民勤盆地水资源开发引起的环境地质问题及改善措施

民勤盆地位于石羊河下游,目前民勤绿洲沙漠化过程加快,部分群众背井离乡,沦为"生态难民","罗布泊"现象已经局部显现。本文从民勤盆地水资源开发利用现状出发,分析存在问题,提出治理措施。     

民勤盆地地下水资源开采潜力评价

民勤盆地位于我国甘肃省河西走廊石羊河流域的下游,上个世纪九十年代以后,该区域由于地下水大规模的开采,造成了水质恶化、植被退化、沙漠入侵等一系列的严重的生态和环境问题。为准确评价民勤盆地的地下水资源开采潜力,采用相对完整的地下水综合潜力评价方法,对民勤盆地地下水开采潜力进行定量评价。结果表明,民勤盆地地下水开采潜力指数P为1.16,潜力系数为1.18,地下水综合潜力模数为0.31,从综合地下水开发利用现状来看,地下水潜力一般,地下水开发利用处于临界值,地下水开发利用在保证当地国民经济规划用水中已处于极限状态。为今后地下水资源开发利用提供依据,保证民勤盆地生态环境安全。     

民勤盆地地下水供需分析及对策

本文分析了民勤盆地水文地质条件和地下水资源的特点、开发现状,阐述了地下水开发利用中存在的主要问题.在此基础上提出了民勤盆地地下水开发利用的对策与建议.     

民勤绿洲水资源利用的综合效益评价

水资源利用是民勤绿洲发展兴衰的关键影响因素. 将民勤绿洲水资源利用的历程划分为三个典型时期——"以粮为纲"时期、改革开放时期、生态保护时期, 并以其作为研究的特征时期, 建立了民勤绿洲水资源利用综合效益评价的数学模型. 利用网络层次分析法确定各项指标权重, 基于网络层次分析法的运算结果, 对民勤绿洲水资源利用的综合效益进行了定量评价, 结果表明: "以粮为纲"时期, 生态效益开始下降, 水资源利用的效果欠佳; 改革开放时期, 经济效益和社会效益均明显增长, 但生态效益出现新一轮下降, 水资源利用的效果有利有弊; 生态保护时期, 尤其是石羊河流域重点治理规划实施之后, 生态、经济和社会效益都开始上升, 水资源利用的效果相对最佳. 评价结果旨在为类似地区水资源利用政策措施的改进提供决策依据.     

民勤盆地地下水开发利用红线指标研究

通过对红崖山下泄流量和民勤绿洲地下水资料的收集整理,在地下水均衡原理的基础上,用系统分析法分析了地表水、地下水与开采量的关系规律,建立地下水开采总量和水位双约束控制的地下水开发利用红线管理指标,提出利用民勤降水量考核盆下地水资源控制的刚性水位指标,为有关部门利用和管理地下水资源和制定经济社会可持续发展提供有益探索。     

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析武秀珍，张惠昌（兰州大学地质系，兰州７３００００）民勤灌区机井效率低，能耗高、设备质量差与高定额灌溉之间矛盾突出，所以机井综合技术改造和合理的管理制度的建立已迫在眉睫。也是解决民勤水资源匿乏的基本途径之一。实测和调查资料...     

观法自然顺时而谋

新仙女木事件告诉我们,湿暖湿润-干旱-温暖湿润-干旱的地理环境演变规律是不以人的意志而转移的,而青藏高原的隆升使干旱气候和时段放大、延长并且使这个过程在一定的地质时段内不可逆转.人类活动的时段和地质事件记录的时段是无法比拟的,人类活动只是加速了生态环境恶化的进程.治理民勤生态环境的瓶颈是水.若不解决水资源缺口,民勤成为...     

民勤绿洲现状土地利用模式影响下地下水位时空变化的预测

用GIS与专业计算地下水运动的FEFLOW软件结合模拟研究了民勤绿洲现状土地利用模式影响下地下水位的时空变化。结果表明,如民勤绿洲现状土地利用模式发展下去,受其影响,绿洲地区的地下水位将持续地以较快的速度下降,到2010年10月,绿洲内将出现以绿洲腹地为中心、范围波及整个绿洲的两个地下水漏斗,漏斗中心地下水埋深将达47～52m,绿洲边缘地下水埋深将增加到17～22m,与1997年10月相比绿洲地下水位将下降9～34m。分析表明,在上游来水不变或减少的情形下,保持现状土地利用模式,将会逐步耗竭地下水资源,加速民勤绿洲的荒漠化过程的发生;如果调整作物种植结构、采用节水灌溉技术,将会减少地下水抽取量,减缓地下水位下降的趋势。     

地下水资源最优开采灰色局势决策方法

本文根据灰色局势决策方法，按照最大效果测度原理确定民勤盆地地下水资源的最优开采方案。     

1961—2005年河西走廊东部极端降水事件变化研究

利用1961—2005年河西走廊东部5个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了河西走廊东部近45 a极端降水事件变化的空间分布以及时间变化特征.结果表明:在空间分布上,年极端降水分布与地理位置、海拔密切相关,也与影响本地的天气系统有关.河西走廊东部极端降水总量、降水频数呈南-北走向,最大值出现在乌鞘岭,最小值出现在民勤;极端降水强度也呈南-北走向,但最强中心在古浪,最小在民勤.近45 a来极端降水总量和强度呈增加趋势,总量增加最大的是乌鞘岭,武威最小;强度增加最明显的是武威,最不明显的是古浪;年极端降水频数在古浪和民勤呈减少趋势,其它地区为增加趋势,降水频数增加最明显的也是乌鞘岭,降水频数减少最明显的是民勤.全球大幅度变暖水循环加快使得河西走廊东部年极端降水指数都呈增加趋势,其中年极端降水总量、年极端降水强度、年极端降水频数都是90年代增加最明显;极端降水指数在6~7 a和9~10 a周期上反映明显,在60年代年极端降水指数都发生了突变.     

西北干旱内陆河区水资源利用与绿洲演变规律研究──以石羊河流域下游民勤盆地为例

水资源的开发利用对我国西北干旱内陆河区的生态环境具有重要的影响,天然植物的生 长与种群随地下水位和阵水的变化而演变。由于良好的绿洲生态系统是实现于旱内陆河区社会。 经济和环境可持续发展的基本前提,在西部大开发中,必须综合考虑水资源开发利用与绿洲生 态环境保护问题,本文以民勤盆地为例,研究典型干旱内陆河区水资源利用、农业灌溉与绿洲 演变的转化关系和基本规律。     

Temporal variations of sandstorms in Minqin oasis during 1954–2000

The purpose of this present study is to investigate in detail the frequency and variation of sandstorms in the Minqin oasis. Using daily observational data from sandstorms and other meteorologic data from 1954 to 2000, the relationship between a sandstorm and meteorological parameters and human activities, which can be used for daily weather forecasting, have been illuminated. The results of the analysis show that sandstorms have a clear daily and monthly variation. Monthly mean and annual mean duration of sandstorms in the Minqin oasis coincide well with the frequencies of sandstorm occurrence.     

Groundwater simulation using a numerical model under different water resources management scenarios in an arid region of China

Groundwater plays an important role in the economic development and ecological balance of the arid area of northwest China. Unfortunately, human activity, for example groundwater extraction for irrigation, have resulted in excessive falls in groundwater level, and aquifer overdraft in the oasis, disrupting the natural equilibrium of these systems. A groundwater numerical model for Minqin oasis, an arid area of northwest China, was developed using FEFLOW software to simulate regional groundwater changes under transient conditions. The vertical recharge and discharge (source/sink terms) of the groundwater models were determined from land-use data and irrigation systems for the different crops in the different sub-areas. The calibrated model was used to predict the change for the period from 2000 to 2020 under various water resources management scenarios. Simulated results showed that under current water resources management conditions groundwater levels at Minqin oasis are in a continuous drawdown trend and groundwater depth will be more than 30 m by 2020. Reducing the irrigation area is more effective than water-saving irrigation to reduce groundwater decline at Minqin oasis and the annual groundwater budget would be −0.978 × 10⁸ m³. In addition, water-diversion projects can also reduce the drawdown trend of groundwater at Minqin oasis, and the groundwater budget in the Huqu sub-area would be in zero equilibrium if the annual inflow into the oasis was enhanced to 2.51 × 10⁸ m³. Furthermore, integrative water resources management including water-diversion projects, water-saving irrigation, and reducing the irrigation area are the most effective measures for solving groundwater problems at Minqin oasis.     

石羊河流域中下游绿洲土地利用变化与水资源动态研究

根据1986年和2000年的TM影像数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术通过景观斑块的转移矩阵计算,分析了石羊河流域凉州区和民勤两个典型绿洲近15年来的土地利用变化;并利用不同时期中下游绿洲水资源量和开发利用程度,结合种植业结构,分析了该区域水资源利用动态变化。结果表明,耕地大量增加,凉州区和民勤绿洲分别增加了6302 hm2和36434 hm2,民勤绿洲林地大面积减少,2000年林地面积仅为1986年的55%,绿洲面积减少了23365 hm2;而中游凉州区绿洲面积却增加了8167 hm2;上下游用水量之比从20世纪50年代的1.612急剧增大到90年代的8.33,用水矛盾日益突出,下游水库来水量40年来下降达63.1%;地下水开采强度日益增加,机井分布密集,地下水位大幅度下降;种植业结构不合理,耗水量较大的粮食作物所占的比例过大。     

Even-numbered <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes/<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkenes predominance in surface sediments of Gabes Gulf in Tunisia

We investigated the mineral composition and trace element contents of dustfall with different deposited phases at the Minqin Oasis, in China’s Hexi Corridor. The contents of elements such as Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Sb, Se, Rb, Cs, and Ba (believed to be of anthropogenic origin) indicated that the significance of human impacts on dust emissions increased from 1970s to the early 2000s. However, variations in the content of elements including Sc, Mn, Na, Cr, V, Eu, Ce, Nb, Zr, La, and Ce (believed to originate from natural processes such as physical and chemical weathering) show no obvious changes in the major potential dust source areas (PSAs) in this region. In addition, analysis of the assemblage of trace elements in dustfall indicated that the elements assumed to originate from anthropogenic and natural processes appear to be intertwined, leading to difficulties and uncertainties in identifying the PSAs and evaluating the significance of human impacts on dust emissions. Comparisons of the element contents of dustfall collected in Beijing and Minqin with similar data for Beijing show that under different conditions some differences in ranges are permitted; the contents of most trace elements were similar even though the dustfall in the two areas came from different sources. These results suggest that before attempting to identify major PSAs, researchers should perform an integrated analysis that includes the mineral, elemental, geomorphological, vegetation cover, climatic conditions, and other characteristics of the regions being studied.     

The temporal change of driving factors during the course of land desertification in arid region of North China: the case of Minqin County

Taking the key research area in the arid region of North China—Minqin County—as a case, this paper analyzes the main factors impacting land desertification. Based on factor analysis method and the collection of data in the last 50 years, this paper researches the spatial changes of driving factors during the course of land desertification in Minqin, Gansu Province. The results of factor analysis indicate that the driving force of human factor on land desertification accounted for 56.33% in 1956–2004 and for 66.19% in 1981–2004, the driving force of nature factor on land desertification accounted for 11.29% in 1956–2004 and 8.11% in 1981–2004, and the synthesis of driving forces of human and natural factors accounted for 11.19% in 1956–2004 and for 14.88% in 1981–2004. This indicated that human driving force on land desertification was increasing in Minqin County gradually.