9块西北非HED族陨石的岩石矿物学特征及亚型划分

HED族陨石是太阳系最早的岩浆岩,对其进行亚型划分对认识其成分特征以及了解其母体岩浆演化和后期变质作用有重要意义。对西北非9块HED陨石进行了岩石结构及矿物组成、辉石Mg~#值、全岩Mg元素X射线分布和热变质程度等分析研究。结果表明,NWA 11600可划分为堆晶辉长岩型Eucrite,热变质程度为1型(最低);NWA 11602为玄武质非角砾岩型Eucrite,热变质6型(最高);NWA 11601为玄武质单矿碎屑角砾岩型Eucrite,热变质4型;NWA 11593、NWA 11594、NWA 11596和NWA 11597为玄武质复矿碎屑角砾岩型Eucrite,NWA 11598和NWA 11605为Howardite,不同角砾具有不同的热变质程度,分布在1～6型之间。NWA 11600冲击程度为S1,其余样品为S2。玄武岩的热变质程度远高于堆晶岩,热变质发生在冲击破碎之前,冲击并非导致热变质的原因。     

钙长辉长无球粒陨石中普通石英与鳞石英成因研究

钙长辉长无球粒陨石(Eucrite)是 Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite(HED)族陨石的重要成员,也是研究灶神星壳演化历史的重要对象.本文研究了多个玄武质Eucrite样品中主要的SiO2相——普通石英和鳞石英的成因,进而讨论其对Eucrite陨石热演化的启示.研究对象包括不同冲击程度样品,以探讨陨击过程对SiO2同质多象转变的影响.冲击程度较弱的包括未角砾化样品NWA 3162 、NWA 6594 和Igdi,冲击程度较强的为单碎屑角砾岩Millbillillie、Camel Donga和NWA 1654.研究结果显示,不同样品中的普通石英和鳞石英各自均具有相似的岩相学和化学成分,但不同冲击程度样品中普通石英产状存在系统差异.结合Eucrite热变质历史,本研究认为普通石英并非来自共生鳞石英的相变,而是形成于更早期高温 SiO2相的转变.Eucrite 中广泛存在的鳞石英则很可能是普通石英在后期撞击事件中发生部分熔融快速结晶形成.Eucrite中普通石英和鳞石英可能经历的主要形成过程如下:① 岩浆喷发形成高温SiO2 (方石英和/或鳞石英);② 随后长期热变质中高温 SiO2转变形成普通石英,并因体积缩小发育孔洞结构;③ 后期冲击作用再加热,导致普通石英部分熔融形成鳞石英,在高冲击程度的样品中还普遍发育普通石英的羽状裂理.本研究在Eucrite中观察到的普通石英和鳞石英分别形成于不同阶段热事件.大多数Eucrite中存在普通石英和鳞石英共生,表明Eucrite在热变质后普遍受到热扰动,内部微区受热不均一性明显.上述普通石英和鳞石英成因的厘定,为微区或单碎屑矿物同位素年代学定年样品的选择以及年代学结果的地质解释提供了依据.     

玄武质陨石NWA8545的岩石地球化学特征以及对其母体岩浆过程的启示

NWA 8545 是一块玄武质无球粒陨石,它与碳质陨石(CC)NWA 011 成对.CC 被认为是来自于外太阳系的一类物质,由于同位素异常,它们区别于来自内太阳系的非碳质陨石(NC).NWA 011 及其成对陨石作为CC中稀有的玄武质无球粒陨石,其记录的岩浆过程可以被用来研究外太阳系早期行星母体的岩浆活动.本文利用扫描电镜、电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对NWA 8545 中的辉石、斜长石和陨磷钙钠石进行岩相学以及原位主微量元素的分析,并根据矿物模式丰度计算全岩稀土元素含量.电子探针结果显示NWA 8545 与 HED族陨石Eucrite(钙长辉长无球粒陨石)具有相似的主量元素特征,同时其岩相学与5 型Eucrite类似.激光微量数据表明辉石、斜长石和陨磷钙钠石的稀土元素配分都表现出略微的Ce异常,但其辉石的Ba、Sr等元素并未出现明显的富集现象,即该陨石受地球风化作用影响不明显.利用辉石和斜长石的稀土元素含量,计算平衡熔体的成分,显示其平衡熔体的成分都与全岩的成分比较接近,可以认为两者是在封闭的体系下接近同时结晶.结合变质过程和母体岩浆的成分,本文认为NWA 8545 是由其母体岩浆在经历分离结晶过程后喷发到母体行星表面冷却形成的.     

普通球粒陨石NWA15004岩石矿物学特征及球粒类型研究

普通球粒陨石是目前发现数量最多的陨石,对认识早期太阳星云演化和太阳系物质成分具有重要的意义。Northwest Africa (NWA) 15004是一块非洲西北部新发现的普通球粒陨石。本次研究使用光学显微镜、电子探针以及扫描电镜等分析仪器对该陨石进行详细的岩石学、矿物学及球粒特征研究。结果表明该陨石球粒轮廓较为模糊,基质重结晶明显,橄榄石平均Fa值为25.4 mol%(PMD为2.65%),低钙辉石的平均Fs值21.3 mol%(PMD为3.95%),硅酸盐矿物化学成分较为均一,根据岩相学及矿物学特征将其划分为L5型普通球粒陨石。橄榄石和辉石颗粒发育波状消光和面状破裂,且观察到有熔融囊的出现,表明该陨石受到S3以上的冲击变质作用。球粒的成因和形成的星云环境需要准确的球粒类型划分,球粒按结构类型分类较多,但其化学成分均一,该陨石所有球粒的橄榄石辉石的Mg^#约为74.5,均为Ⅱ型富铁球粒,结合“CIPW标准”计算基质化学成分均为A5型球粒。利用共生单斜辉石和斜方辉石矿物对成分特征计算得到NWA 15004陨石热变质平衡温度为814℃,说明该陨石母体经历了较高程度热变...     

钙长辉长无球粒陨石NWA 12274/12275/12276/12277/12278稀有气体及年代学研究

岩石矿物学研究发现HED (Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite)族陨石NWA 12274/12275/12276/12277/12278与NWA 11586可能为成对陨石,但需要稀有气体等证据支持.本次工作对这5块陨石开展了稀有气体、宇宙暴露(CRE)年龄和气体保存年龄研究.结果 发现它们具有相一致的稀有气体同位素比值和CRE年龄,表明NWA系列陨石互为降落成对陨石;陨石CRE年龄[(36.2±3.7)Ma]与灶神星主要溅射事件/时期年龄(35.0～42.5 Ma)一致,表明它们可能在约36 Ma前从灶神星或Ⅴ型小行星溅离;陨石的U、Th-4 He(T4)及40K-40Ar(T40)气体保存年龄分别为0.3～1.3 Ga和2.8～3.4 Ga,显示这些陨石不同程度受到了后期热事件的影响;该流星体进入大气层的初始半径约为12.2 em,在穿越大气层期间质量损失了约56％.     

三块普通球粒陨石岩石矿物学特征及其复合球粒研究

普通球粒陨石数量约占球粒陨石的80%,对其开展研究有助于揭示早期太阳系的演化。本文使用扫描电镜和电子探针对三块普通球粒陨石的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征进行了分析，重点讨论了复合球粒的成因。研究表明，三块陨石均具典型的球粒陨石结构，其中GRV 050191与GRV 051993分别为LL3型和H3型陨石，球粒结构清晰且丰富；NWA 15005为H5型陨石，球粒可分辨，基质出现重结晶。GRV 050191与GRV 051993中矿物成分变化较大，橄榄石有成分环带，NWA 15005中矿物成分均一。根据陨石岩石矿物学特征，GRV 050191、GRV 051993和NWA 15005冲击变质程度分别为S2、S1和S3,风化程度为W1、W1和W2。复合球粒是由两个或多个球粒熔融形成的，本次研究发现的3个复合球粒，其中2个属于包封型复合球粒(CPC-1和CPC-3),1个为伴生型复合球粒(CPC-2)。SiO₂-FeO-MgO相图数据表明，复合球粒形成温度窗口约为100℃。根据复合球粒中橄榄石的FeO含量变化推测越早形成的球粒，其FeO含量越低，橄榄石化学成分变化趋势表明...     

HED族陨石中辉石颗粒的Ca-Mg-Fe元素迁移规律及其指示意义

Howardites-Eucrite-Diogenite(HED)族陨石普遍被认为来自于灶神星,辉石颗粒中出溶片晶的形成是母体经历热变质事件的直接产物,因此出溶辉石的元素迁移规律可以反映灶神星经历的热变质条件。本文采用扫描电镜、激光拉曼光谱仪和电子探针对不同类型HED族陨石样品进行了分析。结果表明,HED族陨石中非平衡型辉石颗粒的Ca-Mg-Fe元素不均一,各样品中平衡型辉石颗粒的Ca-Mg-Fe元素平均扩散速率比值约为νCa∶νMg∶νFe=5∶1∶4,根据二辉石温度计得出母体热变质温度范围为700～1000℃,且玄武质Eucrite平衡辉石指示的温度普遍低于Howardites指示的温度,反映可能存在垂向压力差异性。这些特征都说明灶神星热变质期间的热源主要来源于演化早期玄武岩浆的快速喷发掩埋。     

辽东地区后仙峪及翁泉沟硼矿床流体包裹体特征研究

对后仙峪硼矿区热水喷流沉积成因的电英岩中石英及翁泉沟硼矿区后生热液成因的石英脉中的原生流体包裹体进行了对比研究。结果表明：后仙峪电英岩石英中只发育气液两相包裹体,测温结果显示流体包裹体均一温度为146~249 ℃,盐度为15.9%~18.4%,密度为0.96~1.04 g/cm³,计算出成矿压力为43.95~68.43 MPa,由此估算出热水喷流沉积时的古海水深度为4.40~6.84 km;包裹体成分分析结果显示气相成分以H₂O、CH₄为主,含CO₂和N₂及少量的H₂S和H₂。翁泉沟石英脉中则发育气液两相包裹体及含CO₂三相包裹体两种类型,测温结果显示流体包裹体均一温度为142~377 ℃,盐度为12.7%~14.5%,密度为0.96~1.01 g/cm³,计算出压力为43.48~65.86 MPa,推算出后生成因石英脉的形成深度为5.23~6.55 km;包裹体成分分析结果显示气相成分以H₂O、CO₂为主,含CO、N₂和H₂,并含少量的CH₄、H₂S和微量的C₂H₆。矿床地质特征与硼同位素特征显示这两个矿床均为热水喷流沉积矿床,并经历了区域变质作用改造及后期热液交代蚀变作用。流体包裹体特征表明,热水喷流沉积成矿作用发生在相对还原的海底条件;而后期叠加的热液活动发生在相对氧化的环境下。     

地幔流体及其金成矿作用——兼论夹皮沟金矿田的地幔流体与成矿

地幔流体是以C-H-O为主的体系,富含H、CO₂、CH₄、H₂S、H₂O和大量的不相容元素（如K、P、Li等）及一定量的金属氧化物,在不同地质环境下其组成成分有一定的变化.地幔流体有地幔柱型、洋中脊玄武岩型和岛弧型3种主要源区,通过交代和（或）溶解地幔、地壳岩石等方式迁移、富集而成矿.夹皮沟金矿田内构造-岩浆活动及区域变质作用表明该区地幔活动频繁且强烈,金矿成矿流体具有地幔流体组成和成矿作用特征,显示金矿成矿作用与地幔流体活动密切相关     

内蒙古额尔古纳市虎拉林金矿床成矿流体包裹体研究

通过矿床流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和激光拉曼光谱成分分析,研究成矿流体性质,探讨了矿床成因类型.研究结果表明,流体包裹体以气液两相包裹体为主,少量含CO₂三相、含子矿物三相和纯气相包裹体等.成矿流体均一温度为320~360℃,盐度为19.2%~21.8%,密度为0.73~0.90 g/cm³,估算成矿压力为92.1~129.1 MPa,成矿深度为3.07~4.3km.成矿流体气相成分以H₂O为主,其次为CO₂、CH₄和N₂,微量的C₆H₆、C₂H₆和C₃H₈等,总体属H₂O-CO₂-NaCl体系.成矿流体是一种不混溶流体,主要来源于深部岩浆,并可能有幔源组分参与.金主要是以金氯配合物的形式迁移.矿床的地质-地球化学特征与隐爆角砾岩型金矿类似,应属隐爆角砾岩型金矿床.     

Metamorphism in Archaean greenstone belts: calculated fluid compositions and implications for gold mineralization

An inescapable consequence of the metamorphism of greenstone belt sequences is the release of a large volume of metamorphic fluid of low salinity with chemical characteristics controlled by the mineral assemblages involved in the devolatilization reactions. For mafic and ultramafic sequences, the composition of fluids released at upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions for the necessary relatively hot geotherm corresponds to those inferred for greenstone gold deposits (X_CO2= 0.2–0.3). This result follows from the calculation of mineral equilibria in the model system CaO–MgO–FeO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂, using a new, expanded, internally consistent dataset. Greenstone metamorphism cannot have involved much crustal over-thickening, because very shallow levels of greenstone belts are preserved. Such orogeny can be accounted for if compressive deformation of the crust is accompanied by thinning of the mantle lithosphere. In this case, the observed metamorphism, which was contemporaneous with deformation, is of the low-P high-T type. For this type of metamorphism, the metamorphic peak should have occurred earlier at deeper levels in the crust; i.e. the piezothermal array should be of the ‘deeper-earlier’type. However, at shallow crustal levels, the piezothermal array is likely to have been of ‘deeper-later’type, as a consequence of erosion. Thus, while the lower crust reached maximum temperatures, and partially melted to produce the observed granites, mid-crustal levels were releasing fluids prograde into shallow crustal levels that were already retrograde. We propose that these fluids are responsible for the gold mineralization. Thus, the contemporaneity of igneous activity and gold mineralization is a natural consequence of the thermal evolution, and does not mean that the mineralization has to be a consequence of igneous processes. Upward migration of metamorphic fluid, via appropriate structurally controlled pathways, will bring the fluid into contact with mineral assemblages that have equilibrated with a fluid with significantly lower X_CO2. These assemblages are therefore grossly out of equilibrium with the fluid. In the case of infiltrated metabasic rocks, intense carbonation and sulphidation is predicted. If, as seems reasonable, gold is mobilized by the fluid generated by devolatilization, then the combination of processes proposed, most of which are an inevitable consequence of the metamorphism, leads to the formation of greenstone gold deposits predominantly from metamorphic fluids.     

Oxygen isotopic distribution in an amoeboid olivine aggregate from the Allende CV chondrite: Primary and secondary processes

The oxygen isotopic distribution in an amoeboid olivine aggregate (AOA), TTA1-02, from the Allende CV3 chondrite has been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The irregular shaped TTA1- 02 (5×3mm) consists mostly of olivine grains of ca. 5μm in diameter. Olivine grains of Mg-rich (Fo₉₅) and Fe-rich (Fo₆₀) composition are in direct contact with each other, with a sharp compositional boundary. Oxygen isotopic compositions of Fe-rich olivine grains are ¹⁶O-poor (Δ¹⁷O ≅ −5‰), whereas Mg-rich olivine is ¹⁶O-rich (Δ¹⁷O ≅ −25‰). Several Al-rich inclusions (<ca. 500 μm in diameter) are enclosed by olivine grains in the AOA. Oxygen isotopic compositions of spinel and fassaite in Al-rich inclusions are ¹⁶O-rich (Δ¹⁷O ≅ −20‰), whereas those of anorthite, nepheline and phyllosilicate are ¹⁶O-poor (Δ¹⁷O ≅ −5‰). We propose the following sequence of events during the formation of AOAs in the Allende meteorite: 1) Formation of Al-rich inclusions with ¹⁶O-rich oxygen isotopic composition; 2) Accretion of Mg-rich olivine grains with ¹⁶O-rich oxygen isotopic composition around Al-rich inclusions; 3) Accretion into parent body; and 4) Aqueous alteration in the parent body, which led to crystallization of ¹⁶O-poor minerals, Fe-rich olivine, anorthite, nepheline, and phyllosilicate. This is reflecting reactions among primary ¹⁶O-rich AOA minerals and aqueous fluid having ¹⁶O-poor oxygen isotopic composition. Fe-rich olivine grains precipitated from aqueous fluids, which partially dissolved pre-existing Mg-rich olivine grains. Sintering and Mg-Fe diffusion occurred during thermal metamorphism. Anorthite, nepheline and phyllosilicate in Al-rich inclusions replaced primary anorthite or melilite during the aqueous alteration stage.     

Petrogenesis of olivine-phyric shergottite Larkman Nunatak 06319: Implications for enriched components in martian basalts

We report on the petrography and geochemistry of the newly discovered olivine-phyric shergottite Larkman Nunatak (LAR) 06319. The meteorite is porphyritic, consisting of megacrysts of olivine (?2.5 mm in length, Fo_77-52) and prismatic zoned pyroxene crystals with Wo₃En₇₁ in the cores to Wo_8-30En_23-45 at the rims. The groundmass is composed of finer grained olivine (<0.25 mm, Fo_62-46), Fe-rich augite and pigeonite, maskelynite and minor quantities of chromite, ulvöspinel, magnetite, ilmenite, phosphates, sulfides and glass. Oxygen fugacity estimates, derived from the olivine-pyroxene-spinel geo-barometer, indicate that LAR 06319 formed under more oxidizing conditions (QFM -1.7) than for depleted shergottites. The whole-rock composition of LAR 06319 is also enriched in incompatible trace elements relative to depleted shergottites, with a trace-element pattern that is nearly identical to that of olivine-phyric shergottite NWA 1068. The oxygen isotope composition of LAR 06319 (Δ¹⁷O = 0.29 ±0.03) confirms its martian origin.Olivine megacrysts in LAR 06319 are phenocrystic, with the most Mg-rich megacryst olivine being close to equilibrium with the bulk rock. A notable feature of LAR 06319 is that its olivine megacryst grains contain abundant melt inclusions hosted within the forsterite cores. These early-trapped melt inclusions have similar trace element abundances and patterns to that of the whole-rock, providing powerful evidence for closed-system magmatic behavior for LAR 06319. Calculation of the parental melt trace element composition indicates a whole-rock composition for LAR 06319 that was controlled by pigeonite and augite during the earliest stages of crystallization and by apatite in the latest stages. Crystal size distribution and spatial distribution pattern analyses of olivine indicate at least two different crystal populations. This is most simply interpreted as crystallization of megacryst olivine in magma conduits, followed by eruption and subsequent crystallization of groundmass olivine.LAR 06319 shows close affinity in mineral and whole-rock chemistry to olivine-phyric shergottite, NWA 1068 and the basaltic shergottite NWA 4468. The remarkable features of these meteorites are that they have relatively similar quantities of mafic minerals compared with olivine-phyric shergottites (e.g., Y-980459, Dho 019), but flat and elevated rare earth element patterns more consistent with the LREE-enriched basaltic shergottites (e.g., Shergotty, Los Angeles). This relationship can be interpreted as arising from partial melting of an enriched mantle source and subsequent crystal-liquid fractionation to form the enriched olivine-phyric and basaltic shergottites, or by assimilation of incompatible-element enriched martian crust. The similarity in the composition of early-trapped melt inclusions and the whole-rock for LAR 06319 indicates that any crustal assimilation must have occurred prior to crystallization of megacryst olivine, restricting such processes to the deeper portions of the crust. Thus, we favor LAR06319 forming from partial melting of an “enriched” and oxidized mantle reservoir, with fractional crystallization of the parent melt upon leaving the mantle.     

Mineralogy,petrology, and oxygen isotopic composition of Northwest Africa 12379, metal-rich chondrite with affinity to ordinary chondrites

Northwest Africa (NWA) 12379 is a new metal-rich chondrite with unique characteristics distinguishing it from all previously described meteorites. It contains high Fe,Ni-metal content (∼ 70 vol.%) and completely lacks interchondrule matrix; these characteristics are typical only for metal-rich carbonaceous (CH and CB) and G chondrites. However, chondrule sizes (60 to 1200 μm; mean = 370 μm), their predominantly porphyritic textures, nearly equilibrated chemical compositions of chondrule olivines (Fa_18.1–28.3, average Fa_24.9±3.2, PMD = 12.8; Cr₂O₃ = 0.03 ± 0.02 wt.%; FeO/MnO = 53.2 ± 6.5 (wt.-ratio); n = 28), less equilibrated compositions of low-Ca pyroxenes (Fs_3.2–18.7Wo_0.2–4.5; average Fs_14.7±3.7Wo_1.4±1.3; n = 20), oxygen-isotope compositions of chondrule olivine phenocrysts (Δ¹⁷O ∼ 0.2–1.4‰, average ∼ 0.8‰), and the presence of coarse-grained Ti-bearing chromite, Cl-apatite, and merrillite, all indicate affinity of NWA 12379 to unequilibrated (type 3.8) ordinary chondrites (OCs). Like most OCs, NWA 12379 experienced fluid-assisted thermal metamorphism that resulted in formation of secondary ferroan olivine (Fa₂₇) that replaces low-Ca pyroxene grains in chondrules and in inclusions in Fe,Ni-metal grains. Δ¹⁷O of the ferroan olivine (∼ 4‰) is similar to those of aqueously-formed fayalite in type 3 OCs, but its δ¹⁸O is significantly higher (15–19‰, average = 17‰ vs. 3―12‰, average = 8‰, respectively). We suggest classifying NWA 12379 as the ungrouped metal-rich chondrite with affinities of its non-metal fraction to unequilibrated OCs and speculate that it may have formed by a collision between an OC-like body and a metal-rich body and subsequently experienced fluid-assisted thermal metamorphism. Trace siderophile element abundances and isotopic compositions (e.g., Mo, Ni, Fe) of the NWA 12379 metal could help to constrain its origin.     

Composition and evolution of the continental crust: Retrospect and prospect

Until the middle of the 20th century, the continental crust was considered to be dominantly granitic. This hypothesis was revised after the Second World War when several new studies led to the realization that the continental crust is dominantly made of metamorphic rocks. Magmatic rocks were emplaced at peak metamorphic conditions in domains, which can be defined by geophysical discontinuities. Low to medium-grade metamorphic rocks constitute the upper crust, granitic migmatites and intrusive granites occur in the middle crust, and the lower crust, situated between the Conrad and Moho discontinuities, comprises charnockites and granulites. The continental crust acquired its final structure during metamorphic episodes associated with mantle upwelling, which mostly occurred in supercontinents prior to their disruption, during which the base of the crust experienced ultrahigh temperatures (>1000 °C, ultrahigh temperature granulite-facies metamorphism). Heat is provided by underplating of mantle-derived mafic magmas, as well as by a massive influx of low H₂O activity mantle fluids, i.e. high-density CO₂ and high-salinity brines. These fluids are initially stored in ultrahigh temperature domains, and subsequently infiltrate the lower crust, where they generate anhydrous granulite mineral assemblages. The brines can reach upper crustal levels, possibly even the surface, along major shear zones, where granitoids are generated through brine streaming in addition to those formed by dehydration melting in upper crustal levels.     

克拉通边缘岩石圈金属再富集与金-钼-稀土元素成矿作用

克拉通是大规模成矿的重要构造环境,其边缘产出了众多世界级规模的金、钼、稀土元素矿床。然而,克拉通如何控制巨型矿床的形成与分布尚不十分清楚。文章基于作者和前人的研究成果,探讨了扬子和华北克拉通岩石圈早期金属富集与后期金属活化问题。在全球范围,多数克拉通在其形成之后长期保持稳定,但部分克拉通(如华北、扬子)在克拉通化之后又经历了早期(元古代)增生与晚期(中生代—新生代)改造。在克拉通化及其之后,处于克拉通边缘的大洋岩石圈或克拉通块体间的有限洋盆发生板片俯冲,释放出含金属组分(REE、Cu、Au)的富CO2流体,交代亏损的大陆岩石圈地幔(SCLM),并使之发生交代和金属再富集。俯冲诱发的弧岩浆在大陆下地壳底侵可形成新生下地壳,伴随着少量硫化物的堆积而发生金属(Au、Cu)再富集。由于克拉通相对稳定,新生下地壳在进变质脱水过程中仍能保存部分金属,释放的(含Au)变质流体很可能被封存或固结在地壳的某个部位。在克拉通破坏改造期,软流圈上涌改变克拉通SCLM热结构并诱发其部分熔融,产生富REE的碳酸岩熔体和富水的基性岩浆(如煌斑岩)。前者在浅部地壳侵位并出溶成矿流体,形成碳酸岩型REE矿床;后者在深部地壳脱挥发分(H2O+CO2),诱发新生下地壳重熔和含Au硫化物(和/或含Au流体囊)活化,形成富Au岩浆系统或流体系统。这些深地壳熔/流体沿克拉通边界或岩石圈不连续运移至上部地壳,岩浆系统直接出溶成矿流体,形成以斑岩体为中心的斑岩型Au矿,含Au富CO2流体流沿断裂网络系统活动并沉淀金属,形成石英脉型和蚀变岩型Au矿。伴随克拉通破坏改造,克拉通边界断裂或基底断裂重新活化,并诱发古老下地壳熔融,产生含Mo岩浆系统。这个理论框架不同于已有的造山带成矿理论模式,它解释了克拉通边缘异常富集Au、Mo、REE矿床及其成矿规律,可用于类似克拉通地区的成矿预测。     

Petrography and classification of NWA 7402: A new sulfide-rich unequilibrated ordinary chondrite

We classify a new chondritic find Northwest Africa (NWA) 7402. This meteorite is highly unequilibrated, and is therefore potentially significant for the study of primitive Solar System materials. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and modal abundances of minerals indicate that NWA 7402 is most likely an L chondrite. However, the specimen contains a higher abundance of sulfide than commonly seen in ordinary chondrites. The structural order of organic matter in the matrix and the chromium content of Fe-rich olivine grains indicate a petrologic type of 3.1. NWA 7402 largely escaped thermal metamorphism, and secondary phases formed by aqueous alteration are rare to absent. Minor planar fractures and undulatory extinction of olivine grains suggest that NWA 7402 experienced shock up to stage 2 or 3. Terrestrial weathering is heterogeneous in the specimen; much of the stone's exterior shows substantial Fe oxidation (weathering grade 2), while some parts of the interior remain relatively fresh (weathering grade 1). NWA 7402 has some unusual features that should be investigated further. The sulfide abundance is higher than reported sulfide contents for other L chondrites, and the chromium content of the olivines does not fall on the trend established for unequilibrated ordinary chondrites by Grossman and Brearley (2005).     

On the origin of some mica-lamprophyres: experimental evidence from a mafic minette

Experimental melting relationships for a mafic minette (mica-lamprophyre) from Buell Park, Arizona were determined under fO₂ conditions equivalent to the ironwüstite-graphite and quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers, at pressures of 10–20 kbar. A comparison between experimental products and phenocrysts in the most primitive minettes indicates that those lavas preserve a near-liquidus assemblage of olivine, diopside and Ti-rich phlogopite crystallized in the upper mantle under fO₂QFM and in the presence of an H₂O-bearing fluid phase. It is suggested that micalamprophyric (minette) magmas may originate from a metasomatized, garnet-bearing peridotitic source at deeper levels in the mantle (P20 kbar) but can also be in equilibrium with a phlogopite-bearing wehrlite (±opx) source at pressures of 17–20 kbar, under reducing or oxidizing mantle conditions. Owing to their rapid crystallization rate and high liquidus temperatures, a series of potassic daughter melts (potassic latites and felsic minettes) can be formed by segregation from mafic minette parents during their ascent through the cooler continental crust. The preservation of olivine in equilibrium with phlogopite phenocrysts in primitive minettes precludes a petrogenetic process dominated by assimilation/fractional crystallization in a shallow magma chamber and supports a model by which some lamprophyric magmas are brought to near surface conditions at temperatures in the range of 1,000–1,200° C and chilled rapidly.     

The role of fluids in the metamorphism of komatiites,Agnew nickel deposit,western Australia

The Agnew nickel sulfide deposit is spatially associated with a lenticular body of ultramafic rocks which shows a concentric zonation in metamorphic mineralogy. Olivine + tremolite + chlorite + cummingtonite ±enstatite assemblages occur at the margin of the ultramafic lens, giving way to olivine + anthophyllite, olivine + talc and olivine + antigorite assemblages successively inwards. These rocks are interpreted as having crystallized from komatiitic lavas, and exhibit a spectrum of compositions from those of original flow tops to pure olivine adcumulates. The relative modal abundances of metamorphic olivine, tremolite and chlorite reflect original proportions of cumulus olivine and komatiite liquid in the protolith. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated at 550° C, based on garnet-biotite thermometry, at a maximum pressure of 3 kb. This temperature falls within the narrow range over which metamorphic olivine may co-exist with enstatite, anthophyllite, talc or antigorite depending upon the fugacity of water in the metamorphic fluid. The observed mineralogical zonation is therefore attributed to infiltration by CO₂-rich fluids, generated by decarbonation of talc-carbonate rocks formed during pre-metamorphic marginal alteration of the ultramafic lens. Metamorphic fluids were essentially binary mixtures of water and CO₂, with minor H₂S having a maximum partial pressure less than 1 percent of total pressure. Enstatite-bearing assemblages formed in the presence of CO₂-rich fluids at fluid: rock volume ratios close to one, while anthophyllite, talc and antigorite bearing assemblages formed in the presence of progressively more water-rich fluids at progressively lower fluid-rock ratios.