内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床为一大型矽卡岩型矿床。成矿作用分为两期5个阶段,包裹体显微测温研究表明:Ⅰ-1阶段主要发育气液两相包裹体(VL型)、富气相包裹体(LV型)及含Na Cl子矿物三相包裹体(SL型)。VL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为375.4℃~479.8℃,盐度为10.73%~13.73%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度变化范围为415.2℃~458.4℃,盐度为5.32%~7.67%Na Cleqv;SL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为434.6℃~497.5℃,盐度为42.15%~45.25%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ-1阶段流体属中-高温、高盐度的不混溶Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅰ--2阶段发育VL型和LV型两类包裹体,VL型包裹体均一温度的变化范围为202.3℃~345.7℃,盐度为5.17%~11.22%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度为265.7℃~381.9℃,盐度1.98%~5.01%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ--2阶段流体性质为中温、中等盐度的不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅱ--2阶段(主成矿阶段)主要发育VL型包裹体,均一温度分布于165.9℃~258.7℃,盐度为0.83%~5.62%Na Cleqv,说明流体性质为中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液。在流体由中--高温、高盐度不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系向中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液演化的过程中,金属元素逐渐富集并最终形成矿床。包裹体中碳氢氧同位素的研究证明早期流体来源以岩浆水为主,并有少量大气降水的参与;而晚期流体来源主要为大气降水。     

青海铜峪沟铜矿床成矿流体特征及矿床类型探讨

青海省铜峪沟铜矿床位于东昆仑东西向构造岩浆带与鄂拉山北西向构造岩浆带的复合部位。依据矿物共生组合、交代与穿插关系可将铜峪沟铜矿成矿过程分为3个阶段:矽卡岩阶段、石英—多金属硫化物阶段及石英—方解石阶段。对不同阶段包裹体进行了包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体成分分析。研究结果表明,流体包裹体主要为液相包裹体(L型)、气相包裹体(G型)及含子矿物包裹体(S型)。其中矽卡岩阶段以含子矿物包裹体(均一温度为322℃~600℃,盐度为32.92%~73.97%Na Cleqv)和液相包裹体(均一温度为231℃~600℃,盐度为10.74%~21.68%Na Cleqv)为主。石英—多金属硫化物阶段以液相包裹体(均一温度为176℃~381℃,盐度为2.74%~21.96%Na Cleqv)和气相包裹体(均一温度为127℃~419℃,盐度为4.49%~8.81%Na Cleqv)为主。石英—方解石阶段仅发育液相包裹体(均一温度为143℃~201℃,盐度为5.25%~9.21%Na Cleqv)。计算得到流体压力、密度变化范围分别为0.37~132.2 MPa、0.53~1.17 g/cm3。成矿流体具有从高温高盐度向低温低盐度的演化特征。矽卡岩阶段发生了流体的混合作用,石英—多金属硫化物阶段发生了流体的减压沸腾作用导致了大量金属硫化物沉淀,成矿晚阶段流体可能来源于大气降水。分析认为,铜峪沟铜矿为岩浆热液层矽卡岩矿床。     

黑龙江省马连金矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

为确定马连金矿成矿流体性质,笔者对成矿期石英开展详细的流体包裹体和氢氧同位素研究,包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明:石英中主要发育气相包裹体、液相包裹体和纯液相包裹体;包裹体均一温度为148~255℃(峰值为180~210℃),盐度为1.7%~7.5%Na Cleqv(峰值2%~4%Na Cleqv),属于低温、低盐度金矿床。激光拉曼和群体包裹体成分分析显示:成矿流体气相成分以H2O为主,CO2、CH4次之,液体主要成分为Ca2+、Na+、SO42-和F-,其次为K+、Mg2+、NO3-和Cl-,成矿流体属于Na Cl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系。包裹体氢氧同位素研究表明:成矿流体δDV-SMOW值介于-92.3‰~-113.4‰,δ18OH2O值介于2.5‰~3.5‰,具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征,结合成矿流体特征,认为流体不混溶或沸腾作用导致相分离是马连金矿沉淀主要原因。     

藏南柯月铅锌锑银矿床流体包裹体研究

为探讨柯月铅锌锑银矿床成矿流体的性质以及成矿机制,对其热液期各阶段含矿石英、菱铁/菱锰矿及方解石中流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温学研究和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果显示,热液期Ⅰ阶段均一温度为250~281℃,盐度为10.24%~15.17%Na Cleqv,流体密度为0.90~0.95 g/cm3;Ⅱ阶段均一温度为173~330℃,盐度为3.87%~33.19%Na Cleqv,流体密度为0.85~1.15 g/cm3;Ⅲ阶段均一温度为173~241℃,盐度为3.06%~12.62%Na Cleqv,流体密度为0.85~1.00 g/cm3。柯月铅锌锑银矿床成矿流体早阶段为中温、中等盐度、含CO2的H2O-CO2-Na Cl体系,主阶段演化为中温、高中低盐度、富CO2、富金属元素的H2O-CO2-Na Cl体系,晚阶段演化为中低温、中低盐度、无CO2的H2O-Na Cl体系。流体包裹体组合特征及显微测温结果表明,成矿流体经历了流体不混溶过程,同时,流体不混溶作用是引起矿质的大量沉淀的主要因素。     

内蒙古卓资县大苏计斑岩型钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及流体包裹体研究

内蒙古卓资县大苏计钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘中段的凉城断隆内,是近年来在华北克拉通北缘发现的一个大型斑岩钼矿床,矿体主要产于印支期石英斑岩和正长花岗斑岩中。成矿过程可以划分为石英_钾长石_黄铁矿±辉钼矿±磁铁矿阶段(早阶段)、石英_绢云母_辉钼矿_黄铁矿阶段(中阶段)和石英_方解石_黄铁矿±闪锌矿±方铅矿阶段(晚阶段)。矿石中5件辉钼矿的Re_Os同位素模式年龄介于(223.6±3.1)Ma~(224.2±3.4)Ma之间,其加权平均值为(223.9±1.4)Ma(MSWD=0.017),等时线年龄为(223.5±5.5)Ma(MSWD=0.026),表明大苏计钼矿床形成于印支期。大苏计钼矿床发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型、含子矿物型和纯气相包裹体。成矿早阶段主要发育富液型、富气型包裹体,另有少量H2O_CO2型包裹体,其均一温度介于342~430℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于3.4%~11.0%之间;中阶段主要发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型和含子矿物型包裹体,另有少量纯气相包裹体,其均一温度为234~380℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于6.2%~34.9%之间;晚阶段仅发育富液型包裹体,其均一温度介于202~280℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于1.2%~11.7%之间,指示该阶段有大气降水的加入。成矿流体从早、中阶段的H2O_Na Cl_CO2体系演化为晚阶段的H2O_Na Cl体系。早、中阶段流体均为不混溶流体,流体沸腾是成矿物质沉淀的主要机制。集宁地区钼矿床主要为斑岩型,至少存在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世2期钼成矿事件。     

张家口朱家洼钼矿床成矿流体特征及对成因指示

张家口朱家洼钼矿床是近年来华北地台北缘中段继内蒙古曹四夭特大型钼矿床之后发现的又一个规模可达大型的钼矿床。钼矿床主要呈半隐伏—隐伏状围绕分布于骆驼山岩体周边。本次对矿区2个钻孔中采集的11件富含辉钼矿的石英矿物,进行了包裹体岩相学、显微测温、包裹体气、液相成分及氢氧分析。结果显示:该矿床流体包裹体可分为4种类型:富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含子晶包裹体和富CO2三相包裹体。其中,富CO2三相包裹体分布较少,其余3种类型包裹体常见。含子矿物的包裹体均一温度、盐度分别在400℃和45%NaCl eqv左右;富液相包裹体均一温度平均值为277.43℃,盐度20%NaCl eqv左右;富气包裹体和富CO2包裹体均一温度分别为380℃和30℃;盐度较低,分别为6%NaCl eqv和2.04%NaCl eqv左右。气液相成分分析显示流体体系成分以H2O、Cl-、F-、Na+、K+离子为主,Ca2+,SO42-含量较低,特征离子比值暗示流体来源于岩浆流体。成矿流体总体上属于H2O-NaCl体系。氢氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水。沸腾作用是辉钼矿沉淀的主要机制。     

吉林中东部季德屯和大石河大型钼矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

季德屯和大石河钼矿是吉林中东部新发现的两个大型钼矿。季德屯钼矿主成矿阶段发育富液相(WL)、富气相(WG)和含CO2相(C型)三种类型流体包裹体,各类包裹体平均盐度为4.8~7.5(wt%,Na Cl)、均一温度为240℃~320℃、成矿压力为73.6~75.5 MPa;晚成矿阶段仅发育富液相(WL)包裹体,包裹体平均盐度为4.5~7.5(wt%,Na Cl)、均一温度为150℃~180℃、成矿压力为43.1~45.1 MPa。大石河钼矿主成矿阶段发育富液相(WL)和含CO2相(C型)两种类型流体包裹体,各类包裹体平均盐度为3.0~6.0(wt%,Na Cl)、均一温度为180℃~330℃、成矿压力为86.4~91.6 MPa;晚成矿阶段仅发育富液两相(WL)包裹体,盐度为1.0~4.0(wt%,Na Cl)、均一温度为160℃~220℃、成矿压力为46.8~48.8 MPa。结合矿床地质特征,确定季德屯钼矿矿床类型为与侵入岩有关的脉状钼矿床,大石河钼矿矿床类型为造山型脉状钼矿床。     

西藏冈底斯罗布真铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

西藏罗布真铅锌矿床位于冈底斯西缘,其矿体主要产于古新世林子宗群英安岩及斑状二长花岗岩中,并受断裂控制。成矿过程可分为石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)和石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)。Ⅰ阶段石英中分布三种类型的包裹体,即:纯气相包裹体(成分为CO2或CH4)、水溶液包裹体(液相组分主要为H2O,含微量CO2,气相组分主要为H2O和CO2)和含子矿物多相包裹体。Ⅱ阶段石英中的包裹体类型及对应的成分与Ⅰ阶段石英大体相似,但部分水溶液包裹体气液相成分均为H2O;Ⅱ阶段闪锌矿中分布水溶液包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,二者液相组分和气相组分主要为H2O,子矿物为方解石。Ⅰ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在200~320℃,盐度集中在8%~16%Na Cleqv,Ⅱ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在180~240℃和280~320℃两个区间,盐度集中在6%~12%Na Cleqv。成矿流体为中温、中低盐度的H2O-Na Cl±CO2体系。成矿流体的δDH2O值为-91‰~-125‰,δ18OH2O值为3.9‰~6.6‰,表明其来源主要为岩浆水。以气液相分离为标志的流体不混溶是矿区硫化物沉淀的重要机制。     

滇西猴桥钼矿床流体包裹体研究

为探讨猴桥钼矿床的成矿流体特征,开展了系统的矿床地质研究和流体包裹体岩相学、显微热力学及单个包裹体成分的激光拉曼显微探针分析。结果表明,脉石矿物石英中发育了气相、气液两相和纯液相3种流体包裹体,气液两相包裹体的均一温度为102~334℃,主要集中在180~280℃,推算盐度为4.49%~12.51%Na Cleqv、密度为0.65~0.96 g/cm3,反映成矿流体具有中-低温、中-低盐度、低密度的特征。单个包裹体成分研究表明,猴桥钼矿流体包裹体主要成分为水。经验公式计算得到猴桥钼矿床的成矿压力为28~92MPa,推算其成矿深度为0.9~3.1km(平均为2km),成矿深度不大。成矿流体温度和盐度波动范围较大,指示成矿过程中流体性质发生了较大变化,暗示流体混合作用可能是导致钼矿沉淀的重要原因。     

内蒙古车户沟钼铜矿成矿年代学及成矿流体特征研究

内蒙古车户沟斑岩钼铜矿床位于西拉木伦钼矿带内.含矿花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为251.6±3.2Ma,9件辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为250.2±7.2Ma,表明成矿作用发生在早三叠世.车户沟钼铜矿床成矿流体演化可分为矿前阶段、早阶段、中阶段和晚阶段.矿前阶段以斑晶石英+磁铁矿为标志,流体以高温、低盐度、富CO2为特征;早阶段是辉钼矿沉淀的主要阶段,流体包裹体均一温度分布范围为210 ～ 423℃,盐度范围为5.3％ ～45.8％ NaCleqv,部分不同类型不同盐度的包裹体密切共生,但均一温度接近,指示沸腾作用发生;中阶段为黄铜矿沉淀的主要阶段,未见含CO2包裹体,流体包裹体均一温度为210 ～ 391℃,盐度范围为1.7％ ～43.8％ NaCleqv;晚阶段为石英-碳酸盐±黄铁矿脉,只发育富液相水溶液包裹体,均一温度低于260℃,盐度为2.4％～11.4％ NaCleqv.因此,车户沟矿床成矿流体由初始的高温、富CO2,经沸腾作用和CO2逃逸,演化为低温、贫CO2.车户沟氢氧同位素特征早阶段流体(δ18OH2o=5.1‰～5.7‰,δDH2o=-91‰ ～-88‰)属于岩浆热液,中、晚阶段(δ18OH2O=-5.1‰～4.2‰,δDH2O=-105‰～-84‰)介于岩浆水和大气降水之间,指示成矿过程中有大气降水加入.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.