安徽安庆铜铁矿床成因:矿床地质特征与元素地球化学约束

安庆铜铁矿床是产于长江中下游铜(金)、铁成矿带内安庆-贵池矿集区中的一典型矽卡岩矿床,矿体赋存于下三叠统南陵湖组大理岩与月山闪长岩体之间的接触带上。典型剖面系统取样分析显示,矿体与围岩在空间上具有显著的矿物组合分带与岩石化学分带特征,即靠近大理岩带发育致密块状磁铁矿矿石与团块状矽卡岩型矿石,远离大理岩带发育浸染状矽卡岩型矿石,靠近闪长岩带发育透辉石矽卡岩。从大理岩到磁铁矿体, Fe₂O₃^T含量显著增加,之后随着靠近闪长岩体,其含量呈逐渐降低趋势;而CaO显示了与Fe₂O₃^T相反的成分变异特征。矿物与全岩微量元素研究表明,致密块状磁铁矿矿石及团块状矽卡岩型矿石均具有岩浆成因的稀土元素配分模式;而浸染状矽卡岩型矿石显示了交代成因的稀土元素配分特征。矿体地质、矿相学与元素地球化学综合研究表明,矽卡岩成矿经历了矿浆贯入期与热液成矿期,前者包括氧化物阶段和硫化物-碳酸盐阶段,后者包括进化交代阶段、早退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和晚退化蚀变阶段。结合已有的区域岩浆岩成岩机制研究成果,认为安庆铜铁矿床应是矿浆贯入与接触交代复合成因的矽卡岩型矿床,由于高位岩浆房中岩浆不混溶作用形成的富Fe熔浆是该矿床中成矿元素的主要来源。     

新疆磁海Fe(-Co)矿床:两个系列幔源岩浆复合的热液矿床

新疆东部的磁海是一个以Fe-Co组合为特色的矿床。对磁海矿区镁铁-超镁铁岩的年代学和地质地球化学、矿床共生Co的地质特征、黄铁矿的成分特征等研究发现,磁海矿床是一个同期两个系列(即铜镍系列和钛铁系列)幔源岩浆作用复合的岩浆热液型矿床。铜镍系列主要形成了橄榄辉长岩、橄长岩、辉长岩和角闪辉长岩等深成侵入相,辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(279.1±1.4)Ma;岩石以较高的m/f值(多数>1.5)为特征;同时,岩石具有较高的Cu、Ni、Co含量,并赋存有Cu-Ni-Co矿化体,表明该系列与矿床中Co的来源关系密切。钛铁系列以火山-次火山作用为主,形成了玄武岩-辉绿岩等喷出相和超浅成侵入相,玄武岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(276.2±2.2)Ma;岩石以较低的m/f值(多数<1.5)为特征;岩石中Cu、Ni含量较低而TiO2含量较高,并赋存了磁海矿床主要的磁铁矿体,表明与矿床中Fe的来源密切相关。磁海矿床矿体和矿石地质特征表明,主要磁铁矿(-Co)矿体的形成受控于热液作用,属于与基性-超基性岩浆有关的热液矿床。对不同类型黄铁矿的产出特征及成分特征研究显示,Co的成矿是在磁铁矿成矿之后,(次)火山热液活动继续对与磁铁矿共生的黄铁矿进行交代,形成了含钴黄铁矿和其他钴矿物。也就是说,矿床中Fe和Co是两种来源两个阶段复合形成的,磁海矿床的Fe-Co复合成矿作用实质上是钛铁系列与铜镍系列岩浆的复合。     

晚二叠世峨眉山地幔柱岩浆成矿作用

晚二叠世峨眉山地幔柱岩浆作用同时形成了Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床和V-Ti-Fe氧化物矿床等不同类型的岩浆矿床。从硫化物矿床的PGE富集型、Cu-Ni-PGE富集型到Cu-Ni富集型,再到钒钛磁铁矿矿床,成矿基性-超基性岩体中基性岩石比例逐渐增加,PGE含量降低。铜镍铂族硫化物矿床具Nb和Ta负异常,岩浆流体组分含量较高,含有较高的H₂;而钒钛磁铁矿矿床具Nb、Ta和Ti正异常,Zr和Hf负异常,岩浆流体组分含量较低,含有较高的H₂O、CO₂和H₂。两类矿床强不相容元素和轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,Sr-Nd同位素组成与峨眉山玄武岩的演化趋势一致。Sr-Nd-Os-C-He同位素组成揭示岩浆上升过程中经历了不同程度的地壳混染,高钛玄武岩和钒钛磁铁矿矿床成矿岩体的地壳混染程度较低,部分低钛玄武岩和铜镍硫化物矿床存在明显的地壳混染。这两类岩浆矿床的形成与峨眉山地幔柱玄武岩浆有关,岩浆介质环境中H₂含量较高,V-Ti-Fe 氧化物矿床的形成与分离结晶、高含量的水和氧逸度的升高有关,Cu-Ni-(PGE)硫化物矿床的形成与还原性流体介质、结晶分异和地壳混染作用有关。     

中甸普朗还原性斑岩型铜矿床：矿物组合与流体组成约束

成矿流体高氧逸度是斑岩铜矿床模式的一个基本原则。虽然亚洲单个矿体储量最大的普朗铜矿床的成矿母岩——普朗复式岩体具氧化性岩浆特点,但其矿物组合及流体成分却与还原性斑岩型铜金矿床一致:矿石中以发育大量磁黄铁矿为特征,构成黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿为主的矿物组合,不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐(硬石膏等)矿物;成矿流体中含较多CO₂、CO和CH₄等还原性组分,氧逸度低于铁橄榄石-磁铁矿-石英缓冲剂。成矿流体中还原性组分可能来源于普朗复式岩体周围的含碳质千枚岩或深部铁镁质岩浆。还原性流体中铜元素的溶解度比氧化性流体中的低,但金元素的溶解度不受氧化还原条件的影响;而CH₄可使SO₂还原形成S^2-,为辉钼矿的形成提供物质基础;可能是导致普朗铜矿床Cu品位偏低而伴生大量Au、Mo矿化的主要原因之一。普朗铜矿床还原性特征的厘定有益于深入研究其矿床成因、乃至区域斑岩型铜矿床成矿机制。     

新疆磁海铁（钴）矿床次火山热液成矿学

磁海铁（钴）矿床颇具特色,以“石榴石－透辉石－磁铁矿”为基本矿石建造;成矿作用发生在早二叠世北山裂陷作用和火成活动晚期,以基性次火山岩浆期后富铁流体的（交代）充填为成矿方式,矿体产于辉绿岩体原生裂隙系统;成矿流体的化学演化具有典型（火山）岩浆期后热深演化特点,形成了一系列热液蚀变其中石榴石透辉石岩有别于传统理解的“夕卡岩”;成矿物质源于碱性玄武岩浆,基性次火山岩浆多次脉动式入侵是矿床形成的必要条件     

华北克拉通北缘元古宙大庙Fe-Ti-P矿床的挥发份组成和C-H-O同位素研究

华北克拉通北缘~1.74Ga大庙斜长岩杂岩体赋含有大型Fe-Ti-P矿床。采用分步加热质谱法分别测定了块状Fe-Ti矿石、块状Fe-Ti-P矿石和浸染状矿石中磁铁矿、磷灰石和斜长石释出的挥发份组成、含量以及C-H-O同位素组成。依据矿物的释气总量变化特征将释气过程分为三个阶段:200~400℃、400~800℃和800~1200℃。根据不同类型矿石中矿物在不同释气阶段的挥发份组成、含量以及C-H-O同位素组成,可将含矿岩体中的流体类型分成四种:(1)斜长石800~1200℃阶段释出的变质流体,主要以H₂O、N₂+CO和CO₂为主;(2)斜长石400~800℃阶段释出的幔源流体组分,主要以H₂O、H₂、CH₄和CO₂为主;(3)磁铁矿400~800℃阶段释出的地表流体,主要以H₂O、CO₂、SO₂和H₂S为主;(4)所有矿物200~400℃阶段释出的代表后期次生包裹体的组分,以H₂O和CO₂为主。矿石中的磁铁矿相对富集H₂O和CO₂等流体组分,是在相对氧化的条件下结晶的;而斜长石释出气体中H₂和CH₄的含量较高,是在相对还原的环境中结晶的。这反映出斜长石可能是在岩浆早期相对还原的条件下结晶的,而磁铁矿是在岩浆演化晚期相对氧化的条件下结晶的,这一过程的转变可能与岩浆演化晚期,岩浆中的挥发份逐渐聚集以及地表流体的加入有关。岩浆中H₂O和CO₂等流体含量的不断增加导致岩浆的氧逸度逐渐升高,最终造成磁铁矿的大量结晶并富集成矿。     

攀枝花镁铁质层状岩体磷灰石中的熔融包裹体：岩浆不混熔的证据

攀西(攀枝花-西昌)地区出露一系列赋含大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床的镁铁-超镁铁质层状岩体(例如:攀枝花、红格、白马和太和岩体),它们是~260Ma峨眉山大火成岩省的重要组成部分。显微岩相学研究显示,攀枝花岩体中部带浅色辉长岩磷灰石中存在深色和浅色两类熔融包裹体:深色熔融包裹体为深棕色或黑色,大小约10~60μm,外形呈圆形或磷灰石负晶形,主要由单斜辉石、角闪石、斜长石、磁铁矿等子矿物以及微粒结晶物质组成;浅色熔融包裹体为白色或淡绿色,大小约5~60μm,外形呈圆形或磷灰石负晶形,由斜长石、角闪石、单斜辉石、少量磁铁矿和石英等子矿物以及微粒结晶物质组成。我们将熔融包裹体加热至1080~1200℃,浅色熔融包裹体完全均一,其平均成分为69.7% SiO₂、0.24% TiO₂、14.5% Al₂O₃、2.76% FeO、0.64% MgO、5.14% CaO、2.82% Na₂O、2.26% K₂O和0.25% P₂O₅,为富Si相;深色熔融包裹体未完全均一,结合电子探针分析以及质量平衡估算,可得其平均成分为42.4% SiO₂、1.43% TiO₂、8.83% Al₂O₃、20.5% FeO、5.46% MgO、16.3% CaO、1.11% Na₂O、0.30% K₂O 和1.41% P₂O₅,为富Fe相。这一结果说明,在攀枝花层状岩体形成过程中,岩浆房中可能同时存在富Fe和富Si两种熔体,暗示演化的玄武质岩浆曾发生了不混熔作用。岩浆不混熔及重力分异共同作用导致了岩浆房硅酸盐熔体成分分层,下部的富Fe硅酸盐岩浆层演化形成了岩体下部巨厚的钒钛磁铁矿矿体和暗色辉长岩,上部的富Si硅酸盐岩浆层演化形成了岩体上部的长英质岩脉、透镜体和浅色辉长岩。     

西天山哈拉达拉辉长岩的Fe-Ti富集机制及其构造意义

特克斯哈拉达拉辉长岩体是西南天山出露规模最大的层状基性-超基性侵入杂岩体,其富含Fe-Ti氧化物(含量高达15%)。哈拉达拉辉长岩中的橄榄石具有较低的Fo值(64~75),斜长石主要为中-拉长石,单斜辉石相对低Mg^#(0.66~0.87),属于次透辉石或普通辉石,总体上显示出较高的岩浆演化程度。Fe-Ti氧化物以钒钛磁铁矿为主(TiO₂=0.8%~20.6%;V₂O₃=0.10%~0.83%),常与钛铁矿呈矿物对共生或出溶钛铁矿。晚期的云母矿物均围绕他形的Fe-Ti氧化物生长,主要为富MgO的金云母,少量属于黑云母;大部分云母成分富含F、Cl(F+Cl高达3.14%),指示岩浆形成于贫水环境。哈拉达拉辉长岩体的主量元素成分变化很大(Mg^#=0.48~0.73),橄榄辉长岩主要受橄榄石和斜长石的结晶分异/堆晶作用影响,而辉长岩的成分变化主要受控于斜长石和Fe-Ti氧化物的堆晶作用。哈拉达拉岩体的Fe-Ti氧化物主要为岩浆正常结晶分异作用的结果,该体系具有较低氧逸度、贫水的特点,其地幔源区的熔融程度较高,可能是塔里木地幔柱在天山造山带这一构造薄弱带的早期岩浆活动。     

塔里木克拉通东北缘二叠纪镁铁质岩浆氧化物与硫化物成矿条件对比

塔里木克拉通东北缘坡北、磁海等地二叠纪幔源岩浆活动形成了镍钴硫化物矿床和铁钴氧化物矿床，两者赋矿镁铁 超镁铁岩体的年龄相近(290~260 Ma)，主、微量元素和Sr Nd Hf同位素组成相似，分配系数接近的微量元素比值分布于相同趋势线，揭示两者岩浆源区相同，可能为俯冲板片流体交代的亏损地幔或软流圈地幔。两类矿床镁铁 超镁铁质岩中Co与Ni含量正相关，Co主要富集在基性程度高的岩石中；块状硫化物与磁铁矿矿石中Co与Ni相关性差，Co和Ni具有不同的富集机制，Co热液富集作用明显。北山镁铁 超镁铁杂岩体是地幔柱相关软流圈上涌，诱发俯冲板片交代的亏损岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融，形成的高镁母岩浆演化过程中经历壳源混染、硫化物饱和富集镍钴形成铜镍钴硫化物矿床，富铁母岩浆氧逸度高、富水，岩浆分离结晶磁铁矿、叠加热液作用富集钴，形成铁钴氧化物矿床。     

滇中武定迤纳厂铁铜矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其成矿意义

武定迤纳厂矿床位于我国云南省中部,在大地位置上处于扬子板块西缘,康滇地轴云南段,是滇中具有代表性的元古代铁-铜-金-稀土矿床.其矿化作用分为岩浆气液期、交代成矿期、热液成矿期和成矿后热液期4个期次,其中前3个期次是铁成矿的主要期次,分别以角砾状磁铁矿、浸染状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿为代表.各类磁铁矿含有一定量的SiO2、Cr2O3、Al2O3、MgO等,角砾状磁铁矿石的主元素成分与铁成分比值最高,其次为浸染状磁铁矿,最低为脉状磁铁矿.不同类型的磁铁矿微量元素变化很大,浸染状磁铁矿稀土配分具四重效应,角砾状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿稀土配分为右倾型.成矿早期磁铁矿的形成受岩浆作用影响强烈,含铁的岩浆导致围岩碎裂,形成了早期角砾状矿石;交代成矿期的铁质主要源于岩浆演化晚期分异形成的富铁流体,富铁流体与围岩发生强烈的物质交换,导致大量铁质沉淀;随着矿化作用的进行,热液作用逐渐增强,加之外界流体的逐渐加入,对之前形成的磁铁矿进行改造,使其具有热液成因的表象特征.从矿物成分体现出的矿床成因上看,该矿床属于岩浆隐爆-交代型成因,与世界知名的IOCG型矿床有相似之处.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.