阿尔金北缘地区韧性剪切带型金矿床构造控矿解析

韧性剪切带型金矿是一种成矿机制与控矿因素都与韧性剪切带及其演化密切相关的金矿床类型。阿尔金北缘地区不同层次剪切带发育,金矿床受韧性剪切带控制明显,在区域上,韧性剪切带控制金矿床(点)的分布;在矿床范围内,韧性剪切带及其演化过程中形成的韧脆性剪切带既是唯一的赋(含)矿构造,也对矿化带、矿体的形态、产状、规模及分布起决定性的控制作用;压扭性韧性剪切变形特点决定了金矿化类型以蚀变糜棱岩型为主,交代蚀变作用发育。含矿构造裂隙以P型为主,少量D型和R型,个别为R~1型和T型;构造变形所引发的动力分异作用及其形成的动力变质热液是金矿成矿流体的主要来源之一,这与地球化学和成矿流体包裹体研究显示的大平沟金矿床成矿物质主要来源于变质岩、成矿流体有相当部分来源于变质水的特征相吻合。结合糜棱岩磁组构研究,发现磁各向异性度P值与金元素含量呈负相关关系,说明构造变形早于金矿化蚀变作用,这种时序关系进一步佐证了韧性剪切带型金矿床的成矿模式。即大面积的韧性变形构造动力分异作用形成的含金热液不是就地原位矿化,而是向上迁移并集中到范围比较窄小的韧-脆性或脆性裂隙中才发生金元素富集,最终形成金矿床。     

闽北建阳太阳山韧性剪切带型金矿主要地质特征

本对新近发现的太阳山金矿的主要地质特征进了研究，认为它是一个典型的韧笥剪切带型金矿；成矿地质特征与金山金矿相似。其直接控矿构造为北西走向的逆掩推覆韧脆性剪切带，成因类型属于与剪切带有关的变质热液型金矿床。     

剪切带型金矿中金沉淀的力化学过程与成矿机理探讨

剪切带型金矿是一种重要的金矿床类型,有关该类型金矿的成因问题已开展了大量研究,但对于剪切带中金的沉淀析出机制和成矿过程仍存在较大争议,对于赋矿部位的构造属性与矿床关系的研究尚显薄弱。对此笔者整理分析了近年来国内外有关剪切带型金矿的研究进展,并结合我国胶东金矿的研究实例,运用断层阀和力化学理论分析发现,无论是脆性还是韧性剪切带,无论是脉型还是蚀变岩型金矿,其成矿的关键部位均与构造应力集中而导致的脆性破裂(特别是R、T、R’破裂的产生)和碎裂作用以及(多期)岩体侵位密切相关,并且脆性破裂所导致的压力骤降从而引发流体闪蒸的力化学过程可能是造成金沉淀析出成矿的有效机制,其中多期岩体侵位所提供的流体是成矿的物质基础。此外,从国内外实例可以看出,剪切带中的脆性破裂不仅发生于脆性或脆韧性构造域,也可以发生在较深层次的韧性构造域中,尽管韧性域中产生脆性破裂的原因还不十分清楚,但这可能是韧性剪切带成矿的关键机制之一。最后,综合岩体、流体、剪切带三者对成矿的耦合作用,文中提出剪切带型金矿的成矿机理为:(多期)岩体侵位-热液活动-构造剪切-应力集中-脆性破裂(碎裂)产生-压力骤降-流体闪蒸-元素(金)析出,如此循环往复方可形成大型剪切带型金矿。     

滇中小水井金矿床成矿流体地球化学及成因类型探讨

小水井金矿床赋存于哀牢山造山带红河断裂东缘韧-脆性剪切构造破碎带中,容矿岩石为砂泥岩、灰岩之角砾岩、碎裂岩。硫、碳同位素研究表明,流体中碳、硫来自深部或地幔;氢、氧同位素组成则显示成矿热液主要为天水下渗及地下水循环从流经岩石获得物质而形成的混合热液流体。矿物中流体包裹体类型以气-液相为主,少量气相出现。矿石中的石英流体包裹体液相成分阳离子以Na+、K+为主,Na+/K+比值为3.056~4.940;阴离子以Cl-、SO24-为主,且Cl->SO24->F;气相成分以H2O、CO2为主,间有CH4、CO出现,属H2O-CO2-NaCl体系。主要成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于180~260℃之间,成矿深度约为1.0 km,流体密度0.65~0.9 g/cm3,流体盐度w(NaCleq)1.74%~9.08%,平均5.33%。小水井金矿床属于浅成条件下,由中低温、低盐度、低密度的混合热液流体在韧-脆性剪切构造带中形成的金矿床,其地质-地球化学特征与造山型金矿相似,成因类型应归属于浅成造山型金矿床,工业类型为构造蚀变岩型金矿。矿床的形成经历了金元素初始富集形成矿源层、成岩期后剪切-逆冲推覆构造活动过程中的构造-热液作用富集成矿、中酸性岩浆沿剪切构造带及裂隙系统侵入活动形成的含矿热液叠加富集、表生氧化-淋滤再富集时期等成矿过程。     

湖北浠水——梅川地区剪切带中金成矿作用

作者分析了大量国内外金矿模式，并根据浠水－梅川地区的实际情况，提出金活化阶段、金初始富集阶段、金成矿阶段，并分别与韧性、韧脆性、脆性剪切变形相对应。成矿主要与脆性变形有关，韧性剪切变形向脆性剪切变形至关重要。从韧性剪切带向脆性剪切带转变的过程中，Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ发生大规模的活化迁移，并在较窄的脆性断裂中明显富集，形成矿体或矿化体。剪切带中的成矿流体在金矿形成过程中起着重要作用。随着变形机制、构造环境变化引起成矿流体沸腾作用并导致金矿形成。金矿成矿过程为：在挤压构造环境下，深层次韧性剪切带中形成原生富气相的（动力）变质流体；随着变质流体向上运移，温度逐渐降低，水蒸气开始逸出，液相成分增加，在伸展构造作用下，岩浆流体沿剪切带上升，不断改造和稀释着变质流体，最终形成以岩浆流体为主的成矿流体；随着伸展作用的继续进行，成矿流体静水压力不断降低引起流体沸腾，从而导致金矿形成。     

北祁连红土沟─川刺沟金矿与韧性剪切带的成矿关系

通过对北祁连红土沟川刺沟金矿及韧性剪切带的基本特征和成矿关系等研究,发现该区韧性剪切带形成过程中韧性、韧脆性剪切作用形成的构造蚀变岩控制了金矿的产出。韧脆性剪切带构成了该矿床的富矿和储矿构造,为矿液的迁移、富集提供了较好的条件,也是深部流体的通道。位于中、下地壳中的超临界流体能够以硫络合物形式溶解大量金和其他成矿元素,这种含金的超临界成矿流体沿韧性剪切带向浅部迁移。流体中金的溶解度迅速降低,导致金大量沉淀而形成金矿。北祁连地区的红土沟川刺沟金矿床产于早古生代碰撞造山带中,是该造山带形成和演化的阶段性产物。红土沟川刺沟金矿是一种典型的造山带中的韧性剪切带型金矿床,其主要的矿石类型为构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿石。     

北祁连红土沟——川刺沟金矿与韧性剪切带的成矿关系

通过对北祁连红土沟川刺沟金矿及韧性剪切带的基本特征和成矿关系等研究,发现该区韧性剪切带形成过程中韧性、韧脆性剪切作用形成的构造蚀变岩控制了金矿的产出.韧脆性剪切带构成了该矿床的富矿和储矿构造,为矿液的迁移、富集提供了较好的条件,也是深部流体的通道.位于中、下地壳中的超临界流体能够以硫络合物形式溶解大量金和其他成矿元素,这种含金的超临界成矿流体沿韧性剪切带向浅部迁移.流体中金的溶解度迅速降低,导致金大量沉淀而形成金矿.北祁连地区的红土沟川刺沟金矿床产于早古生代碰撞造山带中,是该造山带形成和演化的阶段性产物.红土沟川刺沟金矿是一种典型的造山带中的韧性剪切带型金矿床,其主要的矿石类型为构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿石.     

中国南天山萨恨托亥-大山口成矿带韧性剪切带与金成矿作用

以南天山中段萨恨托亥-大山口成矿带内控矿韧性剪切带为例,对韧性剪切带的金成矿作用进行了初步探讨.通过对地质体的构造变形特点、变形演化过程的分析表明,韧性剪切带的构造属性控制了金矿的产状及规模,金矿化阶段与韧性剪切带的变形演化过程密切相关.矿化类型、矿化强度及矿化方式受韧性剪切带发展阶段制约,剪切带内物质组分迁移变化揭示出韧性剪切带与金在剪切带内的迁移富集、沉淀成矿的内在联系.韧性剪切带成矿作用是南天山成矿带中段重要的金矿成矿作用.     

剪切带型金矿床系列的确立及其地质找矿义

本文在讨论了胶东半岛招-掖金矿带金矿床的成矿地质特征和成矿机理基础上,提出了剪切带型金矿床系列的概念。在同一构造应力场作用下,成矿热液沿剪切带流动并与之反应,从深部到浅部在韧性、韧+脆性、脆性三种不同性质的构造变形带中分别形成了焦家式金矿(蚀变岩型)、灵山沟式金矿(过渡型)、玲珑式金矿(石英脉型),从而构成剪切带型金矿床系列。本文认为剪切带型金矿床系列不仅是我国最重要的金矿床类型,而且可以作为在剪切带中寻找金矿床的理论依据。     

豫西南石板沟金矿床成矿流体性质及矿床成因讨论

石板沟金矿是一个与韧一脆性剪切带有关的变质热液金矿床。根据捕获在石英中的流体包裹体研究，叙述了廖．矿流体的特征，讨论了成矿机理和矿床成因。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.