西秦岭地区晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积相分析和沉积古环境再造

青海省同仁地区处于祁连和秦岭造山带的接合部，构造演化历史悠久。本次工作在该地区隆务河一带发现较好的二叠—三叠系剖面。将该剖面从下而上划分为上二叠统石关组、下三叠统果木沟组和江里沟组，其中江里沟组又进一步划分为下部的浊积岩段和上部的风暴岩段，初步确定了二叠—三叠纪的界线。沉积序列、沉积相和沉积物表明上二叠统石关组和下三叠统果木沟组为一套陆源碎屑浊积岩，下三叠统江里沟组下部为一套不纯的内碎屑浊积岩，而下三叠统江里沟组上部为风暴岩沉积。根据沉积相和火山岩夹层的地球化学特征认为该地区上二叠统石关组和下三叠统果木沟组处于半深海的活动大陆边缘，下三叠统江里沟组早期的浊积岩段处于较稳定的半深海大陆边缘。根据沉积相和遗迹化石，恢复了晚二叠世—早三叠世的海平面变化特征。     

滇西北兰坪盆地北部上三叠统含盐层位的厘定及其意义

通过野外实测剖面和大量室内岩矿工作,首次指出兰坪盆地上三叠统至少存在2套含盐层位,上含盐层位于三合洞组上段(T3s2),盐类物质以石膏、天青石为主,下含盐层位于三合洞组下段(T3s1),以天青石为主。天青石和石膏均呈中厚层层状产出,与顶底板地层产状一致。不同地区含盐层岩石组合及序列不同,横向上不具有可对比性,提出其并非正常蒸发沉积产物的认识。同时,含盐地层又是盆地内铅锌矿重要的赋矿层位,因此上三叠统含盐建造层序的厘定对深化认识区域铅锌矿床成矿机制、指导盐类矿床和铅锌矿找矿具有重要的意义。     

四川雅安荥经地区须家河组地层特征

通过野外地质调查、地层剖面研究,将广泛分布于龙门山前陆盆地南段雅安荥经地区上三叠统须家河组自上而下划分为六个岩性段,其中一段、三段、五段以泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩为主,二段、四段、六段岩性以粗碎屑砂岩为主。总体上该地区须家河组为海陆过渡相—陆相的砂泥岩沉积。     

川西北若尔盖一带三叠第层序及沉积环境分析

川西北地区三叠系广泛发育，其地层层序及岩性特征与相邻的西秦岭南部一带十分相似。根据若尔盖－南坪实测地层剖面资料的对比研究，将该区三叠系划分为：中三叠统光盖山组和上三叠统咀朗组，纳鲁组，卡车组４个岩石寺层单位。     

新疆天山北麓陆相二叠、三叠系界限的初步探讨

新疆天山北麓、准噶尔盆地南缘陆相二叠、三叠系发育完好,尤以乌鲁木齐仓房沟至吉木萨尔一带剖面连续、化石丰富,是研究我国陆相二叠、三叠系层型剖面和层型界线的理想地区之一。据新疆地层表上二叠统至下三叠统的地层层序自上而下为:     

甘肃合作地区早、中三叠世盆地一斜坡沉积环境分析

合作地区位于甘肃省南部,区内三叠系十分发育。殷鸿福等系统研究了区内三叠系地层,确定本区属中秦岭地层分区(图1),并分出南、北两带。南带以扎油沟剖面为典型代表,自老至新的地层单位为下三叠统山尕岭群(T_1s)、中三叠统古浪堤组(T_2g);北带以小河沟—土门关剖面为典型代表,自老至新划分出下三叠统隆务河群(T_1l)、中三叠统古浪堤组(T_2g) 研究该区三叠纪沉积环境对了解秦岭印支期构造发展史以及区内沉积矿产的成因及分布规律有着极重要的意义。     

准噶尔盆地四棵树剖面孢粉组合及三叠系-侏罗系界线

在实测四棵树剖面的基础上,详细研究了其孢粉组合特征,建立了5个孢粉组合:1)Cameratitriletes和Zonotriletes-Protopinus-Cycadopites组合,2)Cyatheaceae-Pinaceae-Cycadopites组合,3)Cyatheaceae-Pinaceae-Quadraeculina-Cycadopites组合,4)Cyatheaceae-Quadraeculina-Piceaepollenites组合和5)Cyatheaceae-Clas-sopollis-Pinaceae组合,分别产于上三叠统的小泉沟群、下侏罗统的八道湾组和三工河组、中侏罗统的西山窑组和头屯河组。根据孢粉组合特征,结合岩性和沉积及区域资料,将三叠系-侏罗系界线定于38层和39层之间。     

西藏措勤断块中—上三叠统嘎热扎地组的建立

在西藏措勤断块新建了中三叠统—上三叠统卡尼阶岩石地层单位——嘎热扎地组。在建组剖面上,嘎热扎地组厚约485 m,下部岩性以碎屑岩为主上部岩性为碎屑岩夹灰岩。嘎热扎地组与下伏上二叠统—下三叠统木纠错组、上覆上三叠统诺利阶麦龙岗组均为整合接触关系。该组尚未发现指示地层时代的化石,但前人在其下伏的木纠错组中发现了早三叠世牙形石本次在其上覆的麦龙岗组发现7属8种珊瑚化石:Distichophyllia norica(Frech),Retiophyllia?sp.,Cablonzeria?sp.Elysastraea juliana Turnsek,Volzeiasublaevis (Munster),Distuhophyllia sp.,Guembelastraea?sp.和Benedcastraea baiyuensis Deng&Zhang。根据该组地层整合于两者之间,将其时代暂时限定为中—晚三叠世卡尼期。根据珊瑚化石、地层岩性特征及上下地层关系将研究剖面的地层进行了重新划分。嘎热扎地组的建立填补了措勤断块局限台地相三叠系序列中三叠统—上三叠统卡尼阶岩石地层单位名称的空白。嘎热扎地组建立以后,措勤断块局限台地相三叠系的岩石地层单位序列可以划分为上二叠统—下三叠统木纠错组,中三叠统—上三叠统卡尼阶嘎热扎地组,上三叠统诺利阶麦龙岗组,上三叠统瑞替阶—下侏罗统确哈拉组。这一序列的建立对于在措勤断块进一步识别出碳酸盐岩局限台地相三叠系,修订相关地区的地层认识具有指导作用。     

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面长兴阶牙形刺分带及有机碳同位素的变化

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面出露完好,原始沉积连续,由乐平统龙潭组保安段灰黑色硅质岩、大隆组黑色硅质岩—硅质泥岩和下三叠统大冶组黑灰色泥岩以及泥岩夹灰岩组成,为介于典型浅水碳酸盐岩型与深海硅质岩型二叠系/三叠系界线剖面之间的半深海剖面。长兴阶可划分为Clarkinasubcarinata—Clarkinawangi及Clarkinachangxingensis两个牙形刺带。后者又可划分为3个亚带,自下而上依次为Clarkinachangxingensischangxingensis—Clarkinadeflecta亚带、Clarkinameishanensis亚带及Waning—Clarkina亚带,完全可以与二叠系/三叠系界线的全球层型剖面与点进行对比。另外,二叠纪末牙形刺的生态演化呈阶段性绝灭模式;有机碳同位素值在二叠纪/三叠系界线处出现明显的负偏移,指示了二叠纪/三叠纪之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加。     

四川盆地海相三叠系——气田(卤)水和硬石膏硫同位素出现同步罕见异常

对四川盆地海相三叠系大量δ~(34)S 资料进行整理研究,发现下三叠统嘉陵江组二段的气田(卤)水和硬石膏同步出现世界罕见的δ~(34)S 值异常,前者为35.5‰～36.2‰,后者为32.5‰～35.4‰。而且三叠系各层段的δ~(34)S 值可以在全盆地范围内追踪对比;在剖面上由下而上呈现出阶梯状递减的显著特征;本研究所得的高值域层位嘉二段比国内外其他学者所研究的三叠系高值域层位要低得多。这种异常高的δ~(34)S 值是在封闭环境中,厌氧细菌对硫酸盐进行还原而产生同位素分馏作用的结果。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998