零通量面的形成及其在确定包气带水分入渗补给与蒸发消耗中的应用

本文以大量实际资料为基础,根据能量理论,采用土水势观点,详细分析了降雨(或灌溉)前后包气带剖面土水势分布状况,阐明了零通量面形成——发生、发展和消失的全过程。论述了零通量面的形成对包气带水分蒸发和潜水入渗补给的影响。推出了计算公式,并结合实际资料进行了验证计算,取到了较好的效果。     

大埋深条件下降雨入渗补给的初步分析

运用SWAP模型对太行山山前平原--河北省栾城县田间土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟.从土水势及土壤含水量等方面,初步分析了降雨灌溉入渗补给条件下土壤水分运动的规律.通过分析和讨论,探求了大埋深条件下降雨入渗过程,初步揭示了降雨入渗对地下水位变化的影响.     

太行山山前平原地下水补给规律分析:以河北栾城为例

采用水均衡法与通量法对太行山山前平原(河北栾城)进行了地下水补给评价,结果表明:近20 a地下水入渗补给量为8～172mm/a(水均衡法),平均值49.3 mm/a,变化幅度大.其中2004年入渗补给量(63mm/a)比采用通量法计算结果(28.2mm/a)大一倍,表明土壤优先流对入渗补给作用显著.年入渗补给量总体上随有效降雨量增加、地下水位下降速率减少、作物实际蒸发蒸腾量减少而增加,但与有效灌溉量和灌溉量之和的相关性不显著.通过长序列地下水位与灌溉量等数据估算得到研究区侧向净补给量为125.2 mm/a,约占地下水总补给量的71.7％(175.4 mm/a),说明地下水主要以侧向补给为主.同时计算了入渗补给与侧向补给地下水的延迟时间,分别为60 a和1个月.     

种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究

基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。     

零通量面法在沈阳地区地下水资源评价中的应用

降水对地下水的入渗补给和大气蒸发作用下地下水的消耗是地下水资源的重要组成部分。降水入渗和地下水蒸发这两种作用均是通过包气带进行的。从包气带着手，运用零通量法确定这些量已在实际中得到应用。以沈阳地区为例，针对该区集中频繁降水与蒸发排泄交替进行导致零通量紊乱易变的特点，在对有关问题深入探讨的基础上，对浅层潜水入渗补给量（包括蒸发量）和非饱和渗透系数进行了计算，取得了较好的效果。     

垂直降雨入渗水势模型的推导及其试验验证

通过讨论传统降雨入渗模型及降雨非饱和渗流计算方法,指出从入渗量角度建立的降雨模型及其计算方法不能较好地满足岩土工程渗透稳定性的分析要求;且与降雨入渗的物理过程不符.应用半解析半迭代的方法,从水势(负压)的角度推导了降雨自由入渗和压力入渗两个阶段的理论模型,开发相应的数值计算程序,并实现了两个阶段模型的联立求解;从理论上推导出自由入渗阶段表层土壤负压和压力入渗阶段表层土壤入渗率两个特征参数随时间的变化规律.设计了室内降雨入渗水势(负压)测试试验,应用测试结果验证理论模型及其数值计算方法的有效性.该研究为解决降雨入渗导致的岩土工程渗透稳定性问题提供了重要的理论和方法支持.     

滞后补给权函数：降雨补给潜水滞后性处理方法

本文分析了当前数值模型中处理降雨入渗补给潜水方法中存在的问题,提出一种能刻画滞后补给且使用方便的方法－滞后补给权函数法。     

包气带弱渗透性黏土透镜体对降雨入渗补给影响的数值模拟

大气降雨是华北平原浅层地下水的主要补给来源。长期过量开采地下水造成地下水位持续下降,使原来处于饱水带的透镜体位移到包气带中,形成了厚度大、非均质性更为复杂的包气带。厚层包气带中弱渗透性黏土透镜体对于降雨入渗补给的影响是关系到降水入渗过程及补给量评价的基本问题。用HYDRUS软件建立数值模拟模型,模拟探讨单次降雨条件下,透镜体埋深、宽度比、厚度等要素对入渗路径、入渗补给时间和入渗补给量的影响。结果表明:入渗过程中弱渗透性黏土透镜体两侧会形成较快的绕流;透镜体会减小补给峰值并延长总体补给时间,但不改变补给起始时间;透镜体埋深与极限蒸发深度的相对关系决定了潜在补给量的大小,透镜体埋深或因透镜体形成的上层滞水处于极限蒸发深度以上会减少潜在补给量。     

乍得湖盆地典型区域降雨入渗补给地下水试验

针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。     

利用地中渗透仪观测资料进行降雨入渗补给规律分析

利用郑州地下水均衡场地中渗透仪实测资料，分析了降雨入渗补给的年际变化以及入渗补给过程中的滞后现象。通过计算降雨入渗系数，确定了降雨量与入渗量的定量关系，评价了不同降雨量、不同包气带岩性和厚度条件下的入渗补给量。研究表明，地下水埋深较小时，降雨入渗系数随着埋深的增加而增大，1m以下则逐渐减少，3m以下趋于稳定；当包气带岩性单一时，降雨入渗系数随岩性的不同而变化，即砂质土大、粘性土较小，而含有薄层粘土夹层的亚砂土最小。     

Redemarcation of recharge area of stressed confined aquifers of Neyveli groundwater basin, India, through tritium tracer studies

Natural recharge due to rainfall (annual average 1,200 mm) over an area of 1,500 km² of the Neyveli groundwater basin was carried out for two consecutive hydrological years, using the tritium injection technique. The lignite seams, occurring within the Upper Miocene formation in the basin have been mined for the last 40 years. The confined aquifer underlying the lignite seams has been pumped continuously since 1961, for depressurization and safety around the mine. The recharge zone is identified as an elongated zone, oriented in a NE–SW direction within the basin. Natural recharge measurements were made at several sites (single and duplicate injections), covering the entire basin. They indicate a recharge rate of 333–556 mm/year (24–40% of rainfall) in the north and northeastern parts, covering the previously defined recharge areas as well as some adjoining areas. Soil moisture movement at several duplicate sites in these areas showed significant downward migration of tracer during the non-monsoon period, probably caused by pumping in the mine area. Isotopic data of ground water samples in the northern and northeastern part of the basin indicates modern ages. Concurrent field observations like deep water table with high annual fluctuations and exposure of pebble beds, enabled the redemarcation of the aggregate recharge area as 650 km². The redefined recharge area includes the areas identified by earlier workers as well as the new area on the northeastern side of the lignite mine.     

降雨入渗补给地下水数值模拟研究

针对在地下水资源评价中入渗补给量采用经验估算存在较大误差的问题,以神东矿区为例,在广泛调查矿区包气带岩性结构并结合野外取样、室内参数测定的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法建立包气带水分运移数值模拟模型,定量模拟矿区内不同地段降雨入渗强度,探讨影响降雨入渗强度的主要因素,计算得出研究区降雨入渗系数大致在0.18~0.27,分析认为影响降雨入渗强度的因素有降雨量、潜水埋深、包气带岩性等。其中在研究区广泛分布的风积沙对地下水资源起到了一定的保护作用。     

辛安泉系统岩溶地下水降水补给滞后分析研究

辛安泉域是山西第二大岩溶泉,是长治市生活主要供水水源,根据其地质和含水岩性特征,从其补径排规律上,分析了泉域接受降水补给的年内和年际特点.并建立其裸露区降水补给模型.得出降雨补给泉水滞后6a以上,最长可达10a,降水丰枯与泉水的不一致变化趋势.近年降水减少是泉水流量下降的主要原因,应合理开采,以保泉水常流不竭.     

Impacts of climate change on groundwater in Australia: a sensitivity analysis of recharge

Groundwater recharge is a complex process reflecting many interactions between climate, vegetation and soils. Climate change will impact upon groundwater recharge but it is not clear which climate variables have the greatest influence over recharge. This study used a sensitivity analysis of climate variables using a modified version of WAVES, a soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model (unsaturated zone), to determine the importance of each climate variable in the change in groundwater recharge for three points in Australia. This study found that change in recharge is most sensitive to change in rainfall. Increases in temperature and changes in rainfall intensity also led to significant changes in recharge. Although not as significant as other climate variables, some changes in recharge were observed due to changes in solar radiation and carbon dioxide concentration. When these variables were altered simultaneously, changes in recharge appeared to be closely related to changes in rainfall; however, in nearly all cases, recharge was greater than would have been predicted if only rainfall had been considered. These findings have implications for how recharge is projected to change due to climate change.     

Using CRD method for quantification of groundwater recharge in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Rainfall is the main source of groundwater recharge in the Gaza Strip area in Palestine. The area is located in the semi-arid zone and there is no source of recharge other than rainfall. Estimation of groundwater recharge from rainfall is not an easy task since it depends on many uncertain parameters. The cumulative rainfall departure (CRD) method, which depends on the water balance principle, was used in this study to estimate the net groundwater recharge from rainfall. This method does not require much data as is the case with other classical recharge estimation methods. The CRD method was carried out using optimisation approach to minimise the root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and the simulated groundwater head. The results of this method were compared with the results of other recharge estimation methods from literature. It was found that the results of the CRD method are very close to the results of the other methods, but with less data requirements and greater ease of application. Based on the CRD method, the annual amount of groundwater recharge from rainfall in the Gaza Strip is about 43 million m³. An erratum to this article can be found at     

岩溶水系统的水化学曲线及其在水文地质研究中的应用

为了认识水文地质条件与岩溶泉水化学之间的关系,以西南地区的6个典型岩溶水系统丫吉试验场S31号泉、毛村地下河、官村地下河、陈旗岩溶泉、青木关地下河以及金佛山水房泉为例进行研究。通过对比发现,在这些强烈非均质的山区裸露型岩溶水系统中,仪器能够实现自动化监测的电导率、温度和pH值等指标的水化学曲线存在差异。分析可知控制水化学变化的主要因素如下:首先是降雨补给引起系统的水量与碳酸盐岩溶解过程的变化;其次是CO₂气体随降雨进入含水层,促进碳酸盐岩的溶解;最后是地表污染物的淋滤。当电导率、水温、pH曲线出现降低和碳酸盐岩矿物饱和指数下降时,反映的是岩溶水的稀释作用;当电导率曲线出现高峰时,反映的是岩溶水补给的CO₂效应,此时水中二氧化碳分压(p_CO2)升高;当场雨中水化学曲线的变化滞后于水文动态曲线时,反映的是岩溶管道的活塞流效应;与人类活动有关的NO₃^-等污染物质量浓度在降雨后出现高峰,反映土壤的降雨淋滤作用,并可能影响电导率的变化趋势。某个系统的水化学曲线趋向于经常出现某几种效应,并且彼此的类型不同,表明了降雨补给的面状渗流方式和集中灌入方式对岩溶水影响的强弱不同,以及系统在径流方式和调蓄机制上的差异。一般而言:以面状补给方式为主的系统,水化学曲线多表现为CO₂效应,较少出现稀释作用;而岩溶发育强烈的系统,降雨补给受控于溶蚀裂隙和管道,其水化学曲线较多出现稀释作用,较少出现CO₂效应;以管道为主要径流方式的系统易出现活塞流效应,而包气带厚度大和含水层储水能力强的系统水化学变化被减弱。     

Modelling of ground water recharge-potential in the hard-rock Aravalli terrain,India: a GIS approach

Modelling of ground water recharge-potential in hard-rock areas principally aims at water-resource evaluation. Various techniques are available to assess recharge-potential, and their capability in estimating recharge is also variable. However, the water level fluctuation method is found capable in computing actual ground water recharge. Demarcation of ground water recharge-potential zones in arid and semi-arid regions is of great importance for human survival and sustainable development. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques have been widely used by numerous researchers for qualitative assessment of ground water potential of a basin or terrain. In the present study, a GIS-based water table fluctuation method has been attempted for quantitative modelling of ground water recharge of the hard-rock Aravalli terrain. This GIS-based model is further used to evaluate recharge-potential of the terrain by integrated assessment of infiltration capacity, normal rainfall, and its cumulative frequency.