再论我国早前寒武纪地层研究的新进展

"我国早前寒武纪地层研究的主要新进展"一文发表以来,早前寒武纪地层研究又取得了不少新进展,有必要再作若干新的补充,主要包括以下12个方面:辽北新太古代建平群中大营子组的解体和建平岩群的重组、山东中太古代唐家庄岩群的建立和新太古代胶东岩群的重新厘定、内蒙古新太古代原色尔腾山岩群的解体与重组、康定岩群的解体与取消、中祁连地块湟源群形成时代的重新厘定、辽宁浑南岩群时代的修正、福建麻源群的形成时代、辽河群亚群的建立和底界同位素年龄、金水口岩群的形成时代和变质时代、甘肃北大河岩群的年龄新资料、内蒙古—河北北部一带的化德群的岩组和时代的重新厘定、两个新的古元古代岩群的初步建立(西藏察隅德玛拉岩群和新疆古元古代喀拉喀什岩群的建立)。     

内蒙古大青山地区早前寒武纪变质地层的组成及特征

内蒙古大青山地区是华北克拉通北缘早前寒武纪变质杂岩发育地区，也是高级变质地层发育地区。多年来，对该区早产寒武纪变质地层的组成和划分一直存在着争议。近几年来，作者以相同或相似的岩性组合为基本填图单位，以变形变质作用特征的研究为主线，结合岩浆活动作用，原岩建造等方面的研究，通过对内蒙古大青山地区的6幅、：5万区域地质调查，提出自该区早前寒武纪变质地层自下而上可划分为古太古代兴和岩群，中太古代乌拉山岩群和古元古代美岱召岩群3个岩群，并进一步划分为8个岩组。其中兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群均遭受了麻粒岩相－高角闪岩相条件下的多期强烈的变形变质作用改造，并相互参差交错地工生在一起。详细地构造解析结果表明，兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群均遭受到一期下地壳麻粒岩相环境下的近水平剪切变形和高角闪岩相条件下的近南北向和近东西向纵向构造置换作用的改造。早期近水平剪切导致乌拉山岩群的各个地层单元以透镜状岩片叠置于兴和岩群之上，后期纵向构造置换作用导致兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群的不同地层单元沿现存叶理相互穿插，造成以现存叶理为标志的“假互层”或“假夹层”。美岱召岩群为一套浅变质的碎屑沉积岩系，仅遭受绿片岩相变质，变形特征也不同于乌拉山岩群，其以角度不整合覆盖在由乌拉山岩群，兴和岩群及侵入其中变质深成岩组成的高级变质杂岩之上。     

吉林省前寒武纪地层

吉林省前寒武纪地层可见有太古宙变质表壳岩系、古元古代中深变质火山-沉积岩系、吉南新元古代陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩组成的盖层沉积岩系和吉北造山带新元古代变质火山-沉积岩系4种类型.其中太古宙地层龙岗陆块具有多陆块拼贴的特点,可划分为龙岗岩群(四道砬子河岩组、杨家店岩组)、夹皮沟岩群(三道沟岩组、老牛沟岩组)、板石沟岩群、南岗岩群(鸡南岩组、官地岩组)、清原岩群.分别代表白山镇地块、夹皮沟镇地块、板石沟地块、和龙地块和清原地块的变质表壳岩系,其中除龙岗岩群可能为中太古代外,其余地质体的时代均为新太古代.古元古代地层有集安岩群、光华岩群和老岭岩群,前两者为古元古代早期裂谷环境沉积,分别可进一步划分为蚂蚁河岩组、荒岔沟岩组、大东岔岩组、双庙岩组和同心岩组,沉积时限为2 300～2 100Ma;后者为古元古代晚期内克拉通凹陷沉积,可进一步划分为林家沟岩组/达台山岩组、珍珠门岩组、花山岩组、临江岩组和大栗子岩组,沉积时限为1 900～1 800Ma.吉南新元古代地层的岩石地层学属性基本清楚,按新元古代三分的观点,其中细河群及其以下地层时代为青白口纪.浑江群时代为震旦纪,吉南地区缺失南华系.吉林省北部造山带中沿色洛河-海沟-青龙村-江域一线的元古宙地层事实上为不同时代、不同性质的构造岩片堆叠体,属于构造地层学范畴;具有层状地层特征的仅有敦化地区的塔东岩群、蛟河地区的新兴岩组、九台地区的机房沟岩群、辽源地区的西保安岩组以及安图地区的万宝岩组,时代可暂置于新元古代.     

内蒙古北山地区标山一带北山岩群长石石英岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

北山岩群主要分布于哈萨克斯坦板块南缘的标山一带,主体为一套变质程度较深的陆源碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩建造。该套变质地层的时代归属缺少古生物化石等定年依据,本次野外调查也未发现该岩群中有生物化石。为限定北山岩群形成时代,对北山岩群长石石英岩中碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,共获得112个碎屑锆石年龄,结果显示,~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄值为1.8~3.3 Ga,最小碎屑锆石年龄为(1 782±18) Ma,代表北山岩群形成时代的下限。通过同位素年龄图谱比较,此次在北山岩群中获得的碎屑锆石年龄频谱图与敦煌岩群类似,推测北山岩群的沉积物源区为敦煌地块。     

山东省前寒武纪地层形成时代——同位素地质测年的证据

精确同位素地质测年结果表明,沂水岩群形成时代为2 760～2 700Ma,泰山岩群雁翎关岩组、柳杭岩组下亚组和孟家屯岩组形成时代为2 750～2 700Ma,均属新太古代早期;泰山岩群柳杭岩组上亚组、山草峪岩组形成时代为2 600～2 540Ma（被峄山岩套石英闪长岩和傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩侵入）,济宁岩群岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,均属新太古代晚期。荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。芝罘群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄（1 658±32）Ma、（1 792±43）Ma,形成时代为中元古代。云台岩群花果山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄800～740Ma,形成时代为新元古代。     

西藏南部聂拉木地区前寒武纪结晶基底的组成及其特征

在对肉切村岩群的岩石组合、变质特点以及区域综合对比研究基础上,根据其中锆石U-Pb法年龄值686Ma、黑云母斜长变粒岩全岩Rb-Sr法年龄值796±103Ma,认为其原岩形成于新元古代,时代属震旦纪;前人划分的震旦—寒武系肉切村群,实际上是前寒武纪变质岩地层,聂拉木地区并未出露寒武纪地层。将前寒武纪地层划分为聂拉木岩群和肉切村岩群,并将聂拉木岩群划分为友谊桥岩组、曲乡岩组、康山桥混合岩和江东岩组4个构造岩石地层单元,将肉切村岩群划分为扎西宗混合岩和塔吉岭岩组两个构造岩石地层单元。     

高级变质区岩石地层系统建立的思考与实践——以内蒙古大青山—乌拉山地区为例

作者通过两个项目的区域地质调查研究，在大青山—乌拉山及其邻区重建了早前寒武纪地层系统，将新建的美岱召岩群列入古元古代。对区内高级变质岩石地层进行重组，在麻粒岩系中划分了2个岩组，归并为桑干岩群，将乌拉山岩群划分为上、下两个亚岩群，下亚岩群片麻岩系，上亚岩群相当于集宁群，可称孔兹岩系。提出本区高级变质区的主期构造是穹形构造与穹间褶皱群构造组合样式(简称“穹—褶”构造)，确立了大型顺层滑脱构造系统是决定高级变质岩石地层空间分布、组成特征和相互关系的关键因素，提出了研究高级变质岩石地层系统建立的方法与步骤。     

“清河镇群”年代地层学研究进展

本文根据"清河镇群"(或"开原岩群")年代地层学研究新进展,即在上肥地剖面原划入北大沟组、吴家堡子组,尖山子水库大坝原划入北大沟组等地层中获得的岩浆结晶锆石(SHRIMP)年龄2497±27 Ma、2522±17 Ma,250±5 Ma;在"白砬子组"(或"照北山岩组")之建组剖面东杨木林子的大理岩(结晶灰岩)中获得震旦纪之微古植物化石--Stictosphaeridium tortutosum,Synsphaeridium sp.,Hystrisphaeridium sp.等,结合前人研究成果和区域地质构造特征,提出清河断裂为华北板块(清原地块)与北部陆缘活动带(兴蒙或吉黑造山带)的界线,前人划分的"辽河群"或"清河镇群"或"开原岩群"是分布在不同大地构造单元内的、不同属性的地质体的拼合物.并重新划分为清河断裂带之南华北板块内的新太古代英云闪长岩和古元古代芦家堡子岩组;清河断裂带以北华北板块北部陆缘活动带的构造岩石地层-新元古代(震旦纪)西保安岩组、早寒武世佟家屯岩组和晚二叠世尖山子火山岩.     

皖南地区歙县岩群昌前岩组和昱岭关群井潭组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

江南造山带东北段歙县岩群和昱岭关群是皖南地区重要的前寒武纪地层单元。本文对皖南地区歙县岩群昌前岩组和昱岭关群井潭组凝灰岩样品中的锆石进行了测年研究,获得昌前岩组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为852±6 Ma和840±11 Ma,井潭组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为809±10 Ma,为皖南地区新元古代地层格架的建立和地层的对比增添了可靠的年代学依据。根据最新获得的锆石U-Pb年龄数据,确定歙县岩群的时代与江南造山带区域范围内梵净山群、四堡群、冷家溪群、双桥山群以及溪口岩群相当,其上覆的昱岭关群与下江群、丹洲群、板溪群、马涧桥组、登山群以及上墅组等地层单元可以对比。     

河南鲁山原“太华岩群”的重新厘定

出露于河南鲁山地区的原"太华岩群"在地质研究和新的同位素年代学测年新进展的基础上,已将其分解为古元古代变质表壳岩为主的上部岩系和以新—中太古代TTG岩系为主的下部岩系,二者之间为不整合接触,两套岩系地质特征很不相同,时间相隔5~7亿年,因此原"太华岩群"这一统一地质单位已不再适用,需重新厘定。建议以新—中太古代TTG岩系为主(70%)和伴生少量变质表壳岩(约30%)的下部岩系改称太华杂岩;上部的古元古代变质表壳岩系,因其标准剖面在鲁山,可以用"鲁山岩群"替代"原太华岩群上亚群",这一群级地层单位曾被涂绍雄(1996)建议过。重新厘定后的地层名称,将不再出现命名上的混乱,也便于对比。     

秦岭造山带秦岭杂岩研究中有关问题讨论

分布于北秦岭造山带南部，夹持于商丹断裂带与朱夏断裂带之间的秦岭杂岩是秦岭造山带中最古老的前寒武纪基底块体之一。它是秦岭造山带中前寒武纪地壳形成与演化的地质记录，经历了晚元古代以来多旋回俯冲碰撞造山作用过程中多期构造热事件的改造。包含了大量反映秦岭造山带形成与演化的动力学过程地质信忠。虽然前人对秦岭杂岩已经进行了广泛深入研究，发表了大量的研究论著，提出了许多新认识和新见解，如从原秦岭群中解体出松树沟蛇绿岩片、峡河山群、古深成花岗片麻岩体等I高压变质岩(榴辉岩，高压麻粒岩)的发现；多期变形与变质特征的认识等。但由于秦岭杂岩问题的复杂性，某些认识或问题仍有待进一步研究探讨。其中(1)松树沟蛇绿岩片是否真正蛇绿岩?松树沟超镁铁质岩体与其围岩变质镁铁质岩是否同时代?它们的构造变形与变质历史是否相同?(2)峡河山群组成、分布、时代、构造意义及其与秦岭群片麻岩的关系；(3)秦岭岩群的组成、主变质期和变形期昀时代及性质；(4)晋宁期花岗岩带形成的构造背景及动力学意义；(5)已有同位素测年数据确切的地质意义；(6)高压交质岩的分布、产出状态、与围岩的关系、时代、成因及构造意义是秦岭杂岩研究中的基本问题。文中对上述有关问题进行了简要讨论，提出了今后秦岭杂岩研究的重点应放在构造事件、变质热事件、岩浆事件及其相互关系研究和这些地质事件的精确的同位素测年工作上。     

An isotopic study on the volcanics of the Rooiberg Group: age implications and a potential exploration tool

Many geochronological studies on silicic magmatic rocks associated with the Bushveld Complex (rhyolitic lavas of the Rooiberg Group and granites of the Lebowa Granite Suite) have shown evidence of open-system behaviour of the Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotopic systems until 1600–1000 Ma, many hundreds of million years after crystallisation of these rocks. This pervasive open-system behaviour has been attributed to sustained hydrothermal circulation driven by the high heat productivity of the Bushveld granites. New Sr and Pb isotopic data are presented for basaltic to rhyolitic volcanics from the Rooiberg Group of the Transvaal Sequence in the Dullstroom-Loskop Dam area of the eastern Transvaal. These data show little evidence of open-system behaviour after about 1950 Ma and many sample suites retain ages which could reflect the formation of the Rooiberg Group i.e. older than 2070 Ma. It is argued that this preservation is due to the absence of fractionated, fluid/vapour-rich Bushveld granites in the immediate vicinity of the volcanic occurrences. Rooiberg Group volcanics with extensively perturbed Rb-Sr and particularly Pb-Pb isotopic systems reflect the action of granite-derived hydrothermal fluids. As a consequence, the isotope systematics in these volcanics could prove a useful exploration tool for sites of granite-derived metal deposits.     

新疆北部前寒武系划分和对比

库鲁克塔格是新疆北部前寒武系分布较广,地层层序相对完整的地区.作者以库鲁克塔格为地层模型区,以同位素第龄为格架,初步确定了本区群级地层单元的界线及归属.在岩石地层、生物地层、化学地层等各种方法相互印证的基础上,建立并完善了前寒武纪的地层层序.     

湖北大洪山打鼓石群沉积时限——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的证据

出露于扬子北缘大洪山地区的打鼓石群是扬子地区保留比较完整的中元古代地层,其上被青白口系花山群不整合覆盖。通常认为其与神农架群时代相当,但缺乏物源及同位素地质年代学证据。首次报导了打鼓石群底部太阳寺组砂岩的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄。测年结果显示,该砂岩中碎屑锆石最古老的年龄为3.1~3.2Ga,最年轻年龄为1124Ma,并在2.65Ga和2.75Ga出现统计峰值,且年龄组成与崆岭杂岩区和杨坡杂岩区的多期岩浆活动具有较好的可比性。而鄂西地区神农架群沉积于1.1~1.4Ga,主要统计峰值年龄为1.6Ga、2~2.1Ga、2.7~2.8Ga。因此,打鼓石群沉积时间晚于神农架群,两者非同物异名。     

Paleoproterozoic juvenile magmatism within the northeastern sector of the São Francisco paleocontinent: Insights from the shoshonitic high Ba–Sr Montezuma granitoids

New,integrated petrographic,mineral chemistry,whole rock geochemical,zircon and titanite UPb geochronology,and zircon Hf isotopic data from the Montezuma granitoids,as well as new geochemical results for its host rocks represented by the Corrego Tingui Complex,provides new insights into the late-to post-collisional evolution of the northeastern Sao Francisco paleocontinent.U-Pb zircon dates from the Montezuma granitoids spread along the Concordia between ca.2.2 Ga to 1.8 Ga and comprise distinct groups.Group I have crystallization ages between ca.2.15 Ga and 2.05 Ga and are interpreted as inherited grains.Group II zircon dates vary from 2.04 Ga to1.9 Ga and corresponds to the crystallization of the Montezuma granitoids,which were constrained at ca.2.03 Ga by the titanite U-Pb age.Inverse age zoning is common within the ca.1.8 Ga Group III zircon ages,being related to fluid isotopic re-setting during the Espinhaco rifiting event.Zircon ε_(Hf)(t) analysis show dominantly positive values for both Group I(-4 to+9) and Ⅱ(-3 to+8) zircons and T_(DM2) model ages of 2.7-2.1 Ga and 2.5-1.95 Ga,respectively.Geochemically,the Montezuma granitoids are weakly peraluminous to metaluminous magnesian granitoids,enriched in LILES and LREE,with high to moderate Mg#and depleted in some of the HFSE.Their lithochemical signature,added to the juvenile signature of both inherited and crystallized zircons,allowed its classification as a shoshonitic high Ba-Sr granitoid related to a late-to post-collisional lithosphere delamination followed by asthenospheric upwelling.In this scenario,the partial melting of the lithospheric mantle interacted with the roots of an accreted juvenile intra-oceanic arc,being these hybrid magma interpreted as the source of the Montezuma granitoids.The Corrego Tingui Complex host rocks are akin to a syn-to late-collisional volcanic arc granitoids originated from the partial melting of ancient crustal rocks.The results presented in this study have revealed the occurrence of juvenile rocks,probably related to an island arc environment,that are exotic in relation to the Paleo-to Neoarchean crust from the Sao Francisco paleocontinent's core.     

福建武平地区桃溪群混合岩U-Pb定年及其Hf同位素组成:对桃溪群时代及郁南运动的约束

桃溪群混合岩位于南岭东段武夷山褶皱带南段.本文通过采自桃溪附近帽村-田园两个代表性花岗片麻岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 测年获得494～496Ma的结晶年龄,641～657Ma和799Ma两组继承锆石的206Pb/238U 表观年龄.同时对样品FJ-137进行的Hf同位素测定表明其εHf(t)变化于-2.3...     

In-situ U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analyses of the Rayner Complex,east Antarctica

In-situ zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic analysis via laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LAM-ICPMS) of samples from Kemp and MacRobertson Lands, east Antarctica suggests that the Kemp Land terrane evolved separately from the rest of the Rayner Complex prior to the ca. 940 Ma Rayner Structural Episode. Several Archaean metamorphic events in rocks from western Kemp Land can be correlated with events previously reported for the adjacent Napier Complex. Recently reported ca. 1,600 Ma isotopic disturbance in rocks from the Oygarden Group may be correlated with a charnockitic intrusion in the Stillwell Hills before ca. 1,550 Ma. Despite being separated by some 200 km, T^Hf_DM ages indicate felsic orthogneiss from Rippon Point, the Oygarden Group, Havstein Island and the Stillwell Hills share a ca. 3,660–3,560 Ma source that is indistinguishable from that previously reported for parts of the Napier Complex. More recent additions to this crust include Proterozoic charnockite in the Stillwell Hills and the vicinity of Mawson Station. These plutons have distinct ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios and formed via the melting of crust generated at ca. 2,150–2,550 Ma and ca. 1,790–1,870 Ma respectively.     

浙西南八都群古元古代和三叠纪变质和岩浆事件的年代学证据

本文对华夏地块浙西南八都群片麻岩和侵入其中的花岗岩进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,八都群片麻岩中的碎屑锆石普遍发育~1882 Ma的(变质)增生边,而侵入八都群花岗岩的结晶时代集中在1861~1841 Ma。综合本文及前人获得的岩石学和同位素年代学数据可知,华夏地块在古元古代晚期(1890~1850Ma)发生了一次强烈的造山事件,该期造山很可能与Columbia超大陆的聚合作用密切相关,华夏地块可能为Columbia超大陆的一个陆块。除此之外,本研究还在八都杂岩中获得了三叠纪变质锆石年龄(235±1)Ma,综合前人发表资料可知,这些古元古代基底岩石遭受了强烈的印支期改造,可能与华南大陆印支期造山作用相关。然而,关于古元古代基底的三叠纪变形变质、抬升和出露过程及其与印支期构造演化的内在联系,仍有待进一步研究。     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics of granitic rocks from northern Vietnam

Five major felsic igneous suites from northern Vietnam, with ages from mid-Proterozoic to early Cenozoic, were studied. Representative granitic rocks from the Posen Complex (mid-Proterozoic) and the Dienbien Complex (late Permian to early Triassic) show geochemical characteristics similar to those of calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites. However, the former, located in the South China block, has significantly higher initial Nd isotopic ratios [ε_Nd(T)=+0.7 to +1.5] and older Nd isotopic model ages (TDM∼1.7 Ga) than the latter [ε_Nd(T)=−4.7 to −9.7; T_DM∼1.3–1.5 Ga] which were emplaced south of the Song Ma Suture and thus in the Indochina block. The generation of both complexes may be attributed to subduction-related processes that occurred in two distinct crustal provenances with different degrees of mantle inputs. On the other hand, Jurassic to Cretaceous granitic rocks from the Phusaphin Complex, contemporaneous rhyolites from the Tule Basin, and late Paleogene granitic rocks from the Yeyensun Complex, all exposed in the South China block between the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone and the Song Ma Suture, display geochemical features similar to those of A-type granites with intermediate ε_Nd(T) values (+0.6 to −2.8) and younger T_DM ages (0.6–1.1 Ga). These magmas are suggested to have been generated as a consequence of intraplate extension in the western part of the South China block (Yunnan), and to have been transported to their present position by mid-Tertiary continental extrusion along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone related to the India–Asia collision. Overall, the isotopic and model age data, reported in this study indicate that in northern Vietnam, the most important crust formation episode took place in the Proterozoic. Likewise, repeated mantle inputs have played a role in the petrogenesis of Phanerozoic granitic rocks.