滇西茅草坪脉状铜矿床脉体构造与成矿时代研究

西南三江造山带兰坪盆地西缘发育一条重要的脉状铜矿带,通常认为其成矿与盆地演化有关,而忽略了同处于盆地西缘的崇山剪切带和成矿的关系。茅草坪是近来在该带南段新发现的一例脉状铜矿床,本文通过详细野外工作厘定矿床地质特征,重点开展露头及镜下尺度的含矿脉体构造观察,在此基础上,分选成矿期热液白云母开展40 Ar/39 Ar定年,进而探讨成矿与剪切变形的关系。研究表明,矿床热液矿物以3种形式出现:热液蚀变晕、平行剪切面理的热液脉(A1脉)、横切剪切面理的热液脉(A2脉)。以上不同脉体中的矿物不仅有连续生长的特点,而且存在一定的交切关系,反映它们大致同期形成,但矿物沉淀顺序由早到晚变化。蚀变晕形成于早期,主要由电气石和石英组成,矿物呈强定向排列,长轴平行于剪切面理,为将挤压剪切应变下形成;A1脉形成略晚于蚀变晕,主要由电气石、石英、方解石、白云石、白云母、黄铜矿等组成,矿物弱定向排列,长轴近平行于剪切面理,为弱挤压剪切应变下形成;A2脉形成最晚,脉内矿物与A1脉相似,矿物无定向性、张性充填,反映形成时剪切变形已停止,可能为变形后应力松弛阶段形成的张性脉。因此,茅草坪矿床矿化形成在剪切作用由强变弱、直至停止的过程中,为剪切作用末期的产物。A1脉体中的白云母40 Ar/39 Ar坪年龄为20.34±0.19 Ma,可以代表矿床形成年龄,表明茅草坪地区的剪切作用结束于20Ma。综上表明,茅草坪矿床形成在崇山剪切带区域剪切走滑期间(末期),矿化受与剪切变形末期相关构造控制,是一个与崇山剪切带演化有关的脉状Cu矿床。因此,兰坪盆地西缘脉状铜矿带矿床成因应充分考虑与崇山剪切带演化的关系。     

河南西峡石板沟金矿成矿流体地球化学及矿床成因讨论

石板沟金矿是近年在豫西南发现的一个剪切带容矿的脉状金矿。根据流体包裹体地球化学研究,分析了矿床成矿流体地球化学特征,讨论了金的沉淀机制和矿床成因。构造蚀变岩型金矿的形成主要与热液蚀变作用有关,石英脉型金矿的形成,则可能主要与岩浆热液与变质热液的混合作用有关。矿质主要源自晋宁期岩浆岩,成矿流体和热能主要来自海西期花岗岩。矿床为剪切带容矿的中低温热液金矿床。     

新疆西准噶尔宏远钼矿地质特征与成矿流体

宏远钼矿为新疆西准噶尔地区近年新发现的斑岩型矿床,发育细脉状和浸染状矿化,矿石矿物以辉钼矿为主,其次为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等,热液蚀变发育。本文通过流体包裹体研究,发现宏远钼矿与大多数斑岩钼矿不同,成矿流体含甲烷,属于Na Cl-H2O-CO2-CH4体系,具有还原性。黑云母电子探针研究表明,花岗岩结晶阶段氧逸度较高。成矿流体中甲烷的C同位素值分布于-31.08‰~-26.44‰之间,表明CH4主要是来自地壳有机碳。成矿早阶段流体均一温度集中于340~360℃,此阶段存在中高温-高盐度流体和低盐度流体的不混溶,流体呈弱氧化性,Mo、Cu等金属矿物倾向于向出溶流体中富集,Mo、Cu矿化沉淀较少,发育白云母化围岩蚀变;成矿主阶段均一温度集中于280~300℃,低盐度,在沸腾作用、大气水加入以及还原性增强条件下,Mo、Cu等金属矿物大量沉淀,形成主矿体,伴随绢云母化蚀变;成矿晚阶段均一温度降低为160~180℃,流体演化为低温低盐度流体,成矿作用减弱,围岩蚀变主要为碳酸盐化。     

大兴安岭南段白音查干Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb矿床电气石矿物学特征及对岩浆-热液演化过程的启示

内蒙古西乌旗白音查干矿床是大兴安岭南段锡矿带内最典型、规模最大的Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb矿床。电气石在成矿岩体花岗斑岩和围岩地层中均广泛发育，依据其产状可分为四类：Ⅰ团斑状电气石；Ⅱ热液角砾岩胶结物中电气石；Ⅲ热液脉状电气石；Ⅳ弥散状电气石。在详细的岩相学基础上，利用电子探针点分析和面扫描分析对不同产状和结构的电气石进行了详细的成分分析。结果显示，花岗斑岩体深部的团斑状电气石（Ⅰa类）以自形、环带发育为特征，至少可见三期生长环带：核部电气石（Ⅰa-1）极高的Fe/（Fe+Mg）和Al值暗示其岩浆成因；边部电气石（Ⅰa-3）较富Mg，且与热液矿物共生，是从早期热液流体中沉淀形成的；幔部电气石（Ⅰa-2）的结构和成分显示其形成可能与不混溶的富B-Fe-Na的熔体或流体有关。因此，电气石从核部到边部的生长记录了从晚期岩浆到早期热液阶段的演变过程。花岗斑岩体中上部的团斑状电气石（Ⅰb类）环带不发育，其与热液矿物共生的组合及成分暗示其形成更倾向于与热液过程相关，可能是岩浆顶部聚集的早期流体释放之后被固结岩浆"圈闭"的残余流体结晶的产物。随后，大规模释放的富B流体形成了大量以电气石为主要胶结物的热液角砾岩（Ⅱ类）、成矿前电气石-石英阶段脉系（Ⅲa类）及伴随围岩蚀变而形成的弥散状电气石（Ⅳ类）。对Ⅱ类和Ⅲa类电气石内存在的生长环带分析显示，成矿前可能存在多个脉冲期次且成分有差异的流体的叠加作用。同时，电气石从早期到晚期向富Mg方向的演化，及成分明显受围岩地层影响的现象，暗示岩浆热液流体与围岩地层发生的水岩反应可能在金属成矿过程中起了重要作用。此外，本研究显示，不同产状电气石的结构和成分信息能够有效记录矿床内岩浆-热液转变及热液演化过程的众多细节信息，为深入理解成矿过程提供了依据。     

白银郝泉沟金矿地质特征及成因探讨

郝泉沟金矿床矿体主要产于酸性侵入岩——二云斜长花岗岩体内,部分矿体延伸到岩体的围岩中。矿体严格受断裂构造控制。成岩与成矿具有一定的时差。近矿围岩具有明显的热液蚀变作用和蚀变分带。矿石类型为含金多金属硫化物石英脉型和蚀变岩型。金在矿床中主要以独立矿物形式存在,嵌布在金属硫化物晶界间或矿物的裂隙中,分布极不均匀,常在断裂交汇处富集。成矿流体的氢、氧同位素属大气水范围,矿床成因为大气水热液改造型金矿床。     

热液成矿作用地球化学:以金矿为例

文中以金矿为例总结了热液成矿地球化学特征,包括热液蚀变、金在成矿热液中的地球化学行为、富集-沉淀机制以及在硫化物中的存在形式。热液蚀变过程中形成的矿物组合反映了成矿流体的地球化学特征,蚀变模式具有重要的找矿勘探意义。在热液体系中,金主要以Au-Cl或者Au-S络合物的形式进行运移,体系温度、压力、氧逸度以及硫逸度等条件的变化是导致络合物分解、金沉淀的主要机制。在较高压力条件下,金趋向于在热液蒸汽相中富集。As和Sb是金矿热液体系中常见的伴生元素,在较低硫逸度条件下,形成自然砷/自然锑-自然金组合。金从热液中沉淀后主要以显微包裹体或者固溶体金的形式赋存于黄铜矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿以及黄铁矿等硫化物中,而硫化物中固溶体金的量主要受热液H_2S活动性的控制。     

白银郝泉沟金矿地质特征及成因探讨

郝泉沟金矿床矿体主要产于酸性侵入岩——二云斜长花岗岩体内，部分矿体延伸到岩体的围岩中。矿体严格受断裂构造控制。成岩与成矿具有一定的时差。近矿围岩具有明显的热液蚀变作用和蚀变分带。矿石类型为含金多金属硫化物石英脉型和蚀变岩型。金在矿床中主要以独立矿物形式存在，嵌布在金属硫化物晶界间或矿物的裂隙中，分布极不均匀，常在断裂交汇处富集。成矿流体的氢、氧同位素属大气水范围，矿床成因为大气水热液改造型金矿床。     

安徽池州许桥银矿地质特征及矿区深部找矿方向

许桥银矿床位于长江中下游成矿带安庆-贵池矿集区东南部,矿床银储量达到中型规模,成矿岩体为分水岭石英闪长岩,矿体主要呈似层状赋存于分水岭岩体北东侧奥陶系仑山组、汤山组地层层间裂隙中;矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿、黄铜矿、辉银矿、自然银,脉石矿物为石英、碳酸盐矿物;矿石组构以自形-他形晶结构、交代结构、稀疏浸染状构造和网脉状构造为主;围岩蚀变类型主要有硅化、碳酸盐化、矽卡岩化、绿泥石化等;许桥银矿床成矿作用经历了两个成矿期：热液期和表生期,热液期又可分为三个成矿阶段,即为矽卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段及碳酸盐-硫化物阶段;成矿流体早期以岩浆热液为主、晚期混有大气降水的流体演化特征;成矿物质主要来源于岩浆热液,地层贡献了部分矿质;成矿温度为中低温（208～259℃）,矿床类型为中低温热液银多金属矿床,并指明了矿区深部找矿方向。     

栗木花岗岩型钨锡矿床云英岩化特征

通过矿物学研究发现,云英岩化过程的主要蚀变反应有白云母的蚀变和长石的蚀变,其成矿过程：起初,原先的锡钨载体矿物在蚀变过程中发生淋滤进入成矿流体或次生矿物相,伴随着蚀变过程,成矿流体使早先沉淀的矿物相发生了重熔,使锡钨进一步的沉淀、富集,并形成一种或多种化学成分高于围岩的蚀变晕,而蚀变后期,云英岩化减弱,中低温热液蚀变发育,形成大量硫化物,伴有黝锡矿、锡石、黑钨矿和白钨矿的晶出,并与硫化物一起呈团块状产出.还有,Sn、W 与F、Cl形成络合物赋存于流体,随着pH 值、温度、压力条件变化的影响,络合物不稳定或络阴离子浓度的降低,使Sn、W 从流体中沉淀析出.     

河南槐树坪金矿成矿物质共生组合规律及成矿期次

槐树坪金矿是豫西熊耳山地区新发现的大型含金石英脉型金矿床,成矿具有多期次性等特点。为确定槐树坪金矿成矿物质共生组合及成矿期次,通过地球化学数据多元统计分析,得出矿床中Au的富集与成矿指示元素Bi、Ag密切相关,其中与Au矿化阶段相一致的3个主要阶段为:As-Ag-Hg组合沉淀作用阶段、Pb-Zn多金属硫化物矿化阶段和Cu-W-Mo组合沉淀作用阶段。通过岩矿鉴定及野外调研确定的矿石矿物共生组合为(黄铁矿、赤铁矿)—白铁矿—闪锌矿—方铅矿—(黄铜矿、斑铜矿)—蓝辉铜矿;围岩蚀变组合为钾长石、石英、黑云母、高岭土、方解石、白云石、绢云母、绿泥石、绿帘石。矿床成矿期次可划分为蚀变期、热液期及表生期,热液期又包括乳白色石英脉阶段、烟灰色石英—多金属硫化物阶段、白色石英脉—黄铁矿细脉状矿化阶段和石英—碳酸盐化阶段。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.