新疆阿尔泰山南缘克兰盆地沉积构造演化与铅锌成矿

位于西伯利亚板块阿尔泰大陆边缘的克兰泥盆纪火山沉积盆地具有明显的非对称性,其沉积构造演化经历了三个阶段:早期酸性火山-沉积阶段、中期基性火山-沉积阶段、晚期碎屑沉积阶段。盆地构造演化的各阶段都伴随着特定的成矿作用,形成了相应的矿床类型。在早期酸性火山-沉积阶段,主要表现为英安质-流纹质酸性火山活动及VHMS型铅锌成矿作用;在中期基性火山-沉积阶段,主要表现为玄武质基性火山喷发及SEDEX型铅锌成矿作用;在晚期碎屑沉积阶段,主要表现为陆源碎屑沉积作用,成矿作用相对甚弱。     

新疆阿吾拉勒铁矿带成矿系列和找矿重大突破

西天山阿吾拉勒铁矿带是新疆最重要的铁矿带之一。在伊犁地块前寒武纪基底上发育起来的阿吾拉勒石炭纪上叠裂谷, 形成了由一套海相双峰式火山岩建造组成的火山岩带, 伴随强烈火山活动和岩浆成矿作用, 形成以铁为主, 铜、锌、铅、金、银等共生的海相火山岩型矿床。按照矿床成矿系列理论, 建立了矿床成矿系列(组)、亚系列及矿床式(组), 随着火山活动强度由强到弱, 清晰表现出铁矿成矿强度由弱到强, 再变弱, 就位方式由火山喷发沉积到火山气液-矿浆贯入-喷溢充填, 再到火山喷流沉积, 最后结束于含矿次火山岩浆侵入, 成矿组分由单一的铁逐渐变成铁、铜、锌、铅、金、银的多元素组合的演化规律。进入新世纪, 特别是新疆“358”项目实施以来, 阿吾拉勒铁矿带勘查在资金、人员、技术、政策等方面得到加强, 首次在西天山高山地区实施铁矿整装勘查, 构建了由正确的技术路线、科学的成矿理论、先进的技术方法、有力的保障措施等关键要素组成的评价体系, 实现了阿吾拉勒铁矿带找矿重大突破, 使之成为新疆最大的富铁矿带, 形成了实现勘查突破的关键路径和经验范式。     

延边东北部地区中生代火山-岩浆岩区金铜矿成矿特征

延边东北部地区中生代陆相火山断陷盆地处于吉黑褶皱系延边优地槽褶皱带延边复向斜内;区内中生代以来不同方向的断裂发育,火山活动强烈,岩浆侵入频繁;与中生代火山-岩浆活动有成因联系的金、铜金金属矿床多处,矿化蚀变线索也较多,构成了著名的五凤-小西南岔近东西向火山-岩浆期后低温热液型金、铜多金属成矿带;区内中生代火山-岩浆岩的形成是太平洋板块俯冲作用使大陆边缘拉张活动不断加剧,造成上地幔岩浆上侵的结果;并伴有成矿作用的发生,在岩浆岩体内外接触带的有利部位形成金、金铜或铜金多金属矿床;从远源至近源的成矿分带为Au-Ag→Au-Cu-Ag→Cu-Au-Pb-Zn→Cu(-Mo-Au);成矿作用表现出从低温至高温、从低硫到高硫的变化.     

南秦岭造山带安康石梯—旬阳神河早古生代热水沉积盆地构造-沉积相与热水聚矿特征

南秦岭造山带安康石梯—旬阳神河一带早古生代为裂陷沉积盆地区,发育一套深水相“硅、灰、泥”沉积建造,伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷型盆地中,具有典型的深水沉积、火山喷流沉积与热水沉积同盆共存,形成规模巨大独具特色的以重晶石、磁铁矿为主的多金属成矿带.热水沉积成矿盆地构造-沉积相反映了不同的构造变形-岩石组合-地球化学-沉积岩相的多维组合.南秦岭带三级热水沉积盆地发育的构造-沉积相,可初步划分为3种类型:(火山)热水沉积成矿盆地构造-沉积相、深水缺氧环境中裂陷沉积成矿盆地的构造-沉积相、碳酸盐岩台地浅水沉积盆地的构造-沉积相.(火山)热水沉积成矿盆地构造沉积相主要表现为火山沉积、热水沉积、深水化学沉积、热水沉积成矿四位一体.裂陷沉积成矿盆地的构造沉积相主要表现为热水沉积、深水化学沉积、热水沉积成矿三位一体.碳酸盐岩浅水沉积盆地的构造沉积相主要表现为正常浅水沉积、热水沉积、热水沉积成矿三位一体.通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别分析,三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地受控于盆地中的同生断裂和火山活动,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、火山喷流沉积组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常分布.三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间.区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、磁铁钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,重晶石、磁铁矿等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或火山(喷流)沉积岩的上盘.     

江西冷水坑银铅锌矿床层状矿体的成矿模式及深部勘查方向

江西冷水坑矿床层状银铅锌矿体严格受控于晚侏罗世巨厚的火山晶屑凝灰岩内的火山集块-角砾岩夹层,其没有或至少没有发生过大规模的成岩期后热液充填-交代成矿作用,矿体地质特征、矿石结构构造、银矿物标型、与斑岩型矿体的矿化关系,均显示其是陆相火山喷发沉积-成岩成矿的产物,属于火山喷溢矿床类型。矿体经历了火山喷发间歇期岩浆系统的赋矿岩浆聚集→火山活动期赋矿岩浆爆发性喷溢形成含矿火山集块角砾堆积物→在上覆凝灰岩覆盖下形成的封闭环境中成矿物质富集为层状矿体→燕山期含矿花岗斑岩微弱叠加的成矿作用过程。据其成矿过程,提出了针对已有的火山机构,运用探矿工程、地球物理测量,寻找次火山角砾岩筒状矿体和新的火山集块-角砾岩层状矿体的勘查思路。     

西藏东部早-中三叠世火山-沉积盆地地质特征

:西藏东部存在四条NW-SE向大致平行分布的早-中三叠世地层条带,自东向西分别为普水桥组、瓦拉寺组条带,马拉松多组-加指拉组条带,夏牙村组条带和竹卡群条带.我们通过地层岩性及其自WN向ES均有火山岩减少和沉积岩增多趋势、区域构造特征、盆地延入云南西部中三叠世地层沉积具趋同性等特征,认为藏东四个条带的早-中三叠世地层,在沉积时为统一火山-沉积盆地.早-中三叠世期间,该火山-沉积盆地沉积作用自东向西不断推进,中三叠世盆地范围最大、海水最深,在江达-芒康-线出现半深水-深水复理石沉积.火山活动贯穿盆地发展全过程,其中WN部和WS部火山活动最强烈,火山活动主要为中酸性火山岩及火山碎屑岩,随着中三叠世强烈地火山喷发,于中三叠世拉丁中期结束盆地发展历史.盆地形成和演化过程中,海水从东部侵入.     

东天山库姆塔格—沙泉子晚石炭世火山-沉积岩相学地质地球化学特征与构造环境

通过对本区晚石炭世沉积岩和火山岩的岩相学类型及其特征研究,划分出山前洪积相(河流相)、水下三角洲沉积相、海岸潮坪相、浅海相、火山沉积岩相、火山喷溢相、火山喷发岩相、热水沉积岩相、火山热水蚀变岩相和矽卡岩相等10种不同岩相和相应的亚相,这种特征属大陆挤压收缩体制下活动大陆边缘上的火山-沉积岩相学组合类型。垂向相序结构表明在热水沉积岩相上下均有较强的火山活动,为成矿提供所需的热能。在库姆塔格晚石炭世压陷盆地中,热水沉积岩相的纵向相序结构为热水角砾岩亚相→菱铁矿岩亚相/石膏岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相→碧玉岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相,这种组合是寻找“库姆塔格型”大型石膏菱铁矿矿床的岩相学标志。本区火山-沉积岩相总的沉积序列显示向上由浅变深→由深变浅趋势,沉积物源主要来源于华力西期岛弧带剥蚀区及其南侧(中天山)基底隆起带;火山喷发仍形成发生在浅海环境中,具有大陆挤压收缩体制下(中天山造山带)后陆盆地沉积特点;晚石炭世原型沉积盆地可能为后陆盆地,有利于大型石膏菱铁矿矿床保存。     

云南老君山锡多金属成矿区含矿夕卡岩地质特征及原岩恢复

夕卡岩是滇东南老君山成矿区众多锡多金属矿床的主要赋矿围岩。本文在系统分析了夕卡岩的产状特征和矿物组成特征的基础上,采用岩石化学和微观结构、构造相结合的方法,进行了原岩恢复。认为该类夕卡岩的原岩中含有大量中-基性火山岩,其形成过程与海相火山活动有关。滇东南地区寒武纪为大陆边缘拗陷盆地构造环境,含矿夕卡岩微量元素组成特征与火山弧玄武岩类似,推测研究区在早加里东期区域拉张作用背景下,盆地地壳变薄导了混杂作用,最终在拗陷盆地中心形成海相中-基性火山喷发及成矿作用。研究区中、下寒武统均有火山喷流沉积岩分布,反映了该区海相火山活动的多期次性。该套含矿夕卡岩为火山喷流沉积岩与其它正常海相沉积物混杂后,经印支期区域变质作用形成。     

庐枞盆地中生代火山岩的起源、演化及形成背景

庐枞中生代火山盆地位于长江中下游断陷带内,地处扬子板块的北缘.庐枞盆地内火山岩分布广泛,为一套包括粗玄岩-玄武粗安岩-粗面岩的富碱橄榄安粗岩系,划分为龙门院、砖桥、双庙和浮山等四个喷溢堆积旋回.盆地内火山岩浆活动起止时间约为136～124Ma,均为早白垩世火山活动.地球化学特征显示,庐枞盆地4个旋回火山岩岩浆具有同源关系,源于性质接近于EMI型富集地幔的交代地幔;各旋回火山岩岩浆演化过程中存在结晶分异作用,同时还受到了一定的地壳物质混染;火山岩由早到晚(龙门院旋回→砖桥旋回→双庙旋回→浮山旋回)具有向高钾、负Eu异常增强、结晶分异作用增强、岩浆分异程度增高方向的演化规律;庐枞盆地早白垩世存在由挤压-拉张过渡背景转为典型张性背景的构造转换,转换时间约为130.5Ma左右,龙门院、砖桥旋回火山岩形成于挤压-啦张过渡的构造背景,双庙、浮山旋回火山岩形成于典型的拉张构造背景.     

一个中生代的拉分盆地——宁芜盆地的形成及演化

宁芜盆地是中国东部郯庐断裂系中沿方山—南陵左行剪切断裂发育的中生代拉分盆地,形成于晚侏罗世,消亡于晚白垩世。根据宁芜盆地的构造变动、沉积建造、火山及岩浆活动和成矿作用等特点,文中提出了宁芜拉分盆地的生成及演化模式,并将宁芜拉分盆地的发展分为:(1)萌芽期——盆地核;(2)年轻期——“S”型盆地;(3)成熟期——菱形盆地和(4)消亡期——最终发展四个演化阶段。宁芜拉分盆地以具有强烈的火山活动为特征,特别是“S”形盆地末期,由于碱性的中基性次火山岩的侵入,形成了宁芜地区重要的玢岩铁矿。宁芜拉分盆地的构造应力场随着盆地的发展而不断变化,总的变化趋势是盆地内的拉张区逐渐扩大,在最终发展阶段这种拉张作用已遍及整个盆地。数值模拟的结果表明,NNE—NE向的拉张应力比NWW—NW向的挤压应力大数倍,宁芜拉分盆地正是在这种强大的拉张应力作用下得以形成及发展的。     

新疆“大哈拉军山组”火山岩的形成时代问题及其解体方案

基于前人的资料和本文获得的锆石SHRIMP数据,故建议解体“大哈拉军山组”。西天山东段拉尔敦达坂一带出露的火山岩是晚石炭世火山作用的产物,建议创名“拉尔敦达坂组”。新源城南的早石炭世火山-沉积岩依然使用“大哈拉军山组”。西天山西段大面积出露的“大哈拉军山组”火山岩比较复杂,原始创名剖面(特克斯南大哈拉军山一带)分布的早石炭世火山-沉积岩暂时继续使用“大哈拉军山组”的名称,但其北部大面积分布(昭苏北—特克斯—巩留-阿希金矿地区)的火山岩形成于晚泥盆世(而不是以前认为的早石炭世),建议用“特克斯达坂组”表述这套晚泥盆世火山—沉积地层。     

西天山查岗诺尔地区矿床成矿系列和找矿方向

西天山查岗诺尔地区是新疆重要的铁铜成矿带，形成于伊犁石炭－二叠纪裂谷。矿床类型有火山喷气沉积型铅锌硫化物矿、火山喷气沉积改造型铁铜、铜锌、铜硫化物矿、火山热液型铜硫化物矿、热液脉型金矿、火山热液型铜银矿。成矿系列划为与伊犁石炭－二叠纪裂谷火山－沉积作用有关的铁、铜、铅、锌、金、银多金属成矿系列，成矿亚系列为与下石炭统海相火山－沉积岩有关的铁、铜、锌、铅、金等层控硫化物矿床成矿亚系列和与下二叠统陆相火山－次火山岩有关的铜银矿成矿亚系列。矿床式有查岗诺尔式、欠哈布代克萨拉式、胜利式、巴勒陶萨拉式、哈尔嘎嘎林恩式、艾肯达坂式等。     

南盘江盆地南缘富宁—那坡地区早—中三叠世火山-沉积组合形成环境

南盘江盆地南缘发育大量早—中三叠世岩浆岩和巨厚三叠系,为研究沿中越边界一带是否发生洋盆俯冲消亡过程提供了重要的岩浆-沉积证据。选取中越边界地区出露面积最大的富宁—那坡地区早—中三叠世火山岩及相关沉积作为研究对象,通过系统的地质填图和剖面测量,查明这套火山-沉积组合具有下部玄武安山岩,上覆碳酸盐岩质砾岩、含砾粗砂岩和钙质砂岩的沉积序列,与岛弧环境火山-沉积序列相似。玄武安山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果为247±1 Ma和246±3 Ma,与野外产于中三叠统碎屑岩之下的地质事实相符。结合前人研究成果,确定这套火山岩形成于早—中三叠世(247~242 M a)。全岩地球化学分析结果显示,玄武安山岩富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs,R b、T h和U)和轻稀土元素(LR EE),其具有明显的Nb、Ta和Ti负异常。火山-沉积序列和火山岩地球化学特征表明,富宁—那坡地区早—中三叠世火山-沉积组合形成于与俯冲相关的弧环境。中越边界地区早—中三叠世弧火山岩与蛇绿混杂岩带的时空展布特征表明,该地区晚古生代洋盆发生了向北的俯冲消减。     

滇西漕涧地区崇山变质杂岩中崇山岩群的时代与构造属性

滇西崇山变质杂岩带位于三江造山带"峰腰"的北段,带内构造挤压变质作用强烈,主体由一套中-深变质岩系（崇山岩群）和晚期花岗岩组成.其中崇山岩群历来被认为是元古代的结晶基底,但至今无精确的年龄依据,其形成时代和构造属性存在较大争议,严重制约了对区域构造演化的认识.对滇西漕涧地区崇山岩群中的岩石组分开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究,结果显示副变质岩中的锆石均具明显的磨圆特征和较大的岩浆核,其中3件样品的最小一组碎屑锆石年龄分别为366~412 Ma（平均值为395 Ma）、435~508 Ma（平均值为473 Ma）和673~704 Ma（平均值为689 Ma）,指示了其原始沉积时代应不早于395 Ma;岩石地球化学表明,副变质岩是一套活动大陆边缘或被动大陆边缘构造背景有关的大陆岛弧碎屑岩,变质基性岩和变质中性岩为同源异相,均具活动大陆边缘的弧火山岩特征.结合副变质岩和两类正变质岩的构造属性相同以及普遍具相互伴生关系的特点,该3类岩石应属同一套地层系统的不同物质组分,崇山岩群主体为一套成岩于晚古生代（236~395 Ma）和形成于陆缘弧环境的火山-沉积地层单元;并与南东侧澜沧增生杂岩的志留纪弧火山岩组合成原-古特提斯洋盆东侧不同时代多岛弧的构造格局.综合研究认为,崇山变质杂岩带内的中-深变质岩系（崇山岩群）不（全）是前人认为的元古代结晶基底建造,应为原-古特提斯洋盆向东俯冲在兰坪-思茅地块西缘形成的一套火山-沉积地层系统;崇山岩群主要由年轻的（晚古生代）地层岩石组成,由于后期遭受中生代和新生代变质变形作用后形成了现今所见的"古老"岩石面貌的中-深变质系.      

Ore deposit types and tectonic evolution of the Iberian Pyrite Belt: From transtensional basins and magmatism to transpression and inversion tectonics

A new interpretation of the structural evolution of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) and volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization (VMS) is presented in this work, based on a review of the ore deposit types, the analysis of the hosting volcanic sequences and the tectonic evolution. The VMS deposits of the IPB are hosted by volcanic and siliciclastic rocks. Four main volcano-sedimentary sequences (VSC), from VSC₀ to VSC_3, have been assumed, the main deposits being located in the VSC₀ and at the top of the VSC₂.We have defined three main sectors oriented approximately E-W and hosting the VMS deposits. In the Northern sector, which is mostly located in Spain, graben basins and local pull-aparts are the main structures. In this sector, two belts can be distinguished, the deposits being located at the top of the VSC₂ felsic volcanism (Rio Tinto-type IPB deposits). In the Central sector, both in Spain and Portugal, half-graben basins are the most common structures, and the deposits are mostly located in the VSC₀ andesitic volcanic-sedimentary sequence (Tharsis-type IPB deposits). In the Southern sector, which is only located in Portugal, a graben basin with a pull-apart is again the main structure, and the deposits are located in black slates and at the top of a felsic volcanism, Strunian in age (VSC₀). The deposits located in graben basin with a pull-apart are essentially felsic volcanic-hosted with some siliciclastic material, mostly black shales. By contrast, those located in half-graben basins are mainly hosted by black-shales with minor amounts of andesitic rocks.The tectonic evolution shows that as a result of a counterclockwise rotation of the stress axes, the formation of the IPB and the associated ore deposits took place during several episodes, from transtension (with the development of both graben with pull-aparts and half-graben basins), through left lateral E-W shearing, to transpression. At the beginning of the transtensional process, several extensional, roughly E-W trending faults that developed graben and half-graben basins were generated and the first volcanic andesite-rhyolite rocks (VSC₀) formed. The Tharsis-type deposits, mainly hosted by black slates with some volcanic rocks, were formed in the Central sector while the Neves Corvo-type deposit, hosted by black slates and felsic volcanism formed in the Southern one. After a period characterized by barren mafic volcanism (VSC₁), a sinistral shear affected the previous fractures due to the stress axis rotation and felsic crustal volcanism started (VSC₂). Rhyolites and dacites were particularly abundant in two graben basins, which developed rollovers in pull-apart zones, forming the Rio Tinto-type deposits in the Northern sector. The thermal increase associated with VSC₀ and VSC₂ gave rise to the development of crustal-scale hydrothermal convective cells, which generated both types of deposits.After a barren VSC₃ felsic volcanism, subsequently, during the Variscan transpressional phase, the E-W extensional faults were reactivated as reverse faults, affecting the volcanic sequence (VSC₀ to VSC₃) as well as the interbedded sedimentary rocks (mostly black shales). As has been recognized at the Rio Tinto deposit, buttressing must have played a significant role in the geometry of inverted structures, and the VMS ores were intensely recrystallized.It should be emphasized that this new regional geological model for the IPB is an approach to provide a better insight into VMS deposits and could be a key-point for further studies, providing a new tool to improve knowledge of the VMS mineralizations and exploration guidelines elsewhere in the IPB.     

Paleotectonic Setting of Dongyan Group of Middle and Upper Proterozoic in Central Fujian Province

The central Fujian Province, situated on the juncture of paleo-uplift of Wuyishan, Yongmei Late Paleozoic depression and the eastern volcanic rift-fanlting zone, is mainly composed of the outcropped metamorphic basements in the Middle-Late and Early Proterozoic, which constitute two upper and lower giant thick formations of Precambrian volcanic-sedimentary cycles, respectively. The formation of Dongyan Group is an important Middle-Upper Proterozoic component, and the Dongyan Group is directly related to massive sulfide deposit in this area. In recent years, plenty of lead, zinc, copper, silver and gold deposits have been found and explored. The Precambrian paleorift setting of the central Fujian Province served as a favorite metallogenic background for the formation of large- and superlargescale volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) lead and zinc polymetal deposits. The Dongyan Group consists chiefly of a set of ancient volcanic sedimentary formations that are composed mainly of greenschist. Its major lithologic types comprise greenschist, marble, quartzite and granofels class including various components. The metamorphic rocks of Dongyan Group are the main composition of Middle and Upper Proterozoic volcanic-sedimentary cycle. The original rock of Dongyan Group, a stable rock association, is volcanic sedimentation and normal marine sedimentation. But the original volcanic rocks, basic and acid, are bimodal. The volcanic rocks were formed in the extensional continental rift setting.     

囊谦盆地新生代钾质火山岩成因岩石学研究

囊谦新生代钾质火山岩形成于碰撞后的板内构造环境,基性、中性和中酸性熔岩之间不存在分异和演化的关系,它们地球化学性质上的差异是源区部分熔融程度不同所致;钾质岩浆形成于50～80 km深处的富集交代地幔.横断山地区一些拉分盆地中火山岩源区的部分熔融可能与来自软流圈小而分散的上涌体的底侵有关.大型走滑断裂带的强烈活动为熔体的快速上升提供了通道.     

福建云山火山喷发盆地形成的构造背景

云山火山喷发盆地是福建省早白垩世最典型的火山构造,通过对云山火山喷发盆地形成的构造背景与成矿作用关系的研究,认为云山火山喷发盆地的演化与闽江口—永定断裂带的右行走滑有关,早白垩世初由于走滑断裂带在云山一带拐弯,在进一步走滑过程中逐渐发展演化成具有拉分盆地（Pull-apart basin）性质的火山构造洼地。随着主断裂的生长,北东东向的拉张区不断扩大,在拉分盆地发育末期,这种拉张作用遍及整个盆地。拉分盆地还控制了外围金、银、铅锌等矿床点的形成。     

Relationship of late Quaternary tectonics and volcanism in the Khanarassar active fault zone, the Armenian Upland

The Syunik rhombus-like structure in the Khanarassar active dextral fault zone of Armenia is a typical pull-apart basin, formed between terminal parts of two adjacent en echelon fault segments. Some component of subsidence associated with the faults of the structure is found between the en echelon segments; nevertheless, the dextral component continues to be predominant even on the boundaries of the pull-apart basin. The late Pleistocene and Holocene lava volcanoes of the basin are also associated with those faults that have a component of extension. The relative ages of fault displacements and volcanic eruptions have been identified by the mutual correlation of lavas, moraines and topographic features and by archaeological and radiocarbon dating. According to the interpretation of rupturing and volcanism, major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions appear inter-related and three pulses of such activity during the earlier and middle Holocene have been identified.     

东秦岭(河南段)二郎坪群铜多金属成矿环境及成矿效应

二郎坪群位于北秦岭造山带中,在二郎坪群这套火山—沉积岩系中,含有在河南省占有重要地位的铜多金属矿。文章通过对二郎坪群的沉积建造特征、变基性火山岩的形成环境和岩浆来源特征的研究,认为二郎坪群形成于弧后盆地环境,其盆地规模和岩浆来源在盆地东西方向上存在差异,而铜多金属矿床成矿作用与二郎坪群的形成环境和变基性火山岩岩浆来源有着紧密的内在联系。二郎坪群弧后盆地在海底喷流作用下形成了不同成矿元素组合的铜-锌型和铅-锌型两种矿床类型。