青藏高原主要地体地壳短缩作用研究现状及存在的问题

在对喜马拉雅、拉萨和羌塘3个地体已有的有关地壳短缩研究成果系统分析的基础上,对3个地体进行了平衡剖面恢复：北羌塘侏罗系短缩率为25.18%,南羌塘短缩率为33.57%;对拉萨地体南段(措勤盆地南部坳褶带)上白垩统恢复得出其短缩率为20.68%,北段中部坳褶带到班公湖-怒江缝合带南缘短缩率为25.3%;地处特提斯喜马拉雅地体东段的郎杰学地体三叠系短缩率达75%,大于前人研究的特提斯喜马拉雅56%~60%的短缩率。通过对比,对3个地体短缩变形的规律进行了分析,认为各地体内部短缩作用并不是一个连续均匀的过程,陆内变形主要是通过稳定地体边界和大型逆冲构造带来吸收的;拉萨地体和羌塘地体新生代内部变形较小。     

北祁连地体古地磁新数据及古生代地体南向位移事件的发现

格尔木－额济纳旗地学断面古地磁学研究工作中，在北祁连地体上获得了８个古生代、中生代古地磁新数据。研究结果表明北祁连地体在古生代一直处于北纬低纬度（１０°￣１７°Ｎ）地区，并且表现出于古生代明显的南向位移过程。南移幅度为５．５°左右。这与北祁连地区原始陆壳在中奥陶世的强烈拉张及其后期洋壳闭合作用有关。     

青藏高原主要地体地壳短缩作用研究现状及存在的问题

在对喜马拉雅、拉萨和羌塘3个地体已有的有关地壳短缩研究成果系统分析的基础上,对3个地体进行了平衡剖面恢复:北羌塘侏罗系短缩率为25.18%.南羌塘短缩率为33.57%;对拉萨地体南段(措勤盆地南部坳褶带)上白垩统恢复得出其短缩率为20.68%北段中部坳褶带到班公湖一怒江缝合带南缘短缩率为25.3%;地处特提斯喜马拉雅地体东段的郎杰学地体三叠系短缩率达75%.大于前人研究的特提斯喜马拉雅56%~6O%的短缩率.通过对比,对3个地体短缩变形的规律进行了分析,认为各地体内部短缩作用并不是一个连续均匀的过程,陆内变形主要是通过稳定地体边界和大型逆冲构造带来吸收的;拉萨地体和羌塘地体新生代内部变形较小.     

北祁连地体古地磁新数据及古生代地体南向位移事件的发现

格尔木－额济纳旗地学断面古地磁学研究工作中，在北祁连地体上获得了８个古生代、中生代古地磁新数据。研究结果在明北祁连地体在古生代一直处于北纬低纬度（１０°～１７°Ｎ）地区，并且表现出于古生代明显的南向位移过程。南移幅度为５．５°左右。这与北祁连地区原始陆壳在中奥陶世的强烈拉张及其后期洋壳闭合作用有关。     

拉萨地体东南缘的多期深熔作用及动力学

位于青藏高原班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带与印度-雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带之间拉萨地体东南缘的前寒武纪结晶基底经历了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用和强烈的混合岩化.研究区可识别出两期深熔作用,第一期为斜长角闪岩部分熔融形成的花岗闪长岩脉体,其与围岩一起发生了变质与变形再造,转变成了黑云斜长片麻岩.第二期为含夕线石石榴石片麻岩部分熔融形成的含石榴石斜长石花岗岩脉体.岩石化学成分显示,第一期深熔脉体具有埃达克岩的典型地球化学特征,其SiO2=63.81%,Al2O3=16,92%,MgO=1.86%,Na2O=4.22%,K2O=1.81%,K2O/Na2O=0.43,并显示出LREE富集、无Eu异常的BEE配分模型,同时明显富Sr(366×10-6),贫Y(12×10-6)和Yb(0.4×10-6),Sr/Y=30.舍石榴石斜长石花岗岩主要由斜长石、石英和石榴石组成,含少量白云母和黑云母,其全岩SiO2=71.14%,Al2O3=14.26%,K2O=0.26%,Na2O=2.79%.CaO=2.94%.过铝指数A/CNK=1.40,为典型的过铝花岗岩.黑云斜长片麻岩脉体中的大多数锆石具有同心韵律状结晶环带和较高的Th//U比值(0.433～1.167),为典型的岩浆结晶锆石.锆石岩浆结晶域U-Pb原位定年给出了64.0±1.0Ma(MSWD=8.7)加权平均年龄;个别锆石变质交生边给出了27.9 Ma的谐和年龄,同时具有较低的Th/U比值(0.019),应代表后期叠加的变质热事件年龄.含石榴石斜长石花岗岩中的锆石均发育同心韵律状环带,而且具有较高的Th/U比值(0.196～1.212).所获得的谐和年龄在27.0～34.1Ma之间(加权平均年龄为29.3±0.9 Ma),应代表过铝花岗岩的结晶年龄.因此,我们认为拉萨地体东南缘变质基底在古近纪经历了两期深熔作用,第一期发生在约65Ma,在特提斯洋壳俯冲和印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞的动力学体制下,拉萨地体下地壳加厚和升温,发生了麻粒岩相变质和部分熔融,形成了埃达克岩质的花岗闪长岩浆;第二期混合岩化作用发生在约30Ma,在印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞后伸展的动力学体制下,高角闪岩相泥质变质岩中的含水矿物脱水熔融形成了过铝质花岗闪长岩浆.     

中国东南沿海两条重要的地体边界

中国东南沿海存在两条重要的地体边界,一条分布于松阳—政和—清流,是古华夏地体与东南沿海地体的边界。它代表中元古代扩张裂解而于早古生代完成碰撞闭合的古缝合带。另一条边界出露于台湾海峡西岸的平潭—东山地体内。它于早白垩世方移置于大陆边缘,至今仍在活动,是地震活动带之一。两条地体缝合带所代表的两次碰撞是东南沿海两次最重要的地质事件。     

南非林波波麻粒岩地体边缘地学断面

对南部林波波带的晚太古代麻粒岩地体及其与花岗岩-绿岩地体的直接关系按顺序描述如下:(1)地质填图;(2)变质相的分布;(3)主要剪切带的分布;(4)电阻率测深;(5)重力分布;(6)磁法测量;(7)地质年代学;(8)反射地震波。高级麻粒岩地体可被分为中部带(CZ)和南部边缘带(SMZ)。南部边缘带与花岗岩-绿岩地体相连,并存有较小的高级变质物质。这些不同地体被主要的壳型断裂所分开,而这些断裂也清楚地反映在这个地区的地球物理特征上。230km断面的最北端界线位于中部带,穿切南部边缘带,结束在南部被元古代Transvaal层序的基本组成部分     

西藏西部措勤盆地措勤-洞错重、磁剖面的地质结构

为研究西藏措勤—洞错地区的地质结构,对2006年采集的1:50000重、磁剖面资料进行了分析、处理、曲线拟合计算与解释。结果表明,南端冈底斯基底走滑断隆带古生界褶皱基底很浅,缺失中生界;中部措勤盆地则埋深较大,最深可达9km,并表现为北深南浅的格局,主要充填了巨厚的中生界;北部班公湖-怒江缝合带的基底深度小于3km;剖面上羌塘地体的基底深度约3.5km。剖面中部措勤盆地北部坳陷与班公湖-怒江缝合带结晶基底磁性弱,北部和南部结晶基底磁性强。推断了12条断裂,其中F7断裂为措勤盆地北界,F1断裂为盆地南界。推断了6个花岗岩类岩体、2个蛇绿岩体及一套规模较大的火山岩,并描述了其地下赋存的特征。     

中国太古宙地体及其成矿作用

中国太古宙地体基本上分布在华北地台范围内,主要为花岗岩绿岩带.少部分为高级变质带.它们的主要特征是:(1)中国的太古宙绿岩带变质程度普遍较高,多为角闪岩相至麻粒岩相;(2)普遍经受后来构造岩浆活动的叠加和改造,它们的活动性显著高于国外的太古宙地体;(3)绿岩带下部的超镁铁质火山岩组合,多以镁铁质火山岩为主,超镁铁质火山岩比较薄;(4)科马提岩主要为玄武岩质科马提岩,可见变余火山组构.中国太古宙地体蕴藏着丰富的矿产,是金、铁的主要来源.     

黑龙江省那丹哈达地体构造初探

从对那丹哈达岭地区的调查研究表明,那丹哈达地区为—由侏罗纪滑动沉积杂岩所组成的中生代地体。<1>本区出露有石炭、二叠纪石灰岩、三叠纪层状硅质岩和枕状基性熔岩及堆积杂岩(主要为单辉岩、辉长岩等)以及侏罗纪的硅质岩、硅质页岩等,其岩石组合基本表现了洋壳特征,可能为远洋沉积;<2>.其中的石炭、二叠纪石灰岩明显地呈透镜状产出于三叠纪和二叠纪硅质岩之中;<3>.从本区出露的硅质岩中分别采到三叠纪晚期(T_3)和侏罗纪中期的放射虫化石;<4>本区与其西侧的双鸭山地体及南侧的延吉地体的岩石组合有明显的不同,尤其是侏罗纪时,那丹哈达地体表现为海相,而其近邻则为陆相或海陆交互相,并含有很好的煤层。     

青藏高原内部三条磨拉石带的确定及其构造意义

青藏高原内部自北而南沿羌北－昌都、班公湖－怒江、雅鲁藏布江分别发育了3条磨拉石带。各磨拉石带的长度均超过1000km,宽度一般仅数十km,沉积物具有碎屑性、粗粒性、再旋回性,沉积体厚3000～8000m,具有在挤压造山背景下形成的磨拉石建造的基本特征。各磨拉石带都位于各自的地体缝合带并跨越其两侧的部分地带。北边的为金沙江缝合带及其西延部分,中部的为班公湖－怒江缝合带,南边的为雅鲁藏布江缝合带。3条磨拉石带标志着有3条雄伟的造山带与之毗邻。北边的是可可西里－巴颜喀拉造山带,中部和南部的两条造山带一直不为人们所注意,文中建议分别称之为藏中造山带和藏南造山带。此外,造山作用发生的时间明显滞后于地体缝合的时间,其间有后继的浅海盆地发育。磨拉石带的发育历史勾绘出青藏高原构造演化遵循一个程式,即"地体拼接－后继性盆地发育－造山作用发生－山脉消亡",这是很有意义的构造现象。     

POSSIBLE EXTENDING OF BANGONGHU-DINGQING SUTURE AND ITS GEOLOGICAL RELEVATIONS

POSSIBLE EXTENDING OF BANGONGHU-DINGQING SUTURE AND ITS GEOLOGICAL RELEVATIONStheNationalKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetanPlateau(G19980 40 80 0 )andtheScientificTechnolo gyEngineeringProjectofCNPC(1995     

湘赣边区NNE向走滑造山带构造发展样式

应用马杏垣教授倡导的构造解析方法,对湘赣边区ＮＮＥ 向走滑盆岭山链的构造发展过程及样式进行了研讨,论证了该地区前中生代ＥＷ 向古特提斯构造体系与中新生代ＮＮＥ向滨太平洋构造体系之间的立交桥式横跨叠加关系和构造背景,建立了华南陆壳俯冲 会聚走滑转换造山模型,提出了新华夏式变质核杂岩构造的新概念,并对其基本特征和形成机制进行了阐述。文中强调,发育在湘赣边区的ＮＮＥ 向走滑断裂是郯庐断裂带南段的主干成分,由ＮＥ３０°同向走滑断裂（Ｐ） 和ＮＷ３２０°反向走滑断裂（Ｒ′） 交织而成的雁列菱形网结系统是该断裂在地表的基本构造样式。大多数陆壳俯冲型和会聚走滑型的花岗岩都具剪切重熔成因,雁列的半地堑盆地和新华夏式变质核杂岩体主要受走滑 伸展变形场所控制。指出自晚三叠世以来,该地区曾经历了两次不同的重大构造转换和两个性质及发展趋向相反的走滑造山过程,即印支晚期的陆壳俯冲向陆内会聚走滑转换和侏罗纪时期的会聚走滑造山;早白垩世开始的会聚走滑向离散走滑转换和白垩纪－ 老第三纪的离散走滑造山。每次构造转换和构造变形对该地区的成岩成矿都起到了重要的作用。     

Tectonic settings of porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen,East Tethys

Porphyry Cu (Mo–Au) deposits in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen formed during the Late Triassic, Early Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene and can be classified into different metallogenic belts according to their petrologic features, mineralization ages, and tectonic settings. A close spatial relationship to regional strike–slip faults is evident in all five belts. Porphyry Cu (Mo–Au) deposits exist in a wide range of tectonic environments, including island arc, syn-collision, post-collisional convergence, and continental-transform plate boundaries.

Porphyry Cu deposits cluster in the southernmost part of the Yidun–Zhongdian Belt, along the N–S-trending Gaze River dextral strike–slip fault. Porphyry Cu deposits in the Lijiang–Jinping Belt lie along the Ailaoshan–Red River continental–transform shear zone and the associated strike–slip faults. The Yulong–Malasongduo porphyry belt is controlled by the Cesuo Fault, a NNW-trending regional dextral transcurrent fault that is associated with Palaeogene westward continental oblique subduction along the Jinsha suture. In the Gangdis Belt, Miocene porphyry Cu deposits are localized along N–S-trending normal faults, which were produced by transpression within the regional NW–SE-trending Karakoram–Jiali fault zone (KJFZ). A close spatial relationship between porphyry Cu deposits and strike–slip faults also exists for the Bangong–Nujiang Belt.     

湘东─赣西NNE向走滑构造

湘东─赣西构造岩浆带位于郯庐断裂南延的关键性部位。中生代以来，该区 NNE向左旋走滑构造主要由会聚走滑和 K─ E离散走滑构造叠加而成。会聚走滑作用造就了 NNE向雁列式剪切断裂系、剪切弯曲和旋转构造、压剪性煤盆地以及断层动热变质─剪切重熔型花岗岩；而离散走滑作用则控制了该区广泛发育的张剪性红盆地、盆岭式构造地貌、以及大规模中低温热液矿床的形成。湘东─赣西复杂的平移构造型式很可能与该区地壳结构分层特征、前期断裂构造格局、平移幅度和多期走滑构造作用四个因素有关。     

断裂分维值对矿产资源预测的指示意义—— 以西藏地区为例

应用分形几何的原理,采用数盒维法计算了西藏地区（Ｄ＝１７８４）及其内部羌塘（Ｄ＝１２１７）、比如盆地西部（Ｄ＝１２２７）、措勤（Ｄ＝１２９７）三个油气勘探区和三江金属矿产勘探区（Ｄ＝１８２０）的断裂分维值。分别与四川盆地含油气区、江西德兴和湘中金属矿产区的断裂分维值比较,发现含油气区的断裂分维值大致介于１＜Ｄ＜１２４,明显低于整个区域断裂分维值,Ｄ值越小,越有利于油气成藏;金属矿产区Ｄ＞１．８０左右,大于整个区域分维质,Ｄ值越大,矿床规模越大。此预测了羌塘、比如盆地西部具备含油气区的构造条件,三江地区的构造情况利于形成大规模金属矿床。     

Subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean: constraints from granites in the Bangong Co area,Tibet

We report geochronologic, whole‐rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses of the granites that are exposed to both the north and the inside of the Bangong–Nujiang Suture (BNS) zone as well as the implications for the Mesozoic history of Tibet. To the north of the BNS, the Larelaxin pluton consists of I‐type quartz diorite and highly fractionated I‐type biotite granite. The Larelaxin pluton is enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILE) but depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE); therefore, it exhibits the features of volcanic arc rocks. The initial Sr (0.7102 to 0.7215) and negative εNd (t) (−2.91 to −5.20) values imply a mixture of depleted mantle and continental crust. The mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U zircon age is 168 Ma; we therefore propose that the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean (BNO) had already been subducted beneath the Qiangtang terrain by the middle Jurassic. Inside the BNS, the Rutog granites intruded into the Lagongtang and Duoren formations, which show a continental margin and a forearc basin sedimentary facies, respectively. The mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U zircon age is 101 Ma. The Rutog granites are monzogranites with a high Na/K ratio (Na₂O/K₂O > 1) and a high LILE/HFSE ratio, and A/CNK < 1.1. The high Sr/Y ratio (22 to 56) implies that these granites are adakitic. The low initial Sr (0.7044 to 0.7055) and positive εNd (t) (+1.46 to +2.70) values indicate that the protolith of the Rutog granites originated mainly from a depleted source. We attribute the Rutog plutonism to the development of an oceanic arc during the continuing northward subduction of the BNO and propose that the Rutog adakitic granites were formed by melting of the subducted BNO crust with limited crustal contamination. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湘赣边区NNE向走滑断裂-流体-铀成矿动力学分析

以湘赣边区ＮＮＥ向走滑断裂系统构造解析及其演化和动力学分析为主线,结合含矿流体的运动学过程研究,进行热液铀成矿动力学分析,以探讨成矿作用的动力来源、作用机制和演化过程。     

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Isochron Ages of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn Ore Deposits in the Yushu area,southern Qinghai and Their Geological Implications

Located on the northeast margin of the Qiangtang terrane between the Jinshajiang suture zone and Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone, the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits in the Yushu area of Qinghai Province are representative Pb-Zn deposits of the Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic mineralization belt in the northern part of the Nujiang-Lancangjiang-Jinshajiang area, which are in the front belt of the Yushu thrust nappe system. The formed environments of these two deposits are different from those of sediment-hosted base metal deposits elsewhere in the world. The authors hold that they were formed during the Indian-Asian continental collision and developed within the foldthrust belt combined with thrust and strike-slip-related Cenozoic basins in the interior of the collisional zone. Studying on the metallogenic epochs of these two deposits is helpful to the understanding of ore-forming regularity of the regional Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization belt and also to the search for new deposits in this region. The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues, whereas the age of the Mohailaheng deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues and the Sm-Nd isochron method for fluorite. The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit is 35.0±0.0 Ma((87Sr/86Sr)0=0.708807) for sphalerite residues. The age of the Mohailaheng deposit is 32.2±0.4 Ma((87Sr/86Sr)0=0.708514) for sphalerite residues and 31.8±0.3 Ma((143Nd/144Nd)0=0.512362) for fluorite with an average of 32.0 Ma. Together with the regional geological setting during mineralization, a possible tectonic model for metallogeny of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits has been established. These two ages are close to the ages of the Pb-Zn deposits in the Lanping and Tuotuohe basins, indicating that it is possible that the narrow 1000-kilometer-long belt controlled by a thrust nappe system on the eastern and northern margins of the Tibetan plateau could be a giant Pb-Zn mineralized belt.     

广济-九江同步耦合断裂及其控岩、控矿作用

与广济－九江同步耦合断层对应的NNE向断裂（郯庐断裂、赣江断裂）经历了三次性质转变：J3－K1（157－97Ma)为左行走滑,K1晚期至E2为张性拱裂,E2－3以后呈右行走滑;在广济－九江同步耦合断层的耦合区内相应形成了伸展褶断、扭旋褶断、挤压褶断三种构造组成形式,其中燕山早期的伸展褶断构造组合呈现出张性伸展性质,为成岩成矿提供有利空间;同步耦合区内形成于燕山早期第二、三阶段的堑垒式褶断构造和燕山晚期第一阶段的扭旋褶断构造是控制成矿岩体及矿床定位的具体构造形式。