塔里木盆地HD23井区中奥陶统生物礁滩体的识别与研究

礁滩体储层是中国目前碳酸盐岩勘探的重点。塔里木盆地奥陶系礁滩复合储集体发育,中奥陶统生物礁发育层位主要在一间房组,发育区集中分布在塔北、巴楚等地,并以开阔台地台内点礁方式出现。HD23井区内共有奥陶系探井4口,其中HD17井、HD13井、YW2井在中奥陶统一间房组都钻遇了托盘类瓶筐石（Calathium）障积礁,礁的厚度约5 m,礁的上下地层均为砂屑鲕粒灰岩和砂砾屑灰岩等滩相沉积,形成礁滩复合体。文中通过钻井资料和地球物理资料,深入研究了HD23井区礁滩体的特征与分布。三维地震解释显示一间房组地层中存在一个厚度异常体,经分析认为该异常体就是局部异常发育的瓶筐石生物礁滩复合体,该生物礁滩体横向连片,有一定的分布范围和规模。对该井区内中奥陶统一间房组的生物礁滩体加以研究,将为下一步奥陶系的油气勘探提供依据。     

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系礁滩复合体发育动力学及其控储机制

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带上奥陶统良里塔格组发现了我国珊瑚-层孔虫造礁群落最早的礁体,在生态演替上具承先启后重要特征,并伴随着发育了多套礁滩相储集体。充分利用古地理、古地磁,同位素、微量元素,包裹体,岩心物性分析等数据,分析了塔里木板块奥陶纪成礁环境,特别是从构造地质学、碳酸盐岩地质学、层序地层学、古生态学、古生物学出发,剖析了塔中隆起碳酸盐岩台地演化的阶段性、海平面变化的周期性,以及奥陶纪造礁生物生态群落的演替及生物生长性,分别建立了良里塔格组各个时期礁滩复合体发育的模式,深入解析了礁滩复合体多期生长发育的动力学特征。塔中良里塔格组3期叠加发育的礁体生长与台地演化的构造阶段性密切相关,同时控制了礁滩复合体微相类型上的多样性和分异性。礁滩复合体地貌隆起和高频海平面变化所导致的暴露,以及准同生期大气淡水淋滤、溶蚀作用是控制台缘礁滩体优质储层发育的动力学基础,经后期埋藏过程中所经历的表生岩溶作用、埋藏期热水岩溶作用以及断层相关岩溶等是该礁滩复合体储层物性改良主控因素。集中揭示了塔中奥陶纪礁滩复合体发育演替几何学、动力学机制及礁滩储集体控储机制,有效指导了塔中古隆起奥陶系生物礁油气规模效益开发,对于类似油气田勘探与学科发展具有积极意义。     

塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统台缘礁滩复合体建造模式

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带的台缘高能区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体,主要包括生物礁丘、灰泥丘、粒屑滩、滩间海等沉积类型,纵向上表现为粒屑滩、灰泥丘、礁丘的多旋回组合。单个礁滩复合体下部发育粒屑滩,上部为灰泥丘和(或)礁丘,之上为下一旋回的粒屑滩亚相所覆盖。横穿宽3～10km的区域,特别是台地边缘向陡坡转折的高地为礁生长相对集中区,而向内侧则更多出现滩相。不同沉积期礁滩单元分布范围不同,从良三段到良一段沉积期间内呈现逐步向塔中Ⅰ号坡折带迁移的缩减趋势。经后期多次成岩作用和构造破裂的改造,形成沿台缘分布且具有非均质性变化的礁滩型储层。     

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带上奥陶统台缘礁滩复合体建造模式

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带的台缘高能区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体,主要包括生物礁丘、灰泥丘、粒屑滩、滩间海等沉积类型,纵向上表现为粒屑滩、灰泥丘、礁丘的多旋回组合。单个礁滩复合体下部发育粒屑滩,上部为灰泥丘和(或)礁丘,之上为下一旋回的粒屑滩亚相所覆盖。横穿宽3～10km的区域,特别是台地边缘向陡坡转折的高地为礁生长相对集中区,而向内侧则更多出现滩相。不同沉积期礁滩单元分布范围不同,从良三段到良一段沉积期间内呈现逐步向塔中Ⅰ号坡折带迁移的缩减趋势。经后期多次成岩作用和构造破裂的改造,形成沿台缘分布且具有非均质性变化的礁滩型储层。     

塔北西部一间房组碳酸盐岩礁滩体同生期暴露溶蚀作用模式

在详细的钻井资料和岩心的宏观及微观特征研究的基础上,通过对塔北隆起西部奥陶系中统一间房组礁滩体沉积相特征及展布规律的分析,结合礁滩体储层同生期溶蚀作用特征研究,按照古沉积地貌单元结合岩相的方法建立了一间房组礁滩体同生期溶蚀作用模式。研究认为一间房组开阔台地相包括台内滩、滩间海和台内点礁3个亚相,沉积相平面分布稳定;一间房组的同生期暴露溶蚀作用明显,普遍反映出滩体的间歇性暴露的特征:生物钻孔和溶蚀孔洞内充填礁滩体暴露形成的古土壤泥;发育潮间带的化石碎片堆积和软体生物活动遗迹;岩心观察和成像测井可以识别出渗流-潜流带溶蚀作用旋回。按照礁滩相沉积地貌结合岩相的模式,将一间房组开阔台地的浅滩和点礁沉积划分出潮上长期暴露滩、潮间间歇暴露滩、潮下高能滩、瓶筐石障积礁、潮汐水道等地貌单元。     

塔中上奥陶统台缘礁滩体储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

详细阐述了塔中上奥陶统台缘礁滩体主要成岩作用类型及其对礁滩体储层性质的影响,建立了碳酸盐岩成岩和孔隙演化史.方解石胶结作用是破坏孔隙和降低孔隙度的最主要因素,而溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用则是提高储层孔渗性能的极为重要的建设性成岩作用.礁型地貌隆起和海平面相对变化所控制的暴露,以及发育的成岩早期大气淡水溶蚀、淋滤作用和岩溶作用是控制塔中台缘礁滩体优质储层发育的根本原因.储层成岩和孔隙演化模式的建立揭示了孔隙演化的阶段及其独特性,对认识储层特征和进一步勘探均具重要意义.     

城口-鄂西海槽西侧晚二叠世碳酸盐台地边缘发育新认识

基于城口-鄂西海槽西侧地区详细的露头调查、钻井资料分析,结合古生物、古生态以及地层对比,对研究区晚二叠世长兴期碳酸盐台地边缘沉积相及其演化进行详细解剖,得出区内台地边缘骨架礁-凝块石灰泥丘生态-沉积演化对碳酸盐台地边缘构筑具有积极作用的认识。研究表明区内长兴期碳酸盐台地边缘礁滩经历了三个演化阶段:第一阶段,碳酸盐台地边缘坡折带尚未形成,台地边缘礁滩欠发育,且台地前缘斜坡坡度较缓;第二阶段,碳酸盐台地镶边开始形成,发育骨架礁及滩相沉积,垂向上构成进积-加积组合序列,台地前缘斜坡变陡;第三阶段,微生物逐渐占据后生造礁生物生态空间,发育台地边缘凝块石灰泥丘,与上覆台地边缘滩构成垂向加积组合序列,促进了台地边缘正向地貌的发育,使区内台地边缘更加陡峭,台地前缘斜坡发育滑塌角砾岩。造礁生物生态演替及相对海平面变化共同影响并控制长兴期碳酸盐台地边缘构筑过程。     

川东长兴组台缘礁滩相储层纵向非均质性特征及形成机制——以川东宣汉盘龙洞长兴组剖面为例

近几年,随着四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩储层勘探的不断加强,碳酸盐岩储层强的非均质性已成为制约礁滩气藏勘探开发的现实问题。以川东宣汉盘龙洞长兴组典型台缘礁滩剖面为研究对象,通过对典型台缘礁滩野外剖面的精细观察,结合镜下薄片及岩矿资料分析,重点探讨了盘龙洞礁滩储层纵向非均质性特征及成因。剖面上礁滩体垂向上存在很强的旋回性和储层非均质性,其储集岩分布、储层厚度、白云岩化程度、溶蚀作用等受海平面周期性的升降变化影响而呈现周期性变化。礁滩储层非均质性受高能相带、海平面升降变化和建设性成岩作用的共同控制,高能相带控制储层原生孔隙的发育,决定了储层的沉积非均质性,白云岩化和溶蚀作用有利于礁滩体储层的形成,大气淡水淋滤改造对于优化储层具有关键作用,海平面升降变化决定了礁滩体旋回性发育,而建设性成岩作用的选择性改造深化了储层非均质性。     

礁滩型油气成藏要素和塔中实例浅析

礁滩复合体油气成藏分析涉及到层序单元识别、生烃过程、孔隙类型和盖层圈闭这几个要素.这些因子受控于海平面变化、沉积占地理、成岩作用和构造演化史.塔中隆起区上奥陶统良里塔格组的大型礁滩体油气藏的构成是这些因素优化组合的结果,塔中北台缘I号波折带临近满加尔凹陷的烃源岩区,,浅水台地边缘形成数期生物礁和高能滩复合体,也是良里塔...     

高频层序格架内礁型微地貌特征及其控储机理 ——以塔中东部地区上奥陶统为例

塔中东部地区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩相碳酸盐岩是油气产出的主力产区。为了揭示层序地层格架特征及其内部沉积微地貌特征对礁滩体储层的控制机理,本文通过对岩石学、沉积微相、古生物、测井相研究,建立了上奥陶统良里塔格组高频层序地层格架,可划分为11个四级层序和多个五级层序。研究区良三段—良二段以高位体系域垂向持续加积作用为主,是礁(丘)、滩组合镶边沉积的主要发育期,一个四级层序内可发育一个至多个礁滩体沉积微地貌旋回,礁型微地貌发育规模及厚度受海平面升降次级旋回和构造沉降控制。通过对良三段—良二段高位体系域成岩组构和成岩环境分析,认为受同生岩溶作用所形成的大气成岩透镜体主要发育在高频层序向上变浅旋回的顶部和微地貌高处。同一层序内沉积微地貌隆起和海平面相对升降变化所控制的暴露作用,以及同生期大气淡水溶蚀、淋滤作用是控制台缘礁滩体优质储层发育以及层位性和区域差异性的关键因素。集中揭示高频层序格架内微地貌特征及其对礁滩体储层的控制机理,有效指导了塔中东部地区奥陶系礁滩型油气藏勘探开发。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the