河南洛宁沙沟Ag-Pb-Zn矿床银的赋存状态及成矿机理

位于河南洛宁境内的沙沟热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床是熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型矿床.野外观察和矿相学研究表明成矿过程包含4个阶段, 分别为石英-菱铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-闪锌矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-银矿物-方铅矿阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ), 其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段为主成矿阶段.扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和电子显微探针微区成分分析(EMP)结果显示, 沙沟矿床中的银以不可见银和可见银两种形式存在, 但以可见银为主.不可见银主要以次显微包体(< 1 μm)的形式被包裹在黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物中, 而可见银通常以各种银的独立矿物形式交代方铅矿和黄铜矿等硫化物或充填在硫化物和石英的显微裂隙内.结合本文研究和前人对沙沟矿床流体包裹体的研究认为, 银和铅、锌等金属离子在成矿早期高温阶段以氯络合物的形式搬运, 随着成矿热液温度和氧逸度的降低以及pH值的升高, 氯络合物因稳定性降低而解体, 硫氢络合物成为银、铅、锌的主要迁移形式.随着成矿热液温度的继续降低, 铅、锌等金属硫氢络合物开始分解, 方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物得以沉淀, 此时部分银以显微和次显微包体银的形式被包裹于这些硫化物中.铅锌硫化物的大量沉淀引起成矿热液组成和性质的显著变化, 最终导致银从硫氢络合物中彻底解体, 并与Cu+、Sb3+等离子结合形成大量独立银矿物(如含银黝铜矿、硫锑铜银矿和辉铜银矿等), 而溶液中过饱和的银则以自然银的形式沉淀.      

江西万年虎家尖银金矿床主要银矿物特征及其形成条件

虎家尖银金矿床的主要银矿物有银黝铜矿-黝锑银矿、深红银矿、辉银矿-螺状硫银矿、脆银矿、辉锑银矿、硫锑铅银矿、辉锑铅银矿、捷辉锑银铅矿等;矿化包括石英-碳酸盐阶段、石英-硫化物阶段、碳酸盐阶段和银硫盐阶段;成矿流体为低盐度(约7％重量NaCl)、中低温(254～175℃)热液;成矿体系压力约150MPa,lgfs_2变化于-18.5～-10.0;lgfo_2变化于-41.6～-32.0间,f_(co_2)高于(6.03～0.32)×10~5Pa,温度下降、人_(S2)降低导致银、金的硫氢配合物分解,银、金矿物沉淀析出。     

内蒙双尖子山Pb- Zn- Ag矿床金属矿物学研究与银的富集机理

双尖子山Pb- Zn- Ag矿床位于黄岗- 甘珠尔庙多金属成矿带的东北段,是目前发现的中国最大的银矿床。本文通过野外地质调查、矿相学鉴定、电子探针背散射图像以及电子探针化学成分分析,对该矿床金属矿物的矿物学特征进行了详细研究,同时对金属矿物的化学式进行了计算,并对银的富集机理进行了探讨。银矿物主要以可见银(>50μm)的形式产出,包括独立银矿物：硫锑铜银矿、硫银锡矿、辉硒银矿、深红银矿、脆银矿、黝锑银矿、螺状硫银矿、金银矿和自然银等;不可见银含量少,主要以类质同象形式赋存在方铅矿中。矿床成矿阶段细分为：①石英- 高Fe闪锌矿- 富Se和Bi的方铅矿- 富Se富Sb富Sn的银矿物阶段;②石英- 方铅矿- 富Fe闪锌矿- 毒砂- 富Sb富Sn少Se的银矿物阶段;③石英- 闪锌矿- 方铅矿- 银矿物阶段;④黄铁- 碳酸盐阶段。金属矿物沉淀顺序为：(黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿)→银的硫盐矿物→银的硫化物→自然银。矿床中的Fe+、Cu+、Zn+、Pb+、Ag+等金属离子在早期中温高硫逸度阶段主要以硫氢络合物形式搬运。随着成矿热液温度的降低,铅、锌等金属硫氢络合物开始分解,方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物得以沉淀,此时部分银以显微和次显微包体银的形式被包裹于这些硫化物中,铅锌硫化物的大量沉淀引起成矿热液组成和性质的显著变化,最终导致银从硫氢络合物中彻底解体,并与Cu+、Sb3+等离子结合形成大量独立银矿物(如深红银矿、硫锑铜银矿等)。随着温度、盐度持续降低,硫逸度也逐渐降低,pH值升高,成矿流体中出现大量自由Ag+并逐渐达到饱和,银矿物开始大量沉淀,Ag+与H2S发生作用形成螺状硫银矿。自然银的大量出现标志着银的沉淀过程趋于结束。金属矿物沉淀顺序为：(黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿)→银的硫盐矿物→银的硫化物→银的自然金属。     

夏塞银矿床中硫盐矿物成矿作用的重要意义

夏塞银多金属矿床地处我国四川省巴塘县茶洛乡,按照大地构造单元划分其位于川西义敦岛弧造山带的中央地段。它是我国最早发现的大陆碰撞型矿床。该矿床以含高品位的Ag,伴生Sn、Cu、Bi、Cd、Au,以及众多的硫化物及硫盐为特征,其种类多达50种,尤以辉锑铅银矿及银锑黝铜矿系列最丰富,系该矿山银资源的主要矿石矿物。其他如锑端元硫砷锑铅矿、脆硫锑银铅矿、硫锑铅矿-脆硫锑铅矿系列亦有发育。本文旨在查明此类矿物的成因并探索其重要的成矿作用。本文通过EMP及SEM-EDS等方法查明上述矿物的赋存形式并分析其化学组成。结果表明上述矿物均以显微包裹体状态散布于硫化物方铅矿及铁闪锌矿中。代表性的辉锑铅银矿包裹体粒径大小悬殊,形态各异,粒度从1μm至50μm不等,且以两组成90°正交的网状构造分布在方铅矿中,此种构造实属罕见,此外尚见有其他多种奇特形态。将银锑黝铜矿系列的Ag/(Ag+Cu)与Zn/(Zn+Fe)比值在Sack等温曲线中投图,估算生成银锑黝铜矿系列的流体温度为200~350℃。参照以往包裹体测温数据认为夏塞地区Ag、Sn多金属矿床应属岩浆期后的中温热液类型矿床。本文再次强调硫盐矿物在夏塞银矿床成矿作用中的重要性,有助于深刻认识夏塞矿床成因机制。     

西藏扎西康锌多金属矿床地质特征及银的赋存状态研究

扎西康锌多金属矿床位于西藏特提斯喜马拉雅板片的"金锑多金属"成矿带东段。研究显示,矿体主要呈脉状、透镜状产于近南北向的张性断裂中。热液成矿作用主要可划分为早、晚2个成矿阶段,7个成矿亚阶段,早期以铅锌矿化为主,晚期以锑(铅)矿化为主。岩矿石镜下鉴定和电子探针分析表明,扎西康矿床矿石种类繁多,矿物组合和成矿元素均呈现明显的分带现象,由深至浅(W→E)为含锡(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+少量黄铜矿(深部)→(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+黄铁矿+毒砂+少量银黝铜矿+少量石英(中深部)→方铅矿+闪锌矿+脆硫锑铅矿+铁锰碳酸盐+硫锑铅矿+少量银黝铜矿+石英(中部)→辉锑矿+方铅矿+少量闪锌矿+石英+少量铁锰碳酸盐(浅部),对应的元素分带为Zn(Pb+Ag+Cu+Sn)→Zn(Pb+Ag)→Zn+Pb(Sb+Ag)→Pb+Sb+Ag+Zn。矿区银矿化主要集中在Ⅴ号矿体ZK2703-ZK2302、ZK1502-ZK1105和ZK806三个区域,与铅锑矿化关系密切。矿石中银主要以类质同象的形式存在,独立银矿物相对较少。其中,类质同象银主要赋存在方铅矿中,少量赋存在硫锑铅矿、脆硫锑铅矿、毒砂、黄铁矿等金属硫化物中;独立银矿物有少量的银黝铜矿、硫锑铅银矿、银(含银)硫铜锑矿。成矿流体中铅、锌、锑、银的运移和富集沉淀是受体系中温度、压力、浓度、pH值等多种因素综合控制的结果。     

大别造山带汞洞冲铅锌矿床矿物学特征和铅同位素研究

汞洞冲矿床位于大别造山带北麓,是以热液角砾岩型铅锌为主的多金属矿床。岩矿相显微鉴定、SEM/EDS及电子探针分析结果表明,矿床中Ag以独立银矿物相为主(硫锑铜银矿和含银黝铜矿),呈粒状、柱状、板状、不规则状等,以显微或亚显微状被包裹于先期形成的方铅矿中,金属硫化物中不可见银极少。结合矿床金属硫化物铅同位素结果表明,矿床的形成与燕山期岩浆活动密切相关,成矿物质具有壳幔混合的特征。自岩浆出溶的Pb、Zn、Ag等金属离子在成矿早期以氯络合物的形式迁移,随着成矿热液温度、盐度、f_(O2)降低,以及p H值的升高,Pb、Zn氯络合物因稳定性降低而解体形成铅锌角砾型矿石,而Ag则形成硫氢络合物继续存在,当温度继续降低后发生分解沉淀,Ag~+与Sb~(3+)、As~(3+)、Cu~+结合形成大量独立银矿物。     

东昆仑那更康切尔沟银矿床银矿物特征及成矿元素沉淀机制浅析

那更康切尔沟银矿床位于东昆仑造山带东段昆中断裂北侧,是青海省近年来首次发现的主要受北西向断层控制的大型独立热液脉型银矿床。文章首次对其银矿物和成矿元素沉淀机制进行了研究,通过矿相学显微观察、电子探针和扫描电镜能谱分析以及石英流体包裹体显微测温等手段初步查明:赋存于金水口岩群地层中的银矿物种类简单,主要为自然银和辉银矿,并且与毒砂、闪锌矿、黝锡矿在空间分布上关系较密切,不含碘元素;赋存于鄂拉山组地层中的银矿物种类复杂,包括自然银、螺硫银矿、淡红银矿、火硫锑银矿、辉锑银矿、银黝铜矿、黝锑银矿、硫锑铅银矿、辉锑铅银矿、捷辉锑银铅矿等,并且普遍含碘元素;金水口岩群中矿石石英流体包裹体均一温度主要集中于275~295℃,鄂拉山组中则主要集中于155~215℃;而两者流体盐度差异性较小,前者主要集中于4.5%~6.5%,后者主要集中于5.5%~6.5%。金水口岩群和鄂拉山组地层中围岩蚀变特征、银矿物种类、化学成分特征、成矿流体温度表明两者成矿元素沉淀机制具有显著差异性,这对金水口岩群和鄂拉山组地层中的矿产勘查具有重要指导意义。     

东岗山银多金属矿床银的赋存状态的研究

东岗山银多金属矿床有三种类型，其中最重要的是锡石─硫化物型银矿床。银形成于硫化物成矿后期的硫锑铅矿─方铅矿─黄铜矿─银黝铜矿阶段。银的赋存状态有三种：①以独立矿物相即银黝铜矿的形式赋存于主要矿石矿物之中；②以类质同象替代状态产出，并且不排除次显微状银黝铜矿存在的可能性；③在氧化带的下部则为次生的辉银矿。     

广西隆安县凤凰山Ag—Pb—Zn多金属矿床银的赋存形式及银矿物特征

凤凰山Ag－Pb-Zn多金属矿床产在寒武系类复理石建造中，赋矿围岩为砂岩和页岩，矿体受北西西向的构造破碎带控制。含矿热液流体沿构造破碎带充填，形成规模较大的多金属矿床，矿床的形成具有多期多阶段的特征。银主要以银的独立矿物形式存在，和方铝矿、硫锰矿、闪锌矿、菱锰矿及黄铁矿的关系较为密切。主要的银矿物有辉锑铅银矿、深红银矿、杂辉锑银铅矿、捷辉锑银铅矿、柱硫锑铅银矿、脆银矿、辉锑银矿和银黝铜矿等。银矿物主要形成于石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐、硫盐阶段。     

内蒙古西山湾羊场银多金属矿床银的赋存形式及成矿机理

西山湾羊场银多金属矿床位于华北克拉通北缘中西段。矿区出露有较大面积的古生代二长花岗岩和英云闪长岩，中生代早白垩世白女羊盘组火山岩沿二长花岗岩与英云闪长岩之接触带的北东向张性裂隙喷发，银矿体呈透镜状或似层状产出于下白垩统白女羊盘组及其与侵入岩的接触带，铅锌矿体主要产于侵入岩及其与火山岩的接触带，断裂构造控矿明显。本文在野外地质调查的基础上，结合室内显微镜下观察和电子探针分析手段，对银的赋存形式和分布情况进行了研究，对银、铅锌的地球化学迁移模式、沉淀机制及其成矿过程进行了探讨。研究结果表明，该矿床中银的存在形式主要为可见银，其次为不可见银。可见银主要为显微包体银（1~10μm）和独立银矿物（>50μm），不可见银主要为类质同象银和超显微包体银（<1μm）。显微包体银多被黄铁矿、石英、钾长石和重晶石等包裹；独立银矿物主要为辉银矿，其次为硒银矿，还有少量自然银、螺状硫银矿和深红银矿（淡红银矿）等，多分布于石英粒间及裂隙中；类质同象银主要赋存于蓝辉铜矿、雅硫铜矿等二元铜硫化物中；超显微包体银主要包裹于与银矿化相关的方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿中。根据矿（化）脉体之间的穿切关系、矿石结构构造及矿物共生组合，成矿作用过程可划分为热液期和表生期。热液期是主要的成矿期，包括石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段，其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段，铅锌矿化形成于该阶段早期，银矿化形成于该阶段晚期。富含Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ag、S和Se等多种元素的成矿热液，在早期高温条件下金属离子以氯络合物的形式搬运，随着成矿热液温度降低以及其它物理化学环境的变化，氯络合物不稳定而解离，未发生沉淀的金属离子转变为以硫氢络合物的形式继续运移。成矿热液向上运移过程中，随着温度的持续降低，铁、锌、铜和铅等金属离子的硫氢络合物溶解度降低而发生分解，形成黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿等金属硫化物，Ag⁺部分置换Cu⁺以类质同象形式赋存于二元铜硫化物中，部分银以超显微包体形式被先期形成的矿物黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿等硫化物所包裹。因Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu⁺、Pb²⁺等离子的依次沉淀，致使^-不稳定而分解，生成辉银矿，并且Ag⁺与流体中的Se^2-结合形成少量硒银矿，被包裹于重晶石和石英之中，而溶液中过饱和的银则沉淀为自然银。表生条件下，原载体矿物中的银以及离散银经淋滤作用随黄铁矿的褐铁矿化而得以再次富集。     

四川石棉金矿床中的黝铜矿族矿物

四川石棉西部碳酸盐岩系中的金矿床产于泥盆系中统,受层间蚀变破碎带控制。其中分布有为数较多的黟同矿族矿物,与黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿和Ａｕ－Ａｇ系列矿物共同组成矿石的矿物组合和Ａｕ－Ｃｕ－Ａｇ－Ｐｂ－Ａｓ－Ｓｂ－Ｂｉ的元素组合。电子探针分析表明黝铜矿族矿物有同铜矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿和锌砷黝铜帮等,其中,Ｆｅ－Ｚｎ、ＡｓＳｂ之间分别呈完全类质同象。在垂向上,黝铜矿的成分自上而下由富锌锑向富铁砷演     

福建上蔡硫－多金属矿区前峰西矿段银的矿床地球化学特征及赋存状态研究

福建上蔡硫－多金属矿区前峰西矿段矿床中银的地球化学背景值普遍偏高，局部富集，从矿石矿相鉴定，扫描电镜分析中得知银是以独立矿物年银矿形式赋存于方铅矿中的．首先由各种藻类生物从海水中摄取Ｓ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ａｇ，Ｔｅ等元素的离子，于成岩成矿阶段形成多种金属矿物。由于Ａｇ，Ｔｅ，Ｐｂ地球化学性质、晶体化学性质相近，Ｔｅ，Ａｇ以类质同象状态进入方铅矿。区域变质－矽卡岩化过程中Ａｇ，Ｔｅ在方铅矿中，也随之结合成Ａｇ２Ｔｅ（碲银矿）熔离出来成为方铅矿的不混熔包体或次生包体。     

Ag-rich Tetrahedrite in the El Zancudo Deposit,Colombia: Occurrence,Chemical Compositions and Genetic Temperatures

Chemical compositions of tetrahedrite—Ag-rich tetrahedrite—freibergite solid solutions (Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss) and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates of seventeen samples from nine veins in the El Zancudo deposit, Antioquia, Colombia, were investigated to reveal the origin of silver in Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss, to derive their crystallization temperatures and to examine the relationship between chemical compositions of Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss and their crystallization temperatures. The ores consist of arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss, galena, boulangerite, andorite, owyheeite, diaphorite, jamesonite, miargyrite, bournonite, chalcopyrite, and electrum. Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss forms about 10 volume % of the total ores and is one of the most common and widely distributed sulfosalts in this deposit. Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss is rich in Ag (1.13 to 31.02 wt%) and Sb (22.93 to 29.82 wt%), and poor in As (0.06 to 2.43 wt%), consistent with the reported incompatibilities of Ag and As in Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss. The Zn/(Zn + Fe)-, Ag/(Ag + Cu)- and Sb/(Sb + As + Bi)-atomic ratios exhibit some variations among the veins. Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss with higher Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratios coexist with diaphorite, whereas those with lower ratios are not associated with this sulfosalt. Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss in the assemblages of Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss+ sphalerite and of Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss+ bournonite + galena shows no Zn ↔ Fe and Cu ↔ Ag variations between core and rim, respectively, negating the possibility of solid state reaction during cooling. Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss is thus regarded as primary phase. Homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates co-existing with Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss define the mineralization temperatures of 134 to 263°C. Independent crystallization temperatures of Ag-rich tetrahedrite estimated based on Zn/(Zn + Fe) and Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratios of the Ag-rich tetrahedrite_ss associated with silver minerals such as miargyrite, andorite and diaphorite using Sack's thermochemical database lie in a range between 170 and ∼250°C. Both results are thus in good agreement.     

Enrichment characteristics and its geological significance of dispersed elements within sulfide minerals from the VI ore belt in the Maoping Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province,ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

作为华南大面积低温成矿域的重要组成部分,川滇黔铅锌矿集区是我国重要的铅锌银等资源基地之一,同时该矿集区也是Ge、Cd、Ga和In等稀散元素的超常富集区域。毛坪矿床是该矿集区内第二大铅锌矿床,累计探明铅锌金属储量超过3Mt(Pb+Zn平均品位≥18%),锗(Ge)保有储量182t。本文以新发现的Ⅵ矿带(铅锌金属已探明储量≥60万t,Pb+Zn平均品位≥20%)为研究对象,利用LA-ICPMS对主要矿石矿物闪锌矿和黄铁矿进行了微区原位微量元素组成和Mapping分析。研究结果显示Ⅵ矿带闪锌矿普遍富集Ge(最高580×10^(-6),均值81.1×10^(-6))、Cd(最高3486×10^(-6),均值1613×10^(-6))和Ga(最高190×10^(-6),均值44.4×10^(-6));黄铁矿普遍富集Mn、As、Pb、Cu、Ag和Sb。与Ⅰ和Ⅱ号矿带闪锌矿相比,Ⅵ号矿带闪锌矿更富集Ge和Ga。闪锌矿中Fe和Pb以类质同象为主,偶见黄铁矿和方铅矿显微包体;Cu、Ge、Ag和As赋存形式主要为类质同象,替代方式为Ge^(4+)+2(Cu+,Ag+,As+)↔3Zn^(2+);Cd以类质同象方式赋存为主,替代机制为Cd^(2+)↔Zn^(2+);Ga和In可能主要以类质同象方式存在。黄铁矿中Pb和Mn主要以方铅矿和碳酸盐矿物显微包体为主;Cu、As和Sb以类质同象形式存在于黄铁矿中;Ag和Zn可能以独立矿物形式赋存;Co和Ni以类质同象方式替代Fe进入黄铁矿晶格中,替代方式为Ni^(2+)+Co^(2+)↔2Fe^(2+)。毛坪矿床新发现Ⅵ矿带硫化物相比典型MVT矿床硫化物具有不同的In和Ge含量以及Cd/Fe比值,结合矿床地质特征和其他证据,表明毛坪矿床成因类型特殊,有别于经典MVT铅锌矿床,属于川滇黔型铅锌矿床。     

大兴安岭中段铜多金属矿床矿物微量元素研究

对大兴安岭中段铜多金属矿床硫化物矿同量元素研究表明,虽然该区矿床类型不同,但闪锌矿种属一致,多为铁闪锌矿和含铁闪锌矿,而方铅矿中Ｓｂ,Ｂｉ,Ａｇ含量却明显不同;黄铜矿中的Ｃｏ,Ｎｉ含量明显大于黄铁矿中的Ｃｏ,Ｎｉ含量;各类型矿床中方铅矿,闪锌矿,黄铜矿,黄铁矿等硫化物中Ａｇ普遍有较高的含量,反映了大兴安岭中段银处于高异常区,银,金,镉,铟往往具有综合利用价值。     

Genesis of fahlore in the Tianbaoshan lead–zinc deposit,Sichuan Province,China: a scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy study

The Tianbaoshan deposit, located in the southwestern part of the Yangtze Block, is a representative Pb–Zn deposit in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb–Zn metallogenic province. The Pb–Zn orebodies are hosted in the upper Sinian Dengying Formation dolostone. The predominant minerals are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz, and calcite with minor arsenopyrite, fahlore, and dolomite. The deposit is characterized by relatively strong Cu mineralization. However, the relationship between Pb–Zn and Cu mineralization is unknown. We analyzed the mineralogy and composition of fahlore, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, and galena using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy, with the aim of providing new evidence for the genesis of the Pb–Zn–(Cu) ore. The results show that the Cu ore in the deposit is dominated by chalcopyrite and fahlore, both of which formed before or during the Pb–Zn ore-forming stage. The fahlore showed dramatic compositional variation and was characterized by negative correlations between Ag and Cu, and between As and Sb, suggesting substitution of Ag for Cu, and that As and Sb substitute in the same site in the fahlore lattice. Based on backscattered electron images and composition, the fahlore was divided into two types. Type I fahlore crystallized early and is characterized by enrichment of Cu and depletion in Ag and Sb. Type II fahlore formed after Type I, and is rich in Ag and poor in Cu and As. Moreover, galena and fahlore are the host minerals of Ag. The variation of valence state with As host mineral—from fahlore to arsenopyrite—indicates the metallogenic environment changed from relatively oxidizing to reducing with a high pH. In the light of Gibbs energies of reciprocal reactions and isotherms for cation exchange, the composition of the fahlore implies its ore-forming temperature was lower than 220 °C, corresponding with typical Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits. Based on the geologic character and geochemical data of this deposit, we suggest that the Tianbaoshan deposit belongs to the MVT deposit category.     

Mineral and geochemical compositions,regularities of distribution,and specific formation of ore mineralization of the Rogovik gold-silver deposit (northeastern Russia)

New data on the mineral composition and the first data on the geochemical composition of ores of the Rogovik gold-silver deposit (Omsukchan ore district, northeastern Russia) have been obtained. Study of the regularities of the spatial distribution of ore mineralization shows that the deposit ores formed in two stages. Epithermal Au-Ag ores of typical poor mineral and elemental compositions were generated at the early volcanic stage. The major minerals are low-fineness native gold, electrum, acanthite, silver sulfosalts, kustelite, and pyrite. The typomorphic elemental composition of ores is as follows: Au, Ag, Sb, As, Se, and Hg. The content of S is low, mostly < 1%. Silver ores of more complex mineral and elemental compositions were produced under the impact of granitoid intrusion at the late volcanoplutonic stage. The major minerals are high-Hg kustelite and native silver, silver sulfosalts and selenides, fahlore, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. The typomorphic elemental composition of ores is as follows: Ag, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and B. The content of S is much higher than 1%. The ores also have elevated contents of Mo, Ge, F, and LREE (La, Ce, and Nd). At the volcanoplutonic stage, polychronous Au-Ag ores formed at the sites of the coexistence of silver and epithermal gold-silver mineralization. Their specific feature is a multicomponent composition and a strong variability in chemical composition (both qualitative and quantitative). Along with the above minerals, the ores contain high-Hg gold, hessite, argyrodite, canfieldite, orthite, fluorapatite, and arsenopyrite. At the sites with strongly rejuvenated rocks, the ores are strongly enriched in Au, Ag, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ge, Se, La, Ce, Nd, S, and F and also contain Te and Bi. The hypothesis is put forward that the late silver ores belong to the Ag-complex-metal association widespread in the Omsukchan ore district. A close relationship between the ores of different types and their zonal spatial distribution have been established. In the central part of the Rogovik deposit, epithermal Au-Ag ores are widespread in the upper horizons, Ag ores are localized in the middle horizons, and rejuvenated polyassociation Au-Ag ores occur at the sites (mostly deep-seated) with ore-bearing structures of different ages.     

桂阳宝山铅锌银矿中部铅锌矿伴生银赋存特征

宝山中部沿锌矿属中低温热液充填交代型矿床，伴生银平均品位为２３３ｇ／ｔ。银的主要载体矿物为方铅矿，闪锌矿。银呈独立矿物相为主，（含）银矿物共１２种，为一系列复杂的硫盐矿物。银易于随主金属铅锌一起回收，理想回收率达９３．７７％。     

Silver-Bearing and Associated Minerals in El Zancudo Deposit, Antioquia, Colombia

The occurrence and the chemical compositions of ore minerals (especially the silver‐bearing minerals) and fluid inclusions of the El Zancudo mine in Colombia were investigated in order to analyze the genetic processes of the ore minerals and to examine the genesis of the deposit. The El Zancudo mine is a silver–gold deposit located in the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Antioquia Department. It consists mainly of banded ore veins hosted in greenschist and lesser disseminated ore in porphyritic rocks. The ore deposit is associated with extensive hydrothermally altered zones. The ores from the banded veins contain sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, Ag‐bearing sulfosalts, Pb‐Sb sulfosalts, and minor chalcopyrite, electrum, and native silver. Electrum is included within sphalerite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, and is also partially surrounded by pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite. Native silver is present in minor amounts as small grains in contact with Ag‐rich sulfosalts. Silver‐bearing sulfosalts are argentian tetrahedrite–freibergite solid solution, andorite, miargyrite, diaphorite, and owyheeite. Pb‐Sb sulfosalts are bournonite, jamesonite, and boulangerite. Two main crystallization stages are recognized, based on textural relations and mineral assemblages. The first‐stage assemblage includes sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and electrum. The second stage is divided into two sub‐stages. The first sub‐stage commenced with the deposition and growth of sphalerite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite. These minerals are characterized by compositional growth banding, and seem to have crystallized continuously until the end of the second sub‐stage. Tetrahedrite, Pb‐Cu sulfosalts, Ag‐Sb sulfosalt, and Pb‐Ag‐Sb sulfosalts crystallized from the final part of the first sub‐stage and during the whole second sub‐stage. However, one Pb‐Ag‐Sb sulfosalt, diaphorite, was formed by a retrograde reaction between galena and miargyrite. The minimum and maximum genetic temperatures estimated from the FeS content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite and the silver content of electrum are 300°C and 420°C, respectively. These estimated genetic temperatures are similar to, but slightly higher than the homogenization temperatures (235–350°C) of primary fluid inclusions in quartz. The presence of muscovite in the altered host rocks and gangue suggest that the pH of the hydrothermal solutions was close to neutral. Most of the sulfosalts in this deposit have previously been attributed as the products of epithermal mineralization. However, El Zancudo can be classified as a xenothermal deposit, in view of the low pressure and high temperature genetic conditions identified in the present study, based on the mineralogy of sulfosalts and the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions.