东寨港红树林沉积物中微生物群落结构特征及其对环境的响应

在红树林覆盖区域和光滩沉积物中存在着丰富的微生物群落,这些微生物在驱动红树林湿地的生物地球化学过程中起着至关重要的作用.深入了解东寨港红树林湿地沉积物中微生物的多样性分布特征,对探究东寨港红树林湿地中的生物地球化学过程和湿地的生态保护具有重要意义.本研究采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,在东寨港的演丰西河...     

通辽科尔沁地区土壤微生物群落结构和功能及其影响因素

农业作为通辽科尔沁地区的传统产业,是当地重要经济产业之一.了解土壤微生物群落结构和功能及其影响因素对农作物种植、污染土地修复等具有重要意义.采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术、FAPROTAX.1.1功能预测平台等方法,在该区采集71个土壤样品,分析其地球化学特征和微生物群落特征并对微生物群落进行功能预测,同时探讨不同环境因子和空间因子对微生物群落的影响.结果显示:微生物群落由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（19.77%）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）（17.85%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（17.14%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（15.58%）等构成;功能预测表明该区存在大量活跃的参与氮循环过程的微生物功能群,其中有氧氨氧化功能群为该区的优势微生物功能群.方差分解分析显示,在对微生物群落结构差异的可解释范围内环境因子比空间因子的解释量更大.Mantel检验结果显示,整体微生物群落与土壤pH、EC、TN、C/N及Mg、Na、Sr元素含量显著相关（p < 0.05）.综合分析表明,pH、EC和Sr元素含量是影响通辽科尔沁地区土壤微生物群落结构和功能及多样性的主要环境因素.      

A comparison of sediment microbial communities associated with<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> in two brackish wetlands of New Jersey

The extensive spread ofPhragmites australis throughout brackish marshes on the East Coast of the United States is a major factor governing management and restoration decisions because it is assumed that biogeochemical functions are altered by the invasion. Microbial activity is important in providing wetland biogeochemical functions such as carbon and nitrogen cycling, but there is little known about sediment microbial communities inPhragmites marshes. Microbial populations associated with invasivePhragmites vegetation and with native salt marsh cordgrass,Spartina alterniflora, may differ in the relative abundance of microbial taxa (community structure) and in the ability of this biota to decompose organic substrates (community biogeochemical function). This study compares sediment microbial communities associated withPhragmites andSpartina vegetation in an undisturbed brackish marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey (MUL), and in a brackish marsh in the anthropogenically affected Hackensack meadowlands (SMC). We use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and enzymataic activity to profile sediment microbial communities associated with both plants in each site. Sediment analyses include bulk density, total organic matter, and root biomass. PLFA profiles indicate that the microbial communities differ between sites with the undisturbed site exhibiting greater fatty acid richness (62 PLFA recovered from MUL versus 38 from SMC). Activity of the 5 enzymes analyzed (β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, chitobiase, and 2 oxidases) was higher in the undisturbed site. Differences between vegetation species as measured by Principal Components Analysis were significantly greater at the undisturbed MUL site than at SMC, and patterns of enzyme activity and PLFAs did not correspond to patterns of root biomass. We suggest that in natural wetland sediments, macrophyte rhizosphere effects influence the community composition of sediment microbial populations. Physical and chemical site disturbances may impose limits on these rhizosphere effects, decreasing sediment microbial diversity and potentially, microbial biogeochemical functions.     

长江经济带某石化场地土壤中污染物分布与微生物特征

从长江经济带某在役石化场地采集了3个点位不同深度的土壤样品,测定了石油烃等污染物的含量和微生物的群落结构,以揭示污染物分布规律和微生物特征。结果显示,3个点位污染程度不同,但污染物含量均随深度先升高后降低,最高含量均出现在埋深4.0 m左右,即地下水位附近。土壤中C6-C9高达5 302 mg/kg,C10-C40高达625.6 mg/kg,芳烃高达455.2 mg/kg,卤代烃高达41.54 mg/kg。土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随深度增加而降低,同一深度土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随污染物含量增大而降低。门水平上Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Spirochaetes的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05),属水平上Streptomyces、SCADC1-2-3、Desulfitobacterium和Cryptanaerobacter的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

大夏河甘南段河流湿地土壤节肢动物群落特征及季节动态

采用国际通用采样方法,在春、夏、秋三季对大夏河甘南段河流湿地6个样点土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查研究,比较分析了土壤节肢动物群落组成、多样性及其季节动态特征.结果表明：共捕获土壤节肢动物8 743只,隶属于3纲9目33科35类,其中,大型土壤节肢动物2 743只,占捕获量的35.52%;中小型土壤节肢动物6 000只,占64.48%;大型土壤节肢动物的优势类群为摇蚊科幼虫和长足虻科幼虫;中小型土壤节肢动物的优势类群为绥螨科、绒螨科、等节跳属和原等跳属. 在不同样点土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数量表现出了明显季节变化,其高低顺序为秋季>夏季>春季;不同样点土壤节肢动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚特征,即从地表向下,随着土壤深度的增加土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数量逐渐减少.研究结果为进一步开展高原寒区河流湿地土壤节肢动物生态学研究提供了基础资料.     

Soil bacterial functional diversity as influenced by cadmium,phenanthrene and degrade bacteria application

There are increasing concerns over compound pollution in northeast of China and its bioremediation. Cd, Phe, degradation bacteria W.J and their combination on soil microbial community function were assessed with the BIOLOG method. The microbial community was extracted from the soil with different treatments. Average color development, richness, Shannon–Weaver index, and principal component analysis on OD standardized data were performed. The results showed that soil microbial metabolic diversity in CK was significantly higher than that in the soils in which Cd, Phe, W.J or their combination was added. It indicated that Cd, Phe has significantly negative effect on the sole-carbon-source metabolic ability of soil microbial communities, particularly when both of them were present. Application of degradation bacteria incubation makes soil microbial communities same as control except for the significant decrease in 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, l-serine, glucose-1-phosphate metabolism. It shows that the incubate application has a considerably effect in soil communities reversion.     

Tidal Freshwater Marshes Harbor Phylogenetically Unique Clades of Sulfate Reducers That Are Resistant to Climate-Change-Induced Salinity Intrusion

Rates of sea level rise associated with climate change are predicted to increase in the future, potentially altering ecosystems at all ecological levels. Sea level rise can increase the extent of brackish water intrusion into freshwater ecosystems, which in turn can affect the structure and function of resident microbial communities. In this study, we performed a year-long mesocosm experiment using intact tidal freshwater marsh sediment cores to examine the effect of a 5-part per thousand (ppt) salinity increase on the diversity and community composition of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes. We used a clone library approach to examine the dsrA gene, which encodes an important catalytic enzyme in sulfate reduction. Our results indicate that tidal freshwater marshes contain extremely diverse communities of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Members of these communities were, on average, only 71 % similar to known cultured sulfate reducers and 81 % similar to previously sequenced environmental clones. Salinity and associated increases in sulfate availability did not significantly affect the diversity or community composition of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes. However, carbon quality and quantity, which correlated with depth, were found to be the strongest drivers of sulfate-reducing community structure. Our study demonstrates that the sulfate-reducing community in tidal freshwater marsh sediments appears resistant to increased salinity in the face of sea level rise. Additionally, the microorganisms that comprise this sulfate-reducing community appear to be unique to tidal freshwater marsh sediments and may represent novel lineages of previously undescribed sulfate reducers.     

高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性对积雪变化的响应

积雪是高寒地区不可忽视的生态因子,不仅直接影响土壤温度、水分,而且间接影响土壤微生物群落组成和多样性。为研究高寒草甸生态系统中土壤微生物对积雪变化的响应,于2013年11月至2014年7月在青藏高原东缘红原县高寒草甸,通过人工堆积的方法建立4个不同积雪梯度,以自然积雪量为对照（CK）,2倍于自然积雪量（S1）、3倍于自然积雪量（S2）、4倍于自然积雪量（S3）。运用Biolog-Eco板法研究不同积雪梯度下土壤微生物功能多样性,并测定积雪变化对土壤温度和土壤养分的影响。结果表明：积雪期内,0~10 cm土层土壤温度随着积雪量的增加而降低,而10~20 cm土层随积雪量增加先降低后升高。增加积雪量处理后0~10 cm土层全磷（TP）、有机碳（SOC）显著增加（P<0.05）;而10~20 cm土层仅S3下全氮（TN）、TP、SOC增加。每孔平均变化率值（Average well color development,AWCD）在0~10 cm土层表现为CK > S2 > S1 > S3,而10~20 cm表现为S2 > S1 > CK > S3。在0~10 cm土层,S3处理显著降低了土壤微生物多样性McIntosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数（P<0.05）; 10~20 cm土层,S1和S2处理下多样性指数显著增加（P<0.05）。主成分分析显示：氨基酸类和酚酸类是微生物利用的主要碳源类型。相关性分析表明：多样性指数与TP、SOC、碳氮比（C/N）显著负相关（P<0.05）,氨基酸类碳源与TP、C/N显著负相关（P<0.05）。因此,冬季积雪一定程度上影响着土壤温度和土壤养分,进而影响高寒草甸土壤微生物群落功能多样性。     

Soil microbial community response to seawater intrusion into coastal aquifer of Donghai Island,South China

Due to the sea level rise and the excessive exploitation of freshwater, seawater intrusion is becoming a critical issue. To clarify the degree of seawater intrusion in Donghai Island and the microbial community structure and functional response to seawater intrusion, groundwater samples and sediment samples were collected at profiles A, B; the profiles were along the direction of groundwater flow, perpendicular to the coastline, a hydrogeochemical survey and soil microbial community analysis were also performed. The hydrogeochemistry analysis showed that the chemical type of groundwater was Na–Cl, brackish water was dominant in the area, and coastal groundwater was strongly affected by seawater intrusion. The effect of seawater intrusion on structural and functional diversity of soil microbes was analyzed from soil samples of the study area, by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The results of DGGE patterns and phylogenetic tree show that the extent of seawater intrusion has directly influenced soil microbial community structure. The changes of microbial community structure might be related to the major elements’ concentrations in groundwater. Phylogenetic affiliation indicated that γ-proteobacteria were dominated in the profile A, while β-proteobacteria were mainly appeared in the profile B. The Flavobacteriaceae was only appeared at the shrimp ponds nearby.     

Structural diversity and fate of intact polar lipids in marine sediments

Marine sediments harbor an enormous quantity of microorganisms, including a multitude of novel species. The habitable zone of the marine sediment column begins at the sediment-water interface and probably extends to depths of several thousands of meters. Studies of the microbial diversity in this ecosystem have mostly relied on molecular biological techniques. We used a complementary method - analysis of intact polar membrane lipids - to characterize the in-situ microbial community in sediments covering a wide range of environmental conditions from Peru Margin, Equatorial Pacific, Hydrate Ridge, and Juan de Fuca Ridge. Bacterial and eukaryotic phospholipids were only detected in surface sediments from the Peru Margin. In contrast, deeply buried sediments, independent of their geographic location, were dominated by archaeal diether and tetraether lipids with various polar head groups and core lipids. We compared ring distributions of archaeal tetraether lipids derived from polar glycosidic precursors with those that are present as core lipids. The distributions of these related compound pools were distinct, suggestive of different archaeal sources, i.e., the polar compounds derive from sedimentary communities and the core lipids are fossil remnants from planktonic communities with possible admixtures of decayed sedimentary archaea. This in-situ production of distinct archaeal lipid populations potentially affects applications of the TEX86 paleotemperature proxy as demonstrated by offsets in reconstructed temperatures between both pools. We evaluated how varying cell and lipid stabilities will influence the sedimentary pool by using a box-model. The results are consistent with (i) a requirement of continuous inputs of freshly synthesized lipids in subsurface sediments for explaining the observed distribution of intact polar lipids, and (ii) decreasing lipid inputs with increasing burial depth.     

Structural variations in derivatives of the bacteriochlorophylls of Chlorobiaceae: impact of stratigraphic resolution on depth profiles as revealed by methanolysis

Bacteriochlorophylls c and d, recovered from two sedimentary sequences, were converted to bacteriophaeophorbide methyl esters by methanolysis and analysed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography-multistage mass spectrometry (APCI LC-MSⁿ). The distributions in both settings, a moderately consolidated sediment from Kirisjes Pond, Antarctica, and in a finely laminated microbial mat from Les Salines de la Trinitat, Spain, show significant variations within a narrow depth interval. The overall bacteriophaeophorbide c to d ratios in the two sediments are different, as are the ratios of particular C-3¹ diastereoisomers, indicating distinct differences between the bacterial communities that contributed to each sediment. Furthermore, a shift towards more extensive alkylation in homologues within each sediment is consistent either with changing environmental conditions in the depositional environments, or development-related changes in the structure of the bacterial community, leading to increased competition for light or nutrients.     

深海热液喷口生物群落研究进展

近年来深海热液喷口生物群落的研究取得了大量的成果。通过调查发现,除温度外,环境化学参数、地理位置、喷口类型、热液活动周期、生物可利用率等因素都对深海热液喷口生物群落分布产生影响。随着实验室热液微生物的分离、培养成功,一些新的属种及其特殊的生理特征被发现。分子生物学技术的发展,使得对于深海热液生物基因测序、基因功能的研究和表达,功能基因对微生物生理功能的调控作用,动物与微生物之间的共生关系,生物对极端环境的适应机制等问题的研究都能够进行。对于目前不能进行实验室分离培养的微生物,通过基因组分析,也能够了解其群落结构。不同的深海热液喷口,其病毒的类型、分布、丰度以及病毒对热液生态系统的影响是不同的。通过这些研究,科学家探讨了热液喷口环境中生物群落的能量合成与代谢途径的相关理论,并提出了生命有可能起源于热液喷口环境的假说。     

红壤中微生物群落对半导体矿物日光催化作用的响应

本研究选取天然红壤作为研究对象,分析其中的含铁半导体矿物光催化作用对本源微生物群落结构的影响。采用聚 合酶链式反应/变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）,研究了不同原始光照条件的红壤中微生物群落在外源电子作用下群落结 构的改变。DGGE图谱的主成分分析表明,两个不同原始光照环境的土壤样品的微生物群落结构由于原始环境的差异而不同： 原始环境为强光照的样品中微生物群落结构受外源电子影响较小;原始环境为弱光照的样品中微生物群落结构受外源电子 影响较大。这一群落结构改变的差异可能由于原始环境为强光照时半导体矿物光催化作用产生光生电子传递到环境中持续 影响周围的微生物群落,而原始弱光照环境中则缺少光生电子的作用。     

Intraspecific Variation in Growth of Marsh Macrophytes in Response to Salinity and Soil Type: Implications for Wetland Restoration

Genetic diversity within plant populations can influence plant community structure along environmental gradients. In wetland habitats, salinity and soil type are factors that can vary along gradients and therefore affect plant growth. To test for intraspecific growth variation in response to these factors, a greenhouse study was conducted using common plants that occur in northern Gulf of Mexico brackish and salt marshes. Individual plants of Distichlis spicata, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus californicus, and Schoenoplectus robustus were collected from several locations along the coast in Louisiana, USA. Plant identity, based on collection location, was used as a measure of intraspecific variability. Prepared soil mixtures were organic, silt, or clay, and salinity treatments were 0 or 18 psu. Significant intraspecific variation in stem number, total stem height, or biomass was found in all species. Within species, response to soil type varied, but increased salinity significantly decreased growth in all individuals. Findings indicate that inclusion of multiple genets within species is an important consideration for marsh restoration projects that include vegetation plantings. This strategy will facilitate establishment of plant communities that have the flexibility to adapt to changing environmental conditions and, therefore, are capable of persisting over time.     

南海北部九龙甲烷礁邻区沉积物层中垂向细菌群落结构特征研究

本研究应用微生物16S rRNA-DGGE和T-RFLP技术,结合环境参数,对我国天然气水合物潜在区南海九龙甲烷礁附近973-4柱状样沉积物中3个层位12个不同深度(表层20 cm至382 cm,中层552 cm至796 cm,深层862 cm至1 196 cm)细菌群落结构及其分布进行了对比研究.其中T-RFLP实验表明,细菌丰度、香农指数和均匀度变化趋势相同,由深层到716 cm处先降后升,中层716 cm深度范围处微生物群落丰度、均匀度、香农指数相对较高,716 cm至表层先降后升.DGGE图谱和T-RFLP色谱峰聚类分析表明:表层20 cm至192 cm相似性较高,表层236 cm至382 cm与深层1 082 cm、1 196 cm群落结构相似性较高,但中层沉积物中微生物群落结构与表层及深层均有较大差异.环境参数表明中层甲烷含量较高,推测甲烷是影响微生物群落结构差异的主要因素之一.T-RFLP色谱峰与微生物数据库比对及DGGE条带测序也表明了:本区变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)为优势菌群,其中α-、γ-、δ-变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)为主要的细菌亚群,其他细菌包括放线菌(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为次优势菌群.甲烷含量较高的中层,甲烷氧化菌(Methanotrophs),硫还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria)等与甲烷密切相关的细菌均有被检测到,表明该区域存在与天然气水合物的分解释放相关的微生物群落.     

Interannual and long-term variation in the nearshore fish community of the mesohaline Hudson River estuary

The detection of long-term shifts in species composition and spatial structuring of aquatic communities may be obscured by high levels of interannual variation. Estuarine fish communities are likely to exhibit high levels of variation owing to the influence of riverine forcing and the importance of anadromous and transient species, whose abundances may not be locally controlled. We describe patterns of interannual variation and long-term shifts in the nearshore fish community of the mesohaline Hudson River estuary based on 21 yr of beach seine sampling conducted annually between late August and mid November. Of the 60 species encountered, the most abundant were Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), white perch (Morone americana), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis). Relationships between annual community composition and seasonal flow and temperature regimes were examined with canonical correspondence analysis. Annual variation was most closely correlated with river flows in the 3-mo period preceding fish sampling, indicating a persistent effect of environmental conditions on community structure. Despite significant interannual variation in composition, longer-term trends in community structure were observed. These included declines in catch rates of freshwater and estuarine species and a dramatic increase in the catch of Atlantic silversides, an annual marine species. Associated with these changes were declines in community diversity and increased compositional variation. These results indicate that analyses of temporal changes in community structure need to account for the multiple time scales under which forcing factors and community composition vary.     

Microbial communities in karst groundwater and their potential use for biomonitoring

The structure, diversity and dynamics of microbial communities from a swallow hole draining agricultural land and two connected karst springs (Switzerland) were studied using molecular microbiological methods and related to hydrological and physicochemical parameters. Storm responses and an annual hydrological cycle were monitored to determine the short- and long-term variability, respectively, of bacterial communities. Statistical analysis of bacterial genetic fingerprints (16S rDNA PCR-DGGE) of spring water samples revealed several clusters that corresponded well with different levels of the allochthonous swallow hole contribution. Microbial communities in spring water samples highly affected by the swallow hole showed low similarities among them, reflecting the high temporal variability of the bacterial communities infiltrating at the swallow hole. Conversely, high similarities among samples with low allochthonous contribution provided evidence for a stable autochthonous endokarst microbial community. Three spring samples, representative for low, medium and high swallow hole contribution, were analysed by cloning/sequencing in order to identify the major bacterial groups in the communities. The autochthonous endokarst microbial community was mainly characterized of δ-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Nitrospira species. A high percentage of unknown sequences suggested further that many karst aquifer bacteria are still undiscovered. Finally, the potential use of groundwater biomonitoring using microbial communities is discussed.     

太湖沉积物中微生物多样性垂向分布特征

运用化学分析方法和PCR-DGGE技术,从沉积物化学及分子生物学角度对太湖沉积物理化性质(pH、Eh)、营养盐及微生物多样性的垂向分布及相关性进行研究。结果表明:沉积物-上覆水接触界面处于轻度还原状态,在表层8.0cm左右以下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速下降,还原性逐渐增强,到15.0～22.5cm深度区间内,Eh值基本稳定,还原性最强,之后随深度的进一步增加,Eh呈"之"型缓慢升高。沉积物pH随深度的增加先降低后缓慢升高,pH在整个剖面上变化幅度不大,在7.2～7.6变动。沉积物中含有丰富的营养盐,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)最高含量分数和有机质(OM)的最高百分比分别为2.436mg/g、0.731mg/g和3.817%,其剖面特征表明,沉积物表层TN和OM远高于底层,其含量随深度增加而降低。TP随着沉积深度的增加呈"之"型缓慢减少。不同深度沉积物的微生物群落呈现出明显的空间分布多样性差异,不同深度沉积物的微生物群落结构之间的相似性和动态性存在差异。多元相关分析结果显示,TN与OM显著相关,理化指标、营养盐中任一指标含量与微生物群落多样性指标之间存在相关性,但不显著,微生物多样性是营养盐及环境物理、化学和生物等多方面共同作用的结果。     

神农架大九湖不同生境表土磷脂脂肪酸揭示的微生物群落结构差异

磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFAs)是活体微生物细胞膜的重要组成部分,微生物通过改变细胞膜中PLFA组成,快速响应环境变化.目前,表土PLFAs研究主要集中于季节和植被群落变化对微生物群落结构影响,对于不同生境下表土PLFAs揭示的微生物群落结构的差异性尚不明确.基于此,对神农架大九湖7种不同生境表土进行PLFAs研究.结果表明,表土样品PLFAs集中分布于C₁₄到C₁₉;除湿生泥炭沼泽和湿生半退化沼泽生境外,其他生境以n16:0为主峰.不同生境的PLFAs含量差异较大,沼泽生境TPLFAs含量是草甸及阔叶林生境下的3~8倍.PLFAs组成还揭示出生境间主要受到pH和含水率的影响,微生物群落结构存在差异.不同生境下表层土壤PLFAs揭示的微生物丰度和群落结构具有一定的相似性及差异性.运用PLFAs对微生物量及微生物群落结构的划分将有助于更好的了解区域生态系统中微生物群落结构的变化,为研究微生物参与碳循环及古生态研究奠定基础.      

互花米草入侵下福建漳江口红树林湿地土壤生态化学变化

采集了福建云霄漳江口米草入侵下红树林自然湿地保护区内红树林群落、米草群落、红树林—米草交互群落以及光滩的剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤的总养分库、有效养分库及微生物活性等指标。结果表明,不同植被群落下土壤理化性质均存在明显差异。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、阳离子交换量和微生物生物量碳、氮在同一深度的含量变化为：红树林>红树林—米草混作>米草>光滩;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶等酶活性指标也表现出相似的变化趋势。从深度变化而言,上述各项土壤质量指标均随剖面深度而降低。米草入侵后土壤的各项养分指标均有明显下降,湿地土壤生态化学性质发生了明显的退化。土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量以及土壤蔗糖酶与磷酸酶活性对滨海湿地土壤退化的反映最为强烈, 可以作为指示性指标。