抗滑桩预加固边坡的能量分析方法

基于强度折减技术和岩土塑性极限分析理论,考虑抗滑桩预加固岩土边坡的加固效应,从功能平衡原理探讨了岩土边坡抗滑桩加固位置、桩长和多抗滑桩共同加固边坡的分析方法。假定机动容许的对数螺旋线速度机构,推导了抗滑桩预加固边坡稳定性安全系数的计算表达式。采用内点迭代方法对安全系数目标函数进行能量耗散最小化意义上的优化计算,算例对比验证了方法和程序的正确性。分析了单抗滑桩加固措施条件下的边坡局部稳定性特性,并由此推导了多抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定性分析算式。研究表明,抗滑桩设置位置改变对边坡安全系数、临界滑裂面位置和桩长均有显著影响,抗滑桩加固边坡的最优设置位置应位于边坡中下部区域     

Optimal location of piles in slope stabilization by limit analysis

Many studies have been conducted to establish the optimal location of a row of piles to reinforce and stabilize slopes. However, the results obtained are very different, and in some cases even inconsistent and contradictory. The factor of safety of piled slopes is determined by the magnitude of resistive forces exerted by the piles on the slope. At the same time, the maximum retaining forces provided by the piles are also affected by the pile position. In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of piles used to stabilize slopes is analyzed using a combination of limit slope stability analysis and the theory of Ito and Matsui (Soils Found 15:43?C59, 8) to calculate limit lateral loads on piles. Using an illustrative example slope, some of the issues including the most effective position, the most suitable position, and the position with the largest safety factor are discussed. The results show that the most effective pile position, the most suitable pile position, and pile position where the factor of safety can take maximum value are different from each other for a given slope.     

基于强度折减弹塑性有限元法的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

以大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS作为平台,以迭代不收敛联合坡面特征点位移陡增作为抗滑桩加固边坡失稳判据,通过二次开发建立了能够自动搜索安全系数的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性强度折减弹塑性有限元分析模型,结合典型算例的对比分析验证了这一判据的有效性。在此基础上,针对一实例边坡进行了稳定性数值分析。研究表明,对于抗滑桩加固边坡,以强度折减有限元法所确定的潜在滑动面,一般地比极限平衡法、极限分析上限方法要浅。     

基于MPGA的复杂应力状态边坡稳定性分析

极限平衡法在边坡稳定性分析中处于主导地位,该算法通常建立在一定的假设之上,没有考虑边坡土体的非线性应力-应变关系,不能用于未达到极限状态以及加固后边坡的稳定性分析。为了解决以上问题,将有限元计算与多种群遗传算法（MPGA）相结合,建立一种基于MPGA的复杂应力状态边坡稳定性分析通用模型,通过数值应力场求解安全系数,并为多种群遗传算法构建适应度函数;再利用多种群遗传算法为安全系数的计算提供滑移面。为了保证分析的高效、合理,根据滑移面发展趋势,动态产生初始滑移面,并增加一个滑移面约束条件。最后,通过均质边坡和软弱夹层边坡两个典型算例分析验证了该方法的合理性;通过分析土钉加固的软弱夹层边坡,证明了该方法可用于加固等复杂应力状态边坡的稳定性分析。     

树根桩加固边坡的稳定性分析与评价

参考树根桩应用于托换工程的设计计算方法,根据树根桩的实际特征,详细地推导了树根桩加固边坡后树根桩与土均质化复合“土体”的本构模型,研究了树根桩应用于边坡加固后的应力场、位移场的变化及边坡的稳定性情况。最后,比较了两种本构模型在评价边坡稳定性方面的优缺点,得出采用复合本构模型评价树根桩加固边坡的稳定性是完全可行的。     

土工织物加筋土坡稳定的塑性极限分析法

在塑性极限分析理论的基础上，本文给出了土工织物加筋土坡稳定数的上限解。与无筋土坡的已有解比较表明，该解是可靠的，从而为土工织物加筋土坡的稳定分析提供了一个有效的方法。此外，本文的计算结果表明，各种因素对土坡稳定性的影响程度随坡角的增大而减小。     

A calculation method for the embedded depth of stabilizing piles in reinforced slopes

Embedded stabilizing piles are a significant optimization measure for traditional piles used to reinforce slopes or landslides. The determination of the embedded depth of the pile top is essential for engineering design. On the basis of the potential overtop-sliding failure mechanism for a piled slope, the corresponding overall slip surface is assumed to consist of the upper part from the original slip surface of the landslide, and the lower part occurs in the local slide mass upslope of the piles. The imbalanced thrust force method is used to determine the thrust force of the upper slide mass, and a variational calculus method within the framework of limit equilibrium for the lower slide mass is provided to calculate its limit resistance. According to the equilibrium relationship between the thrust force and the limit resistance under a design factor of safety of the piled slope, a closed-form solution to the piled-slope stability is specifically derived. It can quantitatively exhibit the influences of some important factors, including the embedded depth on the factor of safety and the corresponding slip surface of the slope. The analysis results of some practical examples show that the factor of safety decreases nonlinearly as the embedded depth increases. The proposed method can be applied in practical engineering.     

考虑非均质各向异性效应的阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析

基于极限分析上限定理与土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,考虑土的强度分布的非均质性与各向异性, 建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式。对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,考虑土的强度非均质性与各向异性的条件,利用极限分析上限定理建立阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧有效土压力。通过大量的变动参数对比计算,探讨了土的强度的非均质性与各向异性等因素对阻滑桩桩侧极限抗力及最优加固位置的影响。     

悬臂式抗滑桩加固黏土边坡地震永久位移算法

为了有效地确定悬臂式抗滑桩加固的黏土边坡地震永久位移,基于极限分析上限定理,针对圆弧滑动式土坡破坏模式,通过对设置抗滑桩条件下土坡进行外力功率和内能耗散率的计算,按严格力学定义推导出坡体在地震作用下的安全系数,进而导出与安全系数相对应的边坡地震屈服加速度计算公式,并结合Newmark滑块位移法对边坡产生的转动加速度进行二次积分,推导出与边坡设计安全系数密切相关的坡体地震永久位移的详细计算公式。以5.12汶川地震卧龙测站东向地震波为例,通过对一算例边坡进行分析,给出了边坡永久位移时程曲线以及不同设计安全系数与永久位移的关系,分析了算法与Ambraseys算法的结果,验证了所提计算方法的有效性,并得到不同设计安全系数时边坡土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对坡体永久位移的影响规律。研究结果表明,坡体永久位移随着设计安全系数的增加逐渐呈指数函数式减小变化,在较低设计安全系数下,坡体永久位移受土体抗剪强度参数影响较为敏感,随着设计安全系数的提高,这种敏感性则逐渐降低。     

Analytic hierarchy process for assessing factors influencing the stability of soil slopes reinforced with piles

Changes in the stability of slopes reinforced with piles involve a complex interaction process between piles, soil, hydrogeological conditions and the engineering geological environment. Correlation analysis between each influencing factor will contribute to a better overall understanding of the main influencing factors. This is of great significance for disaster prevention and the optimization of soil slopes reinforced with piles. The 17 factors influencing the stability of soil slopes reinforced with piles were analyzed in this study, and the weighting of each influencing factor was determined using the analytic hierarchy process along with the experiences of various experts and the author’s experience. The results showed that: (1) soil rheological characteristics and physical and mechanical soil properties have the maximum weighting on the stability of soil slopes reinforced with piles; that is, they are the most important factors influencing the stability of soil slopes reinforced with piles; (2) embedded pile depth or pile anchoring depth and the pile position have the second greatest weighting; (3) rainfall, pile sectional dimensions and pile spacing, are also important factors. Each of these factors was not weighted less than 0.059.     

Field measurement and failure forecast during the remediation of a failed cut slope

A large number of deep cuts are formed during the construction of expressways in mountainous areas. Inadequate interpretation of ground conditions is a major contributing factor to the failure of cut slopes. This study focuses on the Hongyan landslide along the S26 expressway. Due to lack of an adequate pre-construction investigation, a landslide was triggered by small-scale excavation at the toe part of the slope. The potential slip surface was incorrectly located; consequently, two rows of stabilizing piles were not long enough to reach stable rocks. To overcome the mistake, two additional rows of piles were installed. During construction, both slope deformation and the stress of reinforced bars in piles were monitored for safety considerations. A Verhulst model-based failure forecast was also utilized to insure the stability of the slope during remedial works. Reviewing this landslide reveals a number of lessons. First, sufficient geological investigation and careful interpretation of ground conditions are mandatory prior to the design of a cut slope. Second, systematic field monitoring is strongly recommended, especially when the geology of the slope is complex and it is difficult to determine failure patterns. Third, the failure forecast can serve as a supplementary measure to insure the safety of workers and slopes. Last, it always takes some time for stabilizing piles to mobilize.     

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.     

Uncoupled analysis of stabilizing piles in weathered slopes

This paper describes a simplified numerical approach for analyzing the slope/pile system subjected to lateral soil movements. The lateral one-row pile response above and below the critical surface is computed by using load transfer approach. The response of groups was analyzed by developing interaction factors obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. An uncoupled analysis was performed for stabilizing piles in slope in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. The non-linear characteristics of the soil–pile interaction in the stabilizing piles are modeled by hyperbolic load transfer curves. The Bishop's simplified method of slope stability analysis is extended to incorporate the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor of the reinforced slope. Numerical study is performed to illustrate the major influencing parameters on the pile-slope stability problem. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the factor of safety in slope is much more conservative for an uncoupled analysis than for a coupled analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

十三陵抽水蓄能电站上池滑坡稳定分析

十三陵抽水蓄能电站上池西岸边坡中，存在许多条不同产状和结构的断层，曾发生多次滑坡，构成了对电站上池工程的威胁，因此在池顶采用抗滑桩加固处理边坡。为了解加固后边坡的稳定性和抗滑桩的受力状态及其相互作用，用有限元方法对该岩体边坡进行了稳定性分析。     

土坡悬臂式抗滑桩一种抗震设计计算方法

在强震动力作用下,边坡常会产生较大的永久位移,且抗滑桩锚固段顶端前侧局部地层易进入塑性屈服状态,这在传统的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计计算中没有给予充分考虑。基于Nemark滑块位移法和极限分析原理,提出了考虑边坡设计安全系数和地震永久位移的作用于抗滑桩上设计滑坡推力的计算方法;同时,根据锚固段地层进入塑性屈服状态的情况提出把锚固段分为塑性区锚固段和弹性区锚固段分别计算,前者按极限地层反力法采用悬臂梁模型计算,后者按照弹性地基梁模型计算,在两者界面处需满足桩体内力和变形以及地层反力的连续条件。结合一土质边坡工程算例,给出了所提出的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计三段分析法的具体计算过程和结果,进一步表明所提出的方法具有技术合理性和经济性。     

Rotational–translational mechanism for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes with weak interlayer

The presence of a weak interlayer has usually an adverse effect on the slope stability. However, the rotational failure mechanism in the conventional upper bound limit analysis cannot rationally describe the sliding of the failure mass along the weak interlayer. Therefore, a new failure mechanism was proposed in this study to evaluate the stability of slopes with weak interlayers using the upper bound limit analysis and the associated factor of safety was determined by the shear strength reduction technique. The new failure mechanism is comprised of rigid blocks undergoing rotational or translational movements, instead of the rotational movement in the conventional failure mechanism. It has also been extended to the stability analysis of slopes in presence of stabilizing piles and pore water pressures. Case studies were carried out on actual slopes with weak interlayers. The proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism was verified by the shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM). Comparisons demonstrate the reliability of limit analysis method with the proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism for slopes with weak interlayers and therefore it can be used as a simple evaluation method for the engineering design.     

基于复合抗滑桩模型加固边坡稳定性分析

数值分析方法能够同时考虑抗滑桩的受力行为及加固边坡稳定性,是研究抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的重要手段。但在数值模拟计算中,尚未形成一种建模易、精度高和计算快的抗滑桩数值模拟模型。因此,提出一种复合单元抗滑桩模型,基于该模型系统研究抗滑桩顶部自由和固定约束条件下,不同桩位、间距等设计参数对抗滑桩加固边坡效果的影响以及抗滑桩潜在失效模式,研究结果表明,复合单元抗滑桩模型可以真实地模拟桩的力学性能,计算精度高且计算结果不受单元网格疏密的影响。抗滑桩布置在边坡中部时,加固边坡安全系数最大,越靠近边坡两端,加固边坡安全系数越小。当桩间距S≤3D时,边坡潜在滑面被分为两个独立部分,桩间土形成明显应力拱,当桩间距S≥4D时,桩间中心土体塑性剪切带完全贯通,桩间土体形成反向应力拱。桩顶自由和固定约束时,抗滑桩分别布置在边坡中部(Lx/L=0.5)和边坡中下部(Lx/L=0.3)时,抗滑桩易发生弯曲破坏。研究结果对抗滑桩加固边坡工程设计具有指导意义。     

禁忌搜索在边坡稳定分析中的应用

在禁忌搜索和极限平衡分析的基础上,提出了全局确定边坡最小安全系数的禁忌搜索方法,并建立了响应的模型;该方法是一种启发式的全局搜索方法,可以搜索出全局最小安全系数,同时还能确定出与之对应的最危险滑动面。将该方法应用于不同几何形状和土层信息的边坡稳定分析中,结果表明,提出的方法能够避免局部最小解,并能搜索到全局最小安全系数。     

地震效应下非线性抗剪强度参数对裂缝边坡稳定性影响的上限解析

基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,结合极限分析上限法和拟静力分析法,建立功能方程,推导了地震效应下裂缝边坡的安全系数计算方程。采用数学规划方法,计算了不同参数组合条件下的边坡安全系数值,详细分析了非线性条件下一系列参数对边坡稳定性的影响。研究表明,边坡安全系数随非线性参数和地震效应的增大而减小。对比分析可知,在非线性破坏准则下,裂缝深度较大时,裂缝对边坡稳定性影响显著,且边坡越陡影响越大;当裂缝深度超过某个值后,临界破坏面起始端可能不穿过裂缝最底端,而是从裂缝中间某部位穿过。在地震效应作用下,非线性抗剪强度参数对安全系数影响显著。研究成果进一步完善了裂缝边坡稳定性分析内容,所列图表为边坡的设计与施工提供有益参考。     

LU Kun-lin,ZHU Da-yong,YANG Yang 均质边坡准三维安全系数实用计算曲线

针对三维极限平衡法计算边坡安全系数存在着分析过程繁琐、较难普及推广等诸多不足,建立了一套实用的三维边坡安全系数计算曲线。假设三维滑面为中间圆柱和两端为部分球面的组合滑面,采用基于滑面正应力修正的极限平衡分析方法,计算36 864个均质边坡,根据计算结果绘制该套曲线。依据该套曲线可以得到,（1）根据已知边坡体的相关指标快速获得三维安全系数,能够得到较二维分析方法更准确、更客观的稳定性评价;（2）根据实际坡体的稳定状况反分析获得滑面土体强度参数,有效地克服二维反分析得到滑面土体强度参数偏高的弊端。研究成果可为均质边坡三维稳定性初步评价提供简单、实用的参考依据。