等变质煤系烃源岩的生气特征

为了更加客观地了解煤系烃源岩的生气性能,采用半开放体系对塔里木盆地库车坳陷侏罗纪煤、碳质泥岩和煤系泥岩3种等变质煤系烃源岩样品进行了生气热模拟实验。实验结果表明:侏罗纪煤、碳质泥岩和煤系泥岩均具有良好的生气性,但其生气性存在一定的差异,煤和碳质泥岩的生气性要好于煤系泥岩;随着热演化程度的增加,这3种煤系烃源岩生气总产率(C_1-5)也相应增加,在高演化阶段时主要产甲烷;煤系烃源岩热解气组分的碳同位素值和热解温度有关,随着热解温度升高,甲烷碳同位素值先降低后增大,乙烷碳同位素值一直增大,且在同一温度点有δ13C₁<δ13C₂的特征。      

应用生烃动力学方法研究库车坳陷烃源岩生烃史

根据烃源岩生烃动力学参数,结合沉积埋藏史和古热史资料,本文应用生烃动力学方法研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生烃史。研究表明,无论是煤,还是泥岩,库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生气时间发生得晚,主生气期出现在10 Ma以来的喜山期晚期,生气高峰期出现在5 Ma之后。中上三叠世烃源岩生气时间和主生气期均早于中下侏罗世烃源岩。烃源岩这种晚期生气特征,为库车坳陷天然气的晚期聚集成藏提供了非常有利的烃源条件。      

库车坳陷中生界气源灶生气强度演化特征

库车坳陷的烃源岩主要发育在中上三叠统和中下侏罗统,根据烃源岩厚度和有机相特征、埋藏热历史,采用BasinMod-1D软件,系统分析了库车坳陷上三叠统和中下侏罗统气源灶的生气强度及其在地质历史中的演化。中上三叠统气源灶以克拉苏构造带为生气中心,向四周生气强度逐渐变小;中下侏罗统气源灶则以拜城凹陷和依奇克里克构造带为中心,向南北两端生气强度逐渐变小。无论是上三叠统还是中下侏罗统气源灶,现今累计生气强度在坳陷主体均在20×108m3/km2以上,生气中心则在(60～100)×108m3/km2。上三叠统气源灶的大量生气始于12Ma,中下侏罗统气源灶大量生气则始于5Ma,库车坳陷气源灶演化的特色表现在5Ma以来气源灶极高的生气速率。中上三叠统源岩生气强度类似于中下侏罗统,说明中上三叠统源岩对天然气成藏的贡献不亚于中下侏罗统源岩,库车坳陷气源灶存在充足的气源且近5Ma快速生气,这是库车坳陷形成高效天然气藏的重要原因,库车坳陷目前发现的大中型气田(藏)均分布在生气中心及其周缘。     

煤系烃源岩生气热模拟实验研究

为了客观评价煤系烃源岩的生气特征和生气量,采用限定体系黄金管热模拟实验技术,对采自鄂尔多斯盆地的不同地质时代煤系烃源岩(煤岩和煤系泥岩)样品进行了生气热模拟实验研究,详细讨论了煤系烃源岩热解生气特征与气体碳同位素变化。结果表明,煤系烃源岩具有较好的生气性能,煤岩与煤系泥岩热解生成气态烃产率相差不大,两者具有相似的生气演化特征,即随热模拟温度升高,煤岩和煤系泥岩热解生成甲烷的产率逐渐增加,甲烷最大产率分别达211.69 m3/t和184.47 m3/t,而C2-5产率是先增加后降低,在热模拟温度430℃~470℃达到最大值,分别为19.14 m3/t和6.87 m3/t;煤岩和煤系泥岩热解气组分碳同位素值总体上随热模拟温度升高而变重,且相同热模拟温度时具有δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3的特征,其中煤系泥岩热解气甲烷、乙烷碳同位素值较煤岩分别偏轻0.3‰~2.1‰和1.4‰~3.7‰。在此基础上,建立了煤系烃源岩(煤岩和煤系泥岩)的生气模式。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系烃源岩和油气地球化学特征

阿尔金断裂以北的新疆地区煤系泥岩和煤均很发育,而以南的甘青宁地区湖相和沼泽相泥岩发育。煤系烃源岩中主要的成烃显微组分是壳质体、藻类体、基质镜质体等,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主;煤系泥岩一般为中到差油源岩,少数为好烃源岩,煤一般为差油源岩,下侏罗统源岩生烃潜力高于中侏罗统源岩;煤系原油一般为成熟的轻质、中蜡、低凝固点、低硫优质原油;油源对比表明煤系泥岩是主要烃源岩,煤和碳质泥岩是次要烃源岩;有利生油区域基本分布在侏罗纪的沉降沉积中心,而且后续埋藏又较深的山前坳陷区域。     

祁连山木里地区侏罗系窑街组烃源岩生烃潜力评价

祁连山木里坳陷侏罗系窑街组煤系泥岩和煤有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度分析结果表明, 窑街组煤系泥岩为好的烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅱ₁型, 处于成熟阶段, 以生油为主, 生气为辅; 煤为差等烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅲ型, 处于成熟阶段, 富氢基质镜质体含量高, 具有一定的生烃潜力。综合其它层位烃源岩分析结果, 认为窑街组煤系泥岩和晚三叠世尕勒得寺组湖相泥岩为祁连山木里地区天然气水合物的主要气源岩。      

氩同位素用于库车坳陷天然气主力气源岩判识

稀有气体是天然气中指示其地球化学特征的重要组分,放射成因氩( Arr)的年代积累效应广泛应用于同位素定年和天然气的气源对比.本文系统地讨论了 40Ar的形成机理及其运移进入气藏的过程,利用 40Ar的母体元素 K在煤和煤系泥岩中的丰度差异,分析了以煤和煤系泥岩为母源的天然气 40Ar/36Ar同位素组成上的不同,并利用这种差异对煤系中煤岩或煤系泥岩为源岩的天然气藏的主力源岩进行了判识,继而建立了利用氩同位素组成判识煤系烃源岩主力源岩的方法.利用此方法对塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系煤与煤系泥岩互层的烃源岩进行了探讨, 数学计算结果表明该区主力源岩为煤系泥岩, 煤对天然气藏的贡献较小.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界烃源岩生烃动力学参数研究

根据封闭体系黄金管热模拟实验结果,应用Kinetics专用软件,研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界不同类型烃源岩的生烃特征与动力学参数。库车坳陷侏罗系煤、碳质泥岩、泥岩及三叠系湖相泥岩具有各自的活化能分布和频率因子,揭示出其生烃行为的差异性。利用GOR-IsotopeKinetics软件,推导了库车坳陷侏罗系煤、泥岩和三叠系湖相泥岩3类烃源岩的碳同位素动力学参数。上述参数的获取,为盆地模拟、烃源岩评价、生烃量计算及资源量预测提供了重要的基础地球化学数据。      

准噶尔盆地南缘天然气成藏及勘探方向

准噶尔盆地南缘地区与塔里木库车坳陷有着相似的沉积地层和构造演化历史,但是天然气勘探始终未取得重大突破。本文在南缘地区天然气成因类型与气源判识的基础上,分析该地区天然气成藏条件,探讨有利勘探方向与目标层系。结果表明,南缘地区天然气存在煤型气、混合气与油型气三类,且以煤型气和混合气为主;侏罗纪煤系为该地区主要的天然气源岩,其大量生气期与背斜构造形成期相匹配,构成最佳源灶-圈闭成藏组合;二叠系湖相和上三叠统湖相-湖沼相烃源岩也是重要的天然气源岩,其主要生气期在中部地区早于绝大多数背斜构造形成期,而在西部地区与背斜构造形成期相匹配。南缘地区生烃物质基础好于库车坳陷,只是主要气源岩侏罗纪煤系的成熟度略低于库车坳陷,盖层封盖性和储层发育规模略逊于库车坳陷,但仍具备形成大规模油气田的成藏条件。深层二叠系-侏罗系-白垩系成藏组合是最为有利的天然气勘探目标层系,西部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系和二叠系湖相油气藏的有利目标区域,中部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系天然气藏的有利目标区域。中浅层白垩系-新近系成藏组合是次要的天然气勘探目标层系,具有寻找和发现一定规模天然气藏的潜力。高探1井获得重大突破充分表明制约南缘天然气勘探大发现的因素不是气源规模、运移通道、储层物性和盖层封闭性,而是有效圈闭的落实、钻井工程技术及勘探工作量的投入。     

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系埋藏条件及煤型气源岩分布特征

山东地区经历了多次构造运动,含煤地层遭受严重破坏,因此各地煤系保存程度差异较大。济阳坳陷是石炭—二叠系的深陷区,但济阳坳陷构造十分复杂,煤系保存于坳陷中的一些次级凹陷中。石炭二叠系的埋深多在30 0 0~5 0 0 0m范围内,次级凹陷局部出现较大的埋深变化,最大埋深可达上万米,最小埋深仅在千米左右。煤型气源岩主要为煤层和暗色泥质岩。泥质岩最厚为5 5 5.5m (惠民凹陷),煤层最厚4 0.5m (车镇凹陷),泥岩、煤层厚度分布与残留厚度的变化趋势大体一致。研究表明,济阳坳陷石炭二叠系煤层属较好的烃源岩,泥岩整体上为差—中等烃源岩,局部发育有好的烃源岩。      

The generation kinetics of natural gases in the Kela-2 gas field from the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, northwestern China

The Kela-2 gas field, found in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, northwestern China, is a large-sized dry gas field (C1 /C1-5 =0.992 0.999) and characterized by ultra-high pressure (pressure factor up to 2.0 2.2). The pyrolysis experiment was carried out under isothermal gold-tube closed system, with samples collected from the Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone in the Kuqa Depression. The result of gas yield showed that the Middle and Lower Jurassic source rocks have higher gas generation potential than the Triassic source rocks. The kinetic modeling of gas generation and methane carbon isotope fractionation suggested that the Kela-2 gases belong to the products of high-over mature stages and were mainly derived from the Middle and Lower Jurassic coal-bearing strata. The Triassic source rocks made a minor contribution to the Kela-2 gases. The Kela-2 gases chiefly generated from coal-bearing source rocks with R o values from 1.3% to 2.5%, and thus primarily accumulated after 5 Ma.     

Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary. Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir. According to the concept and theory of “continuous petroleum reservoirs” and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression, it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs. The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint. The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas, while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water. The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultra-high pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source. All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs. The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages, which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones. These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation, self-preserving and self-coverage model. Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale. As the source rocks, Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon. Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs. During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion, natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs. Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances. With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity, natural gas accumulated continuously. Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies. The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal. With low porosity and low permeability, the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity. It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness. Thus, it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression. So, it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.     

Gas systems in the Kuche Depression of the Tarim Basin: Source rock distributions, generation kinetics and gas accumulation history

Six petroleum source beds have been developed in the Kuche Depression (also known as “Kuqa Depression”) of the Tarim Basin, including three lacustrine source rocks (Middle and Upper Triassic Kelamayi and Huangshanjie formations, and Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation) and three coal measures (Upper Triassic Taliqike Formation, Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation, and Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation). While type I–II organic matter occurs in the Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation (J₂q), other source beds contain dominantly type III organic matter. Gas generation rates and stable carbon isotopic kinetics of methane generation from representative source rocks collected in the Kuche Depression were measured and calculated using an on-line dry and open pyrolysis system. Combined with hydrocarbon generation history modelling, the formation and evolution processes of the Jurassic–Triassic highly efficient gas kitchens were established. High sedimentation rate in the Neogene and the fast deposition of the Kuche Formation within the Pliocene (5 Ma) in particular have led to the rapid increase in Mesozoic source rock maturity, resulting in significant dry gas generation. The extremely high gas generation rates from source kitchens have apparently expedited the formation of highly efficient gas accumulations in the Kuche Depression. Because different Mesozoic source rocks occur in different structural belts, the presence of both lacustrine and coaly gas kitchens during the Cenozoic time can be identified in the Kuche Depression. As shown by the chemical and stable carbon isotope compositions of the discovered gases, the formation of the giant gas pools in the Kela 2, Dina 2, Yaha and Wucan 1 have involved very different geological processes due to the difference in their gas source kitchens.     

Kinetic Parameters of Methane Generated from Source Rocks in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin and Their Application

In a thermal simulation experiment of gold tubes of closed-system, calculating with the KINETICS and GOR-ISOTOPE KINETICS software, kinetic parameters of gas generation and methane carbon isotopic fractionation from Triassic-Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks in the Kuqa depression of Tarim Basin are obtained. The activation energies of methane generated from Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone in the Kuqa Depression are 197-268 kJ/mol, 180-260 kJ/mol and 214-289 kJ/mol, respectively, and their frequency factors are 5.265×10^13 s^-1, 9.761×10^11 s^-1 and 2.270×10^14 s^-1. This reflects their differences of hydrocarbon generation behaviors. The kinetic parameters of methane carbon isotopic fractionation are also different in Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone, whose average activation energies are 228 kJ/mol, 205 kJ/mol and 231 kJ/mol, respectively. Combined with the geological background, the origin of natural gas in the Yinan-2 gas pool is discussed, and an accumulation model of natural gas is thus established. The Yinan- 2 gas is primarily derived from Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks in the Yangxia Sag. Main gas accumulation time is 5-0 Ma and the corresponding Ro is in the range from 1.25 %-1.95 %. The loss rate of natural gas is 25 %-30 %.     

塔河油田古近系陆相油气地球化学特征及其远距离成藏模式

通过对塔河油田古近系油气藏油气物理性质、饱和烃色谱、分子标志化合物及碳同位素等地球化学特征研究,发现塔河 古近系油气藏油气均表现出陆相油气地球化学特征,与塔河油田海相油气特征形成鲜明对比。结合前人对塔北地区烃源岩研 究成果分析,认为塔河古近系油气来源于库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩。库车坳陷充足的油气源是塔河油田古近系油气成 藏的物质基础。喜马拉雅期塔河中新生界区域北倾构成了油气由北向南运移的构造背景,库车坳陷烃源岩在新近纪康村组沉 积晚期-库车组沉积早期达到高成熟期,其所生油气沿南翼斜坡的输导系统向南运移至古近系圈闭成藏。塔北地区古近系与 白垩系之间的不整合是北部陆相油气远距离侧向运移的重要通道,油气向南侧向运移直线距离超过100 km。塔北地区古近系泥 岩是良好的区域盖层,多种成藏要素相互配合造就了塔河古近系远距离油气聚集模式,该模式较为合理的解释了塔河地区古近 系油气藏分布特征,丰富了对塔河碎屑岩油气成藏规律认识,有助于塔河地区新生界碎屑岩油气勘探领域的进一步拓展。     

Gas generation and expulsion characteristics of Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks,eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,China: implications for shale gas resource potential

Frontier exploration in the Kuqa Depression, western China, has identified the continuous tight-sand gas accumulation in the Lower Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic as a major unconventional gas pool. However, assessment of the shale gas resource in the Kuqa Depression is new. The shale succession in the Middle–Upper Triassic comprises the Taliqike Formation (T₃t), the Huangshanjie Formation (T₃h) and the middle–upper Karamay Formation (T_2–3k), with an average accumulated thickness of 260 m. The high-quality shale is dominated by type III kerogen with high maturity and an average original total organic carbon (TOC) of about 2.68 wt%. An improved hydrocarbon generation and expulsion model was applied to this self-contained source–reservoir system to reveal the gas generation and expulsion (intensity, efficiency and volume) characteristics of Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks. The maximum volume of shale gas in the source rocks was obtained by determining the difference between generation and expulsion volumes. The results indicate that source rocks reached the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold of 1.1% VR and the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion reached their peak at 1.0% VR and 1.28% VR, with the maximum rate of 56 mg HC/0.1% TOC and 62.8 mg HC/0.1% TOC, respectively. The volumes of gas generation and expulsion from Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks were 12.02 × 10¹² m³ and 5.98 × 10¹² m³, respectively, with the residual volume of 6.04 × 10¹² m³, giving an average gas expulsion efficiency of 44.38% and retention efficiency of 55.62%. Based on the gas generation and expulsion characteristics, the predicted shale gas potential volume is 6.04 × 10¹² m³, indicating a significant shale gas resource in the Middle–Upper Triassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression.     

库车坳陷东部凝析油特征及其成藏意义

利用原油物性、族组分、轻烃组分、碳同位素、生物标志化合物等实验资料,系统分析了库车坳陷东部凝析油的物性和有机地球化学特征,厘定了凝析油的成因类型 ,并在此基础上明确了油气充注历史。研究结果表明：库车坳陷东部凝析油属于典型的陆相油,具有密度低、粘度低、凝固点低、含硫低和含蜡中等的特征,碳同位素关系以及生物标志化合物特征表明 凝析油主要来自三叠系湖相烃源岩。库车坳陷东部凝析油和天然气具有不同源、不同期的特征,凝析油主要为湖相烃源岩在成熟演化阶段的产物,天然气主要为煤系烃源岩在高-过成熟演化阶段的产物 ,凝析油的成熟度低于天然气的成熟度,且早期原油遭受气洗改造作用。因此,库车坳陷东部总体上具有“早油晚气”的充注特征,现今的凝析油是早期形成的原油被气洗改造而形成的。