三维地应力及其主应力的计算原理,并根据矿区实测地应力资料,分析了矿井地应力大小、方向变化和分布特征,进而获得了该矿区地应力的定性及定量资料,初步分析了地应力对巷道稳定性的影响,为巷道的合理支护结构设计提供了可靠依据。     

铁矿深埋巷道围岩变形与地应力关系研究

随着大量深埋地下工程的建设,尤其是大型矿山,与巷道围岩稳定有关的各种地质灾害问题突出,因此其一直备受关注。某铁矿巷道埋深450～800m,变形剧烈,局部持续大变形,呈条带状臌出。地应力实测结果表明,矿区地应力总体特征为σv≥σH〉σh,现今水平构造作用明显,最大水平主应力为13-21MPa,接近岩体自重。大变形洞段围岩为裂隙化岩体,强度低,蠕变性明显。有限元分析表明,巷道开挖后在边墙与顶拱和底板交界处产生约40MPa的高应力,造成了围岩变形破坏。后期围岩在高应力作用下产生大变形,其宏观变形破坏特征与软岩相似。另围岩加固与支护发现,普通的挂网喷锚支护已很难适应高应力条件下的岩体大变形。论文基于地应力实测结果,通过对巷道围岩大变形成因机制的探讨以及原加固支护效果的总结,为后期巷道围岩变形破坏的防治提供了参考。     

深部急倾斜煤层偏压巷道支护参数优化研究

深部急倾斜煤层由于受特殊的地质结构和高地应力影响,煤层巷道开挖后易出现地层错动、垮塌的特点,施工中冒顶、底臌现象异常突出,巷道支护极其困难。通过对新集三矿-700 m煤探巷道进行现场勘查与试验,针对该急倾斜软岩巷道变形非对称性,底臌严重、地层错动的破坏特点,提出了可缩性U型钢全断面封闭支护和非对称性预应力锚杆(索)支护的全新支护方案,通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS建立数值分析模型,与原支护方案进行了对比分析。研究表明,采用改进支护方案巷道底臌位移量减小了66%,最大拉应力从0.58 MPa减小到0.38 MPa,塑性区较原方案更小,支护结构受力更加均匀。其结果可为同类地质条件的巷道支护设计提供一定参考。     

山东新汶煤矿压磁法全应力测量

煤矿巷道的围岩变形与围岩性质以及应力状态密切相关,弄清开采范围内的主应力方向和大小,对于合理地进行巷道布置和选择支护形式具有十分重要的意义。但目前我国煤矿的地应力测量和研究工作还没有广泛地开展。由于煤矿岩石状态十分复杂,给地应力测量带来很大的困难。高水平应力的存在,可使巷道岩壁剥落、巷道变形、甚至产生崩塌和岩爆。进行煤矿井下应力测量的研究工作,有助于合理地选择巷道的走向、截面形状使巷道边界的应力集中减到最小程度,保持巷道的稳定性;同时也为煤矿支护方式和开采方法的实施提供依据。但是煤矿的岩石极不完整,特别是有些煤矿存在着软岩,而传统的地应力测量方法(如应力恢复法、应力解除法、水压致裂法等)大都要求岩石相对完整。因此     

巷道围岩塑性状态判定分析方法

本文依照莫尔-库仑屈服条件和非关联流动准则, 从地应力场及地下巷道开挖工程特点出发, 提出对围岩塑性屈服状态进行判定的方法。对无支护巷道和水泥锚杆支护巷道围岩进行有限元分析表明, 巷道开挖以后及时支设锚杆, 对出现塑性屈服的围岩起到了等效提高其刚度和强度的作用, 从而增加了围岩稳定性。与现场实测结果对比说明, 非关联流动准则比关联流动准则更符合实际。     

峡谷地区大型地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场反演分析

合理地确定地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场对于地下洞室群的总体布局、支护设计有着重要的意义。本文提出了一种依据少量实测地应力资料反演地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场的方法。这种方法假设远古地形是一无起伏的夷平面,认为岩体初始地应力场主要由处于远古地应力状态下的远古地形经过漫长的地形剥蚀形成,而远古地应力场由地质构造运动和岩体自重形成。以有限元数值分析为基本手段,提出了可以考虑构造运动、岩体自重和地形剥蚀等多因素的岩体初始地应力场反演思路。通过某水电站地下厂房区域岩体初始地应力场反演的工程实例分析,验证了这一方法的可行性和实用性。     

拉西瓦水电站地下厂房三维高地应力反演分析

拉西瓦水电站厂房地处峡谷山高坡陡,河谷狭窄,区域地应力场较高,局部存在构造破碎带,同时开挖尺寸规模巨大,围岩主要为脆硬的花岗岩,对洞室稳定极为不利。为了评判开挖后围岩的稳定及支护设计的长期安全,需要对围岩的岩体力学参数和初始应力场进行反演确定。首先,利用现场初始地应力的实测值反演大范围内的岩体构造地应力场分布,然后,利用洞室分层开挖扰动下,厂房上部关键点实测位移检验并修正反分析地应力结果,得到了较为准确的三维地应力分布,为后续地下厂房开挖围岩的稳定性及支护设计和长期安全的评价与预测,提供了基础数据,有效地指导了厂房开挖施工。厂房开挖完成后的围岩位移的实际监测结果与采用反演地应力场与岩体参数得到的厂房围岩位移值的一致性表明,地应力场反演结果与实际地应力值一致。     

大型水电站厂区三维地应力场回归反演分析

岩体初始地应力场是地下洞室围岩稳定与支护结构设计所需要的基本因素之一,初始地应力场是否可靠将直接影响到工程设计与施工的可靠性与安全性。结合某水电站厂区的地质条件及地应力实测资料,引入灰色控制系统理论,采用三维有限元法和采用静态的三因素灰色计算模型GM(0, 3)对厂区岩体初始应力场进行回归反演分析。计算结果表明,厂区存在较大的水平向地质构造作用,岩体的地应力由自重和构造应力叠加而成。实测点的计算应力值与实测值在量值上和方向上都较为接近,表明经过回归得到的地应力场是合理的,从而获得地下厂房厂区初始应力场较为合理的分布规律,为地下厂房的开挖模拟及稳定性分析提供了合理的初始应力场。     

古汉山矿软岩巷道地质因素分析

针对古汉山矿软岩巷道围岩变形破坏和严重底膨问题, 通过对巷道围岩进行地应力测量、物理力学性质分析测试、矿物成份分析和节理裂隙调查, 确定了底膨巷道的软岩类型, 这为解决软岩巷道的支护问题提供了基础。      

初始地应力场对洞室围岩稳定性的影响

基于施工力学分析方法,考虑岩体的宏观各向同性,建立了从施工开挖到适时支护的有限元列式,给出了模拟锚杆作用的加锚岩体组合单元模型及相关计算公式。针对影响洞室围岩稳定的主要因素,提出了基于实测点地应力的多元回归反演初始地应力场的分析方法。结合工程实例,探讨了不同初始地应力场及支护时机对洞室群围岩稳定的影响。结果表明,洞室变形量值和各洞室顶拱环向压应力均随着侧压系数增大而增大,而洞周的变形随支护时机的提前而减少,尤其是各洞室拱顶沉降位移减少更为明显。     

Tectonic Stress State Changes Before and After the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Crustal tectonic activities are essentially the consequences of the accumulation and release of in situ stress. Therefore, studying the stress state near active faults is important for understanding crustal dynamics and earthquake occurrences. In this paper, using in situ stress measurement results obtained by hydraulic fracturing in the vicinity of the Longmenshan fault zone before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake and finite element modeling, the variation of stress state before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is investigated. The results show that the shear stress, which is proportional to the difference between principal stresses, increases with depth and distance from the active fault in the calm period or after the earthquakes, and tends to approach to the regional stress level outside the zone influenced by the fault. This distribution appears to gradually reverse with time and the change of fault properties such as frictional strength. With an increase in friction coefficient, low stress areas are reduced and areas with increased stress accumulation are more obvious near the fault. In sections of the fault with high frictional strengths, in situ stress clearly increases in the fault. Stress accumulates more rapidly in the fault zone relative to the surrounding areas, eventually leading to a stress field that peaks at the fault zone. Such a reversal in the stress field between the fault zone and surrounding areas in the magnitude of the stress field is a potential indicator for the occurrence of strong earthquakes.     

Investigating the capability of deformation rate analysis method in stress estimation: a case study of water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam

Knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the initial in situ stress of rock mass in underground spaces in mining, construction, and oil projects are so vital; hence, putting it aside could not only cost a lot rather incur some irrecoverable damage. Various methods are available to estimate in situ stress in rock mass. However, the most commonly used one, i.e., hydraulic fracturing (HF) method is considered expensive and time consuming. As a matter of fact, laboratory methods based on drilled “core” have become prevalent these days considering them simple, cheap, and quick. Taking into account one such procedure, i.e., deformation rate analysis (DRA), the current research tries to review the DRA capability in determining the magnitude of initial in situ stress is in different parts of stress–strain curve. Further, an investigation was made about the usage of DRA method for both brittle and ductile rocks. To compare the DRA and hydraulic fracturing methods in in situ stress measurement, the water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam was selected as a case study. The DRA tests were conducted on core samples prepared from blocks of tuff (as brittle) and soft sandstones (as ductile) from shallow quarry. The results show that the DRA method is suitable for all types of intact rock and that this could easily estimate in situ stress values. A comparison between in situ stress values obtained by DRA and those of HF method show the feasibility of geotechnical project, simplicity, speed, and low cost.     

正常固结饱和地基土的总应力强度指标

地基极限承载力与土体稳定分析的总应力分析法需要用土的总应力强度指标。三种常规室内三轴试验的固结应力状态、剪切时的应力路径和排水条件与地基土原位受荷破坏时不尽相同。本文首先建立三种典型排水条件下模拟地基土实际受力的总应力强度指标理论式 ,分析了其变化规律 ;与常规三轴试验结果进行了比较 ;分析了固结不排水条件下的强度计算途径和对应的指标 ;最后建立了两种部分排水条件下的总应力强度指标的计算式 ,分析了它们随固结的变化。     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

Microseism Induced by Transient Release of In Situ Stress During Deep Rock Mass Excavation by Blasting

During deep rock mass excavation with the method of drill and blast, accompanying the secession of rock fragments and the formation of a new free surface, in situ stress on this boundary is suddenly released within several milliseconds, which is termed the transient release of in situ stress. In this process, enormous strain energy around the excavation face is instantly released in the form of kinetic energy and it inevitably induces microseismic events in surrounding rock masses. Thus, blasting excavation-induced microseismic vibrations in high-stress rock masses are attributed to the combined action of explosion and the transient release of in situ stress. The intensity of stress release-induced microseisms, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the in situ stress and the dimension of the excavation face, is comparable to that of explosion-induced vibrations. With the methods of time–energy density analysis, amplitude spectrum analysis, and finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter, microseismic vibrations induced by the transient release of in situ stress were identified and separated from recorded microseismic signals during a blast of deep rock masses in the Pubugou Hydropower Station. The results show that the low-frequency component in the microseismic records results mainly from the transient release of in situ stress, while the high-frequency component originates primarily from explosion. In addition, a numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate the occurrence of microseismic events by the transient release of in situ stress, and the results seem to have confirmed fairly well the separated vibrations from microseismic records.     

考虑洞室岩体应力型破坏特征的局部地应力反演方法及应用

介绍了一种考虑地下洞室片帮、钻孔剥落等岩体应力型破坏特征为信息源,通过数值模拟智能反演方法预测高应力大型地下洞室群围岩局部应力场的新思路。该方法将地下洞室群片帮、钻孔剥落等应力型破坏的位置、深度或者宽度进行定量描述,以弹性模型计算获得的常偏应力大于岩体启裂强度的范围来表示应力型破坏范围,通过分析实测地应力数据约束部分地应力数量,然后采用智能数值反演方法得到其他的地应力分量。采用该方法预测了白鹤滩水电站右岸地下厂房0+76断面附近围岩地应力场,反演获得最大主应力在34 MPa左右。通过其他部位岩体破裂的数值模拟和观测结果对比,验证了地应力场预测的合理性。     

我国某地下油库预可行性研究地应力测量及其应用分析

本文运用水压致裂地应力测量方法,对我国某地下油库预可行性研究工程场区两个钻孔进行了地应力测量。测量结果表明:最大和最小水平主应力(S_H,S_h)都远大于对应深度处的垂向应力(S_v),三向主应力的关系为:S_H > S_h > S_v,应力大小在该深度范围属中等偏大级别;工程场区最大水平主应力方向近EW方向,与测点外围确定的区域最大水平主应力总体方向较为一致;建议未来地下硐库长轴按近EW分布,地应力状态、岩体结构构造、岩石强度等基本保证了其岩体稳定性。      

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力;针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区;同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

电爆冲击波对储层致裂效果影响因素的数值模拟研究

电爆冲击波在油气储层增渗解堵中具有巨大应用潜力,为了解各因素对电爆冲击波致裂效果的影响程度,本文采用ANSYS/LS[CD*2]DYNA软件,通过改变地应力、弹性模量、抗拉强度参数进行数值模拟。结果显示,地应力对致裂效果具有强烈的抑制作用,在双向等压地应力作用下,裂纹区形状为圆形,并且随着地应力的增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均逐渐减小。在双向不等压地应力作用下,随水平主应力差值增大,裂纹扩展方向由圆形逐渐转变为椭圆形,具有沿最大水平主应力方向扩展的特点;弹性模量对致裂效果具有重要影响,随着弹性模量的增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均呈增大趋势;随抗拉强度增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均减小。     

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake’s Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.