南美洲圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带地质特征、典型金矿床及金成矿作用

圭亚那地盾位于南美洲亚马孙克拉通的北部,其北部广泛发育太古宙典型的花岗岩-绿岩带,主要岩石组成为花岗岩、片麻岩和英云闪长岩,古元古代变质超基性-基性火山岩-侵入岩、其他变质火山岩等。由于独特的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史,形成了良好的绿岩型金成矿地质背景,产生了大量的金矿床。通过总结圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带的岩石特征、成岩时代和构造演化历史,对委内瑞拉埃尔卡劳金矿、圭亚那欧迈金矿和苏里南罗瑟贝尔金矿进行典型矿床剖析,系统研究了该区绿岩带型金矿的成矿地质背景、成矿流体及成矿年代学特征,建立了区域绿岩带型金矿成矿模型,并在分析找矿要素的基础上,提出圭亚那地盾北部的金矿找矿方向。     

华北克拉通和西澳克拉通金矿床对比研究及其对中国金矿勘查的启示

华北克拉通固结时间较晚,活动性较强,金矿床赋矿围岩以中深变质的镁铁质岩石和花岗岩类岩石为主,大规模金矿床一般产在韧、脆性剪切叠加的构造带中,成矿时代在188~46Ma之间.西澳克拉通固结较早,稳定性较好,金矿床主要产在太古宙花岗岩-绿岩地体中,一般产在韧-脆性剪切过渡带或叠加的构造带中,金矿化年龄在2640~2600Ma之间.华北克拉通金矿床比西澳金矿床形成晚,受剥蚀程度低,许多矿床尚未出露地表,在深部寻找盲矿体前景可观.     

辽西地区金矿成矿地质条件,矿床类型及找矿方向

辽西地区处于华北地台北缘中段，古亚洲洋与太平洋两大构造成矿域的叠加部位。区内晚太古代含金绿岩建造和燕山期Ａｕ－Ｃｕ系列花岗岩广泛发育。前者为形成金矿集中区的首要前提，后者是矿源层（岩）中成矿物质活化的主要营力。在区域上金矿床由于受纬向隆起带、深断裂、ＮＥ（ＮＮＥ）向构造岩浆活动带和ＮＷ向构造挤压带的联合控制，其分布呈菱形格局。区内金矿床可划分为绿岩建造、花岗岩建造、火山岩建造和沉积岩建造金矿床四大     

与花岗岩有关的绿岩带再生型金矿床特征——以华北陆块北缘中段为例

华北陆块北缘中段广泛分布太古宙绿岩带，同时也是我国中生代岩浆活动最发育的地区。中生代强烈的陆内造山运动，对区内早期的绿岩带和其中的金及金矿床进行强烈的活化改造，形成壳源深熔花岗岩和有关的再生型金矿床。文中详细论述了区内与壳源深熔花岗岩有关的绿岩带再生型金矿床的地质特征，花岗岩和金矿床与太古宙绿岩带密切的空间分布和成因关系，并讨论了金矿的成矿模式。与成矿有关的花岗岩是造山带的产物，岩石富碱质、属钙碱性系列，形成深度较浅，塑性流变弱，常具似斑状结构，岩体常为多期次侵入，岩性多样，分异好，岩脉发育。硫、铅同位素组成显示花岗岩、金矿床和绿岩带具有亲缘关系。成矿流体富氯和富硫，盐度变化较大。金矿床形成在燕山早、中期。     

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床类型分布和地质特征

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床分布较多，产出较为集中，也是我国重要的黄金生产基地，本区是我国地质历史演化最久，又经历了多期、多阶段的构造－岩浆活动的叠加，因而金矿床的形成具有多期性、多样性、继承性和新生性等特点。本区金矿床主要产在绿岩带构造－岩浆活动的有利部位，统称绿岩带型金矿床，可分为同构造晚期初型金矿和构造期后再生型热液金矿床两类，又可细分为若干亚类，其中再生型热液金矿床分布较广，规模较大，具有较大找矿潜力。由于区内发育多期、多阶段的成矿构造－岩浆活动，因而在一个金矿床密集区内，有时不同的构造部位，分别产出初生型和再生型热液金矿床，这是指导找矿的重要地质依据。     

中国绿岩带型金矿床类型和地质特征

绿岩带型金矿床是世界和我国重要的金矿床类型。中国绿岩带型金矿床可分为同构造晚期初生型金矿床和构造期后再生型金矿床二类。这二类金矿床的成矿地质环境、矿床地质地球化学均具有明显的不同。同构造晚期初生型金矿床不仅产出在中低变质绿岩带中，而且在高级变质绿岩带中分布很普遍和发育。构造期后再生型热液金矿床分布广泛、储量极大，是具有中国地质特色的金矿床类型。     

中国绿岩带型金矿床类型和地质特征

绿岩带型金矿床是世界和我国重要的金矿类型。中国绿岩带型金矿床可分为同构造晚期初生型金矿床和构造期后再生型金矿床二类。这二类金矿床的成矿地质环境、矿床地质地球化学均具有明显的不同。同构造晚期初生型金矿床不仅产出在中低变质绿岩带中，而且在高级变质绿岩带中分布很普遍和发育。构造期后再生型热液金矿床分布广泛、储量极大，是具有中国地质特色的金矿床类型。     

辽西地区金矿成矿地质条件、矿床类型及找矿方向

辽西地区处于华北地台北缘中段,古亚洲洋与太平洋两大构造成矿域的叠加部位。区内晚太古代含金绿岩建造和燕山期Au-Cu系列花岗岩广泛发育,前者为形成金矿集中区的首要前提,后者是矿源层(岩)中成矿物质活化的主要营力。在区域上金矿床由于受纬向隆起带、深断裂、NE(NNE)向构造岩浆活动带和NW向构造挤压带的联合控制,其分布呈菱形格局。区内金矿床可划分为绿岩建造、花岗岩建造、火山岩建造和沉积岩建造金矿床四大类。探索新类型和加强老矿区的深部找矿是今后主攻方向。     

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床类型分布和地质特征

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床分布较多 ,产出较为集中 ,也是我国重要的黄金生产基地。本区是我国地质历史演化最久 ,又经历了多期、多阶段的构造 -岩浆活动的叠加 ,因而金矿床的形成具有多期性、多样性、继承性和新生性等特点。本区金矿床主要产在绿岩带构造 -岩浆活动的有利部位 ,统称绿岩带型金矿床 ,可分为同构造晚期初生型金矿床和构造期后再生型热液金矿床两类 ,又可细分为若干亚类 ,其中再生型热液金矿床分布较广 ,规模较大 ,具有较大找矿潜力。由于区内发育多期、多阶段的成矿构造 -岩浆活动 ,因而在一个金矿床密集区内 ,有时在不同的构造部位 ,分别产出初生型和再生型热液金矿床 ,这是指导找矿的重要地质依据     

中国华北克拉通岩金矿床的钾交代作用

<正> 1 区域地质背景 华北克拉通(华北准地台)岩金矿床分布空间基本上被古老的花岗岩-绿岩地体所规范;两组(EW、 NE)线型断裂组成的格状构造体系,特别是两组构造交切部位的韧脆性剪切带是矿床形成的构造条件;区域变质、混合岩化乃至花岗岩浆活动,尤其是钾质花岗岩以及相应的钾质交代作用是成矿的热动力介质源。若金矿床(或矿田)受构造-岩浆-建造三位一体的成矿作用制约,其矿床类型多属复合叠生岩金矿床;矿床空间展布于克     

中国区域成矿研究的若干问题及其与陆-陆碰撞的关系

在中国区域成矿作用研究中 ,遇到诸多重大问题 ,如 :(1)中国东部属于环太平洋地区之一 ,但为什么热液矿床大规模成矿时代不同于环太平洋的新生代 ,而爆发于中生代的燕山期 ?(2 )中国陆区经历了 >3.0Ga的演化 ,为什么大规模成矿作用在东部地区爆发于燕山期 ,西南特提斯成矿域爆发于新生代 ,而西北中亚成矿域爆发于海西期晚期 ?(3)国外不少著名成矿省位于太古宙克拉通内部 ,为什么中国的有色贵金属等热液矿床却集中分布于显生宙造山带内部或其边缘 ?(4)按照绿岩带金矿成矿理论 ,绿岩带型金矿化伴随或尾随于克拉通化 ,形成在太古宙 ,为什么中国绿岩带型金矿却形成在克拉通化后的 2 0多亿年以后的中生代 ?(5 )世界范围内 ,海相油田的重要性远大于陆相 ,为什么中国情况恰相反 ,陆相油田远比海相油藏重要 ?……。笔者认为这些问题彼此相关 ,代表了中国区域成矿的特色 ,其根本原因在于中国陆区不同构造单元经历了晚古生代以来的强烈碰撞事件 ,因此加强研究碰撞造山体制的成岩、成矿、成藏和流体作用是解决这些问题的关键途径。     

河北下营房金矿床的复合成矿作用及矿床组合研究

研究矿床的复合成矿作用和矿床组合具有重要的经济和理论意义.作者认为,矿床是与由硅铝层(包括部分绿岩带)深熔而成的花岗岩有成因联系,为绿岩带中的金、银、铁等元素经岩浆的混合作用和后期火山-次火山热液的活化迁移而成的.金矿床的多种成因类型和不同地质特点,与成矿的多期性和阶段性有关.     

Mineralization Ages of the Jiapigou Gold Deposits,Jilin

The Jiapigou gold deposits are typical vein type deposits associated withArchaean greenstone belts in China. According to the crosscutting relationships between dykesand auriferous veins, single hydrothermal zircon U-Pb dating and quartz K-Ar,~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar andRb-Sr datings, the main mineralization stage of the Jiapigou deposit has been determined to be2469-2475 Ma, while mineralization superimposition on the gold deposit occurred in1800-2000 Ma and 130-272 Ma. They form a mineralization framework of one oldermetallogenic epoch (Late Archaean-Early Proterozoic) and one younger metallogenic epoch(Mesozoic) of gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts in China.     

中国西北部成矿地质特征及找矿新发现

西北地区地处中亚构造域和特提斯构造域的交汇处,中间夹有塔里木克拉通和华北克拉通的西段。地质历史上,两个克拉通及其裂解的微陆块的形成和运动史,基本约束了中国西北部的构造发展历程。围绕克拉通及微陆块的显生宙造山带基本是其周缘增生的结果,由于大陆运移,其他大陆边缘增生的产物,在早三叠世(210 Ma)大陆汇聚中也添加了进来,这些造山带及其陆块边缘的增生是西北各种内生金属矿床的重要形成背景。同时,新元古代、晚古生代陆内与地幔柱有关的大火成岩省的发育,为铜镍等重要矿床的形成提供了条件。此外,在克拉通及其微陆块形成和后期的叠生盆地中,形成了重要的沉积和沉积变质矿床。西北地区近年来重要找矿发现,不断印证了西北克拉通边缘板块构造增生和板内幔源构造岩浆作用成矿的特点,并对传统的地质背景构造认识提出了挑战。这其中,最具经济价值和地质意义的是3个超大型金属矿床的发现:西天山早石炭世阿吾拉勒火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床、东昆仑早泥盆世夏日哈木岩浆深部熔离-贯入型铜镍矿床和西昆仑侏罗—白垩纪火烧云构造热液型铅锌矿床。阿吾拉勒磁铁矿矿床是中国首例火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床,可与智利的拉科超大型典型磁铁矿矿床对比,且更具有经济价值,该矿床的勘查和研究为深入理解中亚造山带天山及其邻区石炭纪裂谷型火山岩浆作用与成矿提供了研究的范例;夏日哈木铜镍矿是中国近年来最重要的铜镍矿发现,探明镍资源量已达百万吨以上,该矿床的发现为查明中国早古生代末期新的岩浆铜镍成矿事件及其找矿潜力提供了研究新区;火烧云铅锌矿床是新近发现的具有超大型资源潜力的铅锌矿床,也是喀喇昆仑—三江造山带中蕴藏的中新生代巨型铅锌成矿带上最重要的成矿发现,为深化研究青藏高原东北缘巨型铅锌成矿带的成矿物质来源和构造控矿机制提供了新的基地。     

Ancient deep roots for Mesozoic world-class gold deposits in the north China craton:An integrated genetic perspective

The North China Craton(NCC)hosts some of the world-class gold deposits that formed more than 2 billion years after the major orogenic cycles and cratonization.The diverse models for the genesis of these deposits remain equivocal,and mostly focused on the craton margin examples,although synchronous deposits formed in the interior domains.Here we adopt an integrated geological and geophysical perspective to evaluate the possible factors that contributed to the formation of the major gold deposits in the NCC.In the Archean tectonic framework of the NCC,the locations of the major gold deposits fall within or adjacent to greenstone belts or the margins of micro-continents.In the Paleoproterozoic framework,they are markedly aligned along two major collisional sutures-the Trans North China Orogen and the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt.Since the Mesozoic intrusions hosting these deposits do not carry adequate signals for the source of gold,we explore the deep roots based on available geophysical data.We show that the gold deposits are preferentially distributed above zones of uplifted MOHO and shallow LAB corresponding to thinned crust and eroded sub-lithospheric mantle,and that the mineralization is located above regions of high heat flow representing mantle upwelling.The NCC was at the center of a multi-convergent regime during the Mesozoic which intensely churned the mantle and significantly en riched it.The geophysical data on Moho and LAB upwarp from the centre towards east of the craton is more consistent with paleo-Pacific slab subduction from the east exerting the dominant control on lithospheric thinning.Based on these results,and together with an evaluation of the geochemical and isotopic features of the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions hosting the gold mineralization,we propose a genetic model that invokes reworking of ancient Au archives preserved in the lower crust and metasomatised upper mantle and which were generated through multiple subduction,underplating and cumulation events associated with cratonization of the NCC as well as the subduction-collision of Yangtze Craton with the NCC.The heat and material input along zones of heterogeneously thinned lithosphere from a rising turbulent mantle triggered by Mesozoic convergent margins surrounding the craton aided in reworking the deep roots of the ancient Au reservoirs,leading to the major gold metallogeny along craton margins as well as in the interior of the NCC.     

Diversity of Mineralization and Spectrum of the Gejiu Superlarge Tin-Copper Polymetallic Deposit,Yunnan,China

The Gejiu (个旧) deposit is a superlarge tin-copper polymetallic ore-forming concentration area characterized by excellent metallogenic geological settings and advantageous ore-controlling factors. The deposit displays diverse mineralization properties due to different minerals and mineral deposit types. Based on the principal metallogenic factors, metallogenic mechanisms, mineralized components, and occurrence of mineral deposits or ore bodies, the Gejiu mineral district can be divided into 2 combinations of metallogenic series, 4 metallogenic series, 8 subseries, and 27 mineral deposit types. Spatial zonality is evident. The distribution regularity of the elements in both plane and section is Be-W, Sn (Cu, Mo, Bi, Be)-Sn, Pb, Ag-Pb, Zn around a granitic intrusion. The metallogenic epoch is mainly concentrated in the late Yanshanian. During this period, large-scale metallogenic processes related to movement caused by tectonics and magmatism occurred, and a series of magmatic hydrothermal deposits formed. The ore-forming processes can be divided into 4 stages: the silicate stage, the oxide stage, the sulphide stage, and the carbonate stage. Based on the orderliness and diversity (in terms of time, space, and genesis) of the mineralization, the authors have developed a comprehensive spectrum of ore deposits in the Gejiu area. This newly proposed diversity of mineralization and the spectrum developed in this work are useful not only for interpreting the genesis of the Gejiu deposit but also for improving mineral exploration in the area, and in particular, for finding large deposits.     

江南造山带湖南段金矿成矿事件及其构造背景

江南造山带湖南段为一重要的金成矿带,目前关于带内金矿形成的时代背景存在较大争议。本文基于区域成岩成矿年代学、矿床(区)地质特征、矿床成因和流体来源、区域构造演化背景等多方面资料,对带内各主要金矿区的成矿时代逐一进行详细解析,以此为基础重新厘定了区域金矿成矿地质事件及其时代,并探讨了各成矿事件的构造背景,初步形成以下认识。江南造山带湖南段主要发生了加里东期、印支晚期和燕山期等3期金成矿事件。加里东期金矿成矿年代为430～410 Ma(志留纪后期),产于同期雪峰冲断带的中段-西南段和东段东部、湘中-湘东南构造岩浆带的东北部等3个地区,各区赋矿地层分别为板溪群、冷家溪群、冷家溪群,前两个地区的成矿与加里东运动变质变形和构造活化作用有关,后一个地区的成矿与志留纪后期花岗质岩浆活动提供热能和流体有关。印支晚期金矿成矿年代为227～202 Ma(晚三叠世),主要分布于同期雪峰冲断带东南缘构造岩浆隆起带,与后碰撞花岗质岩浆活动的热能和热液驱动有关。燕山期金矿成矿年代为152～130 Ma(晚侏罗世—早白垩世初),主要分布于同期雪峰冲断带东南部构造岩浆隆起带的东部,与伸展环境下的花岗质岩浆活动有关。     

美国福特-诺克斯金矿床产出环境、地质特征和形成作用

美国阿拉斯加州中东部福特—诺克斯(Fort Knox)金矿床是北极圈周缘规模最大的超大型金矿床之一。对该矿床的形成背景、矿体特征、形成模式的研究表明,该矿床主要产于前寒武纪—早古生代绿片岩与白垩纪—古近纪花岗质侵入岩接触带上,受构造-岩浆活动控制明显,地表出露面积为1100×600m2,并向深部逐渐变小。与其他与侵入岩有关的金矿床不同的是,该矿床热液蚀变作用强烈,与金矿化具密切空间分布关系的热液蚀变主要为钾长石化、钠长石化、绢云母化和青磐岩化。同位素年代学证据表明,其成矿时代为晚白垩世—古近纪(92.5±0.2Ma),是多期次岩浆作用的产物。依据同位素特征、成矿流体、围岩蚀变等特征可以判定,成矿物质主要来源于花岗质熔浆,成矿作用与氧化型中酸性侵入体侵入作用及其相关流体活动有关,属于典型的与侵入岩有关的金矿床。     

Laser Ablation ICP‐MS U‐Pb Zircon Geochronology of Granitoids and Quartz Veins in the Shihu Gold Mine,Taihang Orogen,North China: Timing of Gold‐mineralization and Tectonic Implications

The Shihu gold deposit, situated in the Taihang Mesozoic orogen of the North China Craton (NCC), is hosted by ductile-brittle faults within Archean metamorphic core complex. The deposit is characterized by gold-bearing quartz-polymetallic sulfides veins. The Mapeng granitoids stock and intermediate-basic dikes intruded the metamorphic basement rocks, and are spatially related to gold mineralization. Detailed laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon ages of the granitic rocks, dykes and mineralized quartz veins in the studied area reveal its magmatic and mineralized history. The mineralized quartz veins contain inherited zircons with ages of about 2.55 Ga and 1.84 Ga, probably coming from the basement. These two Precambrian events are coeval with those in other parts of the NCC. The Mapeng granitoid stock, the largest intrusion in the area, was emplaced at ca. 130 Ma, and is coeval with magmatic zircon populations from diorites and quartz diorite pophyrites in the same region. The ca. 130 Ma magmatism and gold mineralization were most likely related to an underplating event that took place in the Taihang orogen at Late Mesozoic. The timing of gold mineralization with respect to felsic magmatism in the area is similar to those observed in other major gold-producing provinces in the NCC. This episode is simultaneous with those in the eastern margin of NCC, indicative of a widespread late Yanshanian metallogenic event that was a response to the Early Cretaceous lithosphere in the eastern NCC, in which the mesothermal gold deposits were formed from similar tectono-magmatic environments.     

Geology and ages of porphyry and medium- to high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits of the continental margin of Northeast China

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic.